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Fragilariopsis cylindrus

{{Short description|Species of single-celled organism}}

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| genus = Fragilariopsis

| species = cylindrus

| authority = (Grunow ex Cleve) Helmcke & Krieger 1954Helmcke, J.-G. & Krieger, W. (1954). Diatomeenschalen im Elektronenmikroskopischen Bild. Bild u. Forsch. Abt. Biol. Berlin-Wilmersdorf 2: 1–24, pls 103–200.

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| synonyms_ref =M.D. Guiry in Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2019. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=38075 ; searched on 06 December 2019.

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Fragilariopsis cylindrus{{Cite journal |date=16 October 2010|title=Diversity of the diatom genus Fragilariopsis in the Argentine Sea and Antarctic waters: morphology, distribution and abundance|url=https://rdcu.be/bRIn5|journal=Polar Biology|volume=33|issue=11|pages=1463–1484|doi=10.1007/s00300-010-0794-z|doi-access=free|last1=Cefarelli |first1=Adrián O. |last2=Ferrario |first2=Martha E. |last3=Almandoz |first3=Gastón O. |last4=Atencio |first4=Adrián G. |last5=Akselman |first5=Rut |last6=Vernet |first6=María }} is a sympagic (associated with sea ice) and/or planktonic bipolar pennate diatom that can form bloom in spring.{{Cite journal |last=Kang |first=Sung-Ho |last2=Fryxell |first2=Greta A. |date=1992-11-01 |title=Fragilariopsis cylindrus (Grunow) Krieger: The most abundant diatom in water column assemblages of Antarctic marginal ice-edge zones |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00236984 |journal=Polar Biology |language=en |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=609–627 |doi=10.1007/BF00236984 |issn=1432-2056}}{{Cite journal |last=Tammilehto |first=Anna |last2=Watts |first2=Phillip C. |last3=Lundholm |first3=Nina |date=2017 |title=Isolation by Time During an Arctic Phytoplankton Spring Bloom |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jeu.12356 |journal=Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=248–256 |doi=10.1111/jeu.12356 |issn=1550-7408}} This psychrophilic unicellular eukaryotic microalgae is an indicator of polar waters and the ecosystem associated with sea ice.{{Cite journal |last=Quillfeldt |first=Cecilie H. von |date=2004 |title=The Diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus and Its Potential As an Indicator Species for Cold Water Rather Than for Sea Ice |url=https://inria.hal.science/hal-03218115/ |journal=Vie et Milieu / Life & Environment |language=fr |pages=137}} It is a model organism to understanding the ecophysiological and fundamental mechanisms of cold-adapted life.{{Cite journal |last=Mock |first=Thomas |last2=Otillar |first2=Robert P. |last3=Strauss |first3=Jan |last4=McMullan |first4=Mark |last5=Paajanen |first5=Pirita |last6=Schmutz |first6=Jeremy |last7=Salamov |first7=Asaf |last8=Sanges |first8=Remo |last9=Toseland |first9=Andrew |last10=Ward |first10=Ben J. |last11=Allen |first11=Andrew E. |last12=Dupont |first12=Christopher L. |last13=Frickenhaus |first13=Stephan |last14=Maumus |first14=Florian |last15=Veluchamy |first15=Alaguraj |date=January 2017 |title=Evolutionary genomics of the cold-adapted diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature20803 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=541 |issue=7638 |pages=536–540 |doi=10.1038/nature20803 |issn=1476-4687|doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last=Otte |first=Antonia |last2=Winder |first2=Johanna C. |last3=Deng |first3=Longji |last4=Schmutz |first4=Jeremy |last5=Jenkins |first5=Jerry |last6=Grigoriev |first6=Igor V. |last7=Hopes |first7=Amanda |last8=Mock |first8=Thomas |date=2023 |title=The diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus: A model alga to understand cold-adapted life |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jpy.13325 |journal=Journal of Phycology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=301–306 |doi=10.1111/jpy.13325 |issn=1529-8817}}

Description

Fragilariopsis cylindrus is a pennate raphid diatom with a retangular cell with an elongated apical valve ranging from 15 to 55 μ and a transapical axis ranging from 2.4 to 4 μm.{{Cite journal |last=Cefarelli |first=Adrián O. |last2=Ferrario |first2=Martha E. |last3=Almandoz |first3=Gastón O. |last4=Atencio |first4=Adrián G. |last5=Akselman |first5=Rut |last6=Vernet |first6=María |date=2010-11-01 |title=Diversity of the diatom genus Fragilariopsis in the Argentine Sea and Antarctic waters: morphology, distribution and abundance |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00300-010-0794-z |journal=Polar Biology |language=en |volume=33 |issue=11 |pages=1463–1484 |doi=10.1007/s00300-010-0794-z |issn=1432-2056|doi-access=free }} Like other diatoms, F. cylindrus presents a cell wall composed of two biogenic silica valves, the frustule. It is also possible to note the presence of an eccentric raphe canal stretched by fibulae. The cell is generally presents two chloroplasts distributed at each pole of the cell surrounding the cell nucleus.

Life style

Fragilariopsis cylindrus is cracterised by a predominantly chain-formed colonial lifestyle and builds large populations at the bottom of sea ice (sea-ice water interface), as well as in the sea-ice margin zone which includes open water. It is known for its success in growing at temperatures below 0°C and has an optimum growth temperature of 4-5°C and an letal limit of ≤ +10°C.{{Cite journal |last=Fiala |first=Michel |last2=Oriol |first2=Louise |date=1990-10-01 |title=Light-temperature interactions on the growth of Antarctic diatoms |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00239374 |journal=Polar Biology |language=en |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=629–636 |doi=10.1007/BF00239374 |issn=1432-2056}} As a sympagic microalgae, F. cylindrus can cope with a high salinity environment, typically found in brine channels, by producing large amounts of polysaccharide-rich extracellular polymeric substances (EPS).{{Cite journal |last=Aslam |first=Shazia N |last2=Strauss |first2=Jan |last3=Thomas |first3=David N |last4=Mock |first4=Thomas |last5=Underwood |first5=Graham J C |date=2018-05-01 |title=Identifying metabolic pathways for production of extracellular polymeric substances by the diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus inhabiting sea ice |url=https://academic.oup.com/ismej/article/12/5/1237/7475487?login=false |journal=The ISME Journal |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=1237–1251 |doi=10.1038/s41396-017-0039-z |issn=1751-7362|pmc=5932028 }}

F. cylindrus is a phototropic organism, but is able to sustain essential metabolic processes in the dark, ensuring rapid recovery upon re-illumination, and allowing them to survive long-term darkness.{{Cite journal |last1=Kennedy |first1=Fraser |last2=Martin |first2=Andrew |last3=Bowman |first3=John P. |last4=Wilson |first4=Richard |last5=McMinn |first5=Andrew |date=7 May 2019 |title=Dark metabolism: a molecular insight into how the Antarctic sea-ice diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus survives long-term darkness |journal=New Phytologist |volume=223 |issue=2 |pages=675–691 |doi=10.1111/nph.15843 |pmc=6617727 |pmid=30985935}}

References

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Category:Bacillariales