Frank Headlam

{{Short description|Royal Australian Air Force senior commander}}

{{Infobox military person

|name= Frank Headlam

|image= WGCDR Frank Headlam.jpg

|image_size=

|alt= Head-and-shoulders portrait of man in dark uniform with pilot's wings

|caption= Wing Commander Headlam, c. 1941–43

|birth_date= {{birth date|1914|07|15|df=yes}}

|death_date= {{death date and age|1976|12|23|1914|07|15|df=yes}}

|birth_place= Launceston, Tasmania

|death_place= Melbourne, Victoria

|placeofburial=

|nickname=

|allegiance= Australia

|branch= Royal Australian Air Force

|serviceyears= 1934–71

|rank= Air Vice Marshal

|unit=

|commands= No. 2 Squadron (1941–42)
North-Western Area Command (1946)
No. 90 Wing (1950–51)
RAF Tengah (1951)
Operational Command (1961–62)
No. 224 Group RAF (1962–65)
Support Command (1966–67)
{{nowrap|Joint Services Staff, London (1968–71)}}

|battles=

|awards= Companion of the Order of the Bath
Commander of the Order of the British Empire

|relations=

|laterwork=

}}

Air Vice Marshal Frank Headlam, {{post-nominals|country=AUS|size=100%|sep=,|CB|CBE}} (15 July 1914 – 23 December 1976) was a senior commander in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). Born and educated in Tasmania, he joined the RAAF as an air cadet in January 1934. He specialised in flying instruction and navigation before the outbreak of World War II. In April 1941, he became commanding officer of No. 2 Squadron, which operated Lockheed Hudsons. The squadron was deployed to Dutch Timor in December, and saw action against Japanese forces in the South West Pacific. After returning to Australia in February 1942, Headlam held staff appointments and training commands, finishing the war a group captain.

Headlam served as Officer Commanding North-Western Area in 1946, and as Director of Training from 1947 to 1950. In 1950–51, during the Malayan Emergency, he was stationed at Singapore as commander of No. 90 (Composite) Wing and, later, RAF Tengah. He twice served as acting Air Member for Personnel, in 1957 and 1959–60, receiving appointment as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1958. Promoted air vice marshal, he successively held the positions of Air Officer Commanding (AOC) Operational Command in 1961–62, AOC No. 224 Group RAF from 1962 to 1965 during the Indonesia–Malaysia Konfrontasi, Deputy Chief of the Air Staff in 1965–66, and AOC Support Command in 1966–67. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1965. Following a posting to London as Head of the Australian Joint Services Staff from 1968 to 1971, he retired from the Air Force and died in Melbourne five years later.

Early career

File:RAAF Ansons 1938 (AWM P01418.001).jpgs in 1938; Flight Lieutenant Headlam flew a similar model around Australia on a long-distance navigation exercise in November that year.|alt=Three twin-engined military monoplanes in flight]]

The son of farmers Malcolm and Hilda Headlam, Frank Headlam was born on 15 July 1914 in Launceston, Tasmania. He was schooled at Clemes College, Hobart, and matriculated in 1932. Against the wishes of his parents he joined the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) as an air cadet on 16 January 1934.{{cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |last=Eaton|first=Brian|id2=headlam-frank-10468|title=Headlam, Frank (1914–1976)|access-date= 8 July 2013}}{{cite web|url=http://www.ww2roll.gov.au/Veteran.aspx?ServiceId=R&VeteranId=1081112|title=Headlam, Frank|work=World War 2 Nominal Roll|publisher=Department of Veterans' Affairs|access-date=10 July 2013|archive-date=13 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813231530/http://www.ww2roll.gov.au/Veteran.aspx?ServiceId=R&VeteranId=1081112|url-status=dead}} He underwent flying instruction with No. 1 Flying Training School (FTS) at RAAF Point Cook, Victoria, and was commissioned as a pilot officer on 1 January 1935.{{cite web|author=Department of Defence|author-link=Department of Defence (Australia)|title=Headlam, Frank – Personal|date=1932–1971|url=https://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Interface/ViewImage.aspx?B=30718846|access-date=10 July 2013|pages=141–144}}

After completing a conversion course, Headlam was assigned to the Seaplane Squadron at Point Cook.Stephens, Power Plus Attitude, pp. 41–42, 52 No larger than a flight according to the official history of the pre-war RAAF, Seaplane Squadron was part of No. 1 FTS and operated Supermarine Southampton flying boats and de Havilland Gipsy Moth floatplanes, among other types.Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, pp. 127–128, 176, 420 During this posting Headlam was promoted to flying officer, on 1 July 1935, and wrote a paper on national defence in which he suggested that with "strong air forces, naval forces (including submarines), and fixed defences, Australia may be made practically invulnerable". According to Air Force historian Alan Stephens, this paper "in effect, defined the 'anti-lodgment' concept which has been a persistent feature of RAAF strategic thinking".

Headlam completed a flying instructors course in July 1936 and joined the staff of No. 1 FTS. He was promoted to flight lieutenant on 1 March 1937.{{cite web|author=Department of Defence|title=Headlam, Frank – History|date=1947–1988|url=https://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Interface/ViewImage.aspx?B=30718845|access-date=10 July 2013|pages=3–4}} Commencing in July 1938, he was one of six students to take part in the RAAF's first Long Specialist Navigation Course, run by Flight Lieutenants Bill Garing and Alister Murdoch at Point Cook. The course involved several epic training flights that attracted considerable media attention, including a twelve-day, {{convert|10800|km|mi|adj=on}} round-Australia trip by three Avro Ansons, one of which was piloted by Headlam, in November. The following month, Headlam led the three Ansons on a six-day journey back and forth over Central Australia. He subsequently passed the navigation course with a special distinction.Coulthard-Clark, The Third Brother, pp. 207–210 On 27 January 1939 he was posted to RAAF Station Laverton, Victoria, as a flight commander. He served initially with No. 2 Squadron, before transferring to No. 1 Squadron on 29 August. Both units operated Ansons.RAAF Historical Section, Bomber Units, pp. 8–9Eather, Flying Squadrons, p. 19

World War II

File:FltLt Headlam RAAF (AWM 000706).jpg

Following the outbreak of World War II, No. 1 Squadron undertook convoy escort and maritime reconnaissance duties off south-eastern Australia. Headlam continued to serve with the squadron as a flight commander until 15 January 1940, when he was assigned to Headquarters Laverton as the station navigation officer. On 27 March he was posted to the staff of RAAF Headquarters, Melbourne. He was promoted to squadron leader on 1 June 1940. Two weeks later he married Katherine Bridge at St Paul's Anglican Church in Frankston; the couple had a son and a daughter.

Headlam was given command of No. 2 Squadron at Laverton on 15 April 1941, and raised to wing commander on 1 July. Equipped with Lockheed Hudsons, the squadron mainly conducted maritime patrols in southern waters until 5 December, when four of its aircraft were ordered to Darwin, Northern Territory, in response to fears of Japanese aggression in the Pacific.Eather, Flying Squadrons, p. 22 On 7 December, this detachment established itself at Penfui, near Koepang in Dutch Timor; No. 2 Squadron's eight remaining Hudsons were stationed at Darwin on standby.Gillison, [http://static.awm.gov.au/images/collection/pdf/RCDIG1070482--1-.PDF Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 237–238, 242] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023111754/http://static.awm.gov.au/images/collection/pdf/RCDIG1070482--1-.PDF |date=23 October 2013 }}Johnston, Whispering Death, p. 58 The following day, aware that Australia was now at war in the Pacific, one of the Penfui-based Hudsons attacked the Japanese pearler Nanyo Maru, which was suspected of being a radio ship, and forced it aground. By 12 December, Headlam had transferred to Penfui as commanding officer of the base and No. 2 Squadron.

During January 1942, No. 2 Squadron's aircraft were dispersed at Penfui, Boeroe Island, and Darwin. The Penfui detachment attacked Japanese shipping taking part in the invasion of Celebes. Two Hudsons shot down or damaged three Japanese floatplanes that attacked them as they were bombing a transport ship on 11 January; the next day both Hudsons were shot down by Mitsubishi Zeros.Johnston, Whispering Death, p. 113 Penfui was bombed by the Japanese for the first time on 26 January 1942, and attacked regularly thereafter, damaging some aircraft. The intact Hudsons were withdrawn to Darwin but Headlam and his staff remained at Penfui so the base could be used by aircraft during reconnaissance missions from Australia.Johnston, Whispering Death, pp. 118–119 On 18 February, Headlam was ordered to evacuate all his personnel except a small party to demolish the airfield with assistance from Sparrow Force.Gillison, [http://static.awm.gov.au/images/collection/pdf/RCDIG1070514--1-.PDF Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 421–422] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023110611/http://static.awm.gov.au/images/collection/pdf/RCDIG1070514--1-.PDF |date=23 October 2013 }} He returned to Darwin the next day, just as the city experienced its first raid by the Japanese.Johnston, Whispering Death, pp. 119, 130–131 Four of No. 2 Squadron's Hudsons were destroyed in the attack; the remainder were relocated to Daly Waters, where they continued to carry out reconnaissance and bombing missions against Japanese targets in Timor.

Headlam remained in Darwin as Controller of Operations at Headquarters North-Western Area Command until 12 May 1942, when he was posted to Nhill, Victoria, as commanding officer of No. 2 Air Navigation School, operating Ansons.{{cite web|url=http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/Contents/About-APDC/About-APDC/Office-of-Air-Force-History/Air-Marshals-of-the-RAAF/135/Air-Vice-Marshals-A-K.aspx |title=Air Vice-Marshals (A–K) |work=Air Marshals of the RAAF |publisher=Air Power Development Centre |access-date=8 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706182222/http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/Contents/About-APDC/About-APDC/Office-of-Air-Force-History/Air-Marshals-of-the-RAAF/135/Air-Vice-Marshals-A-K.aspx |archive-date=6 July 2012 |df=dmy }}RAAF Historical Section, Training Units, pp. 2–3 No. 97 (Reserve) Squadron was formed from the school's personnel in June. On 20 July 1943, Headlam took command of No. 2 Air Observer School (AOS), also operating Ansons, at Mount Gambier, South Australia.RAAF Historical Section, Training Units, pp. 6–8 He was promoted to group captain on 1 December 1943, and was appointed the inaugural commanding officer of No. 3 AOS, operating Ansons and Fairey Battles out of Port Pirie, on 9 December. After handing over command of No. 3 AOS, he commenced studies at RAAF Staff School in Mount Martha, Victoria, on 2 October 1944. He was appointed senior administrative staff officer at North-Western Area Command on 12 January 1945.

Post-war career

File:AVM Charlesworth & GpCapt Headlam (AWM NWA1022).jpg (standing centre), of North-Western Area Command, welcome repatriated prisoners of war to Darwin in September 1945.|alt=Ten men in military uniforms and fatigues talking in a room]]

Headlam became Officer Commanding North-Western Area in January 1946. Posted to Britain at the end of the year, he attended the Royal Air Force Staff College, Andover, and served with RAAF Overseas Headquarters, London. On his return to Australia, in November 1947, he became Director of Training at RAAF Headquarters. In November 1950, Headlam was appointed to take over command of No. 90 (Composite) Wing from Group Captain Paddy Heffernan.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2807473 |title=New RAAF CO in Malaya |newspaper=The Canberra Times |location=Canberra |date=10 November 1950 |access-date=15 April 2013 |page=1 |publisher=National Library of Australia}} Headquartered at RAF Changi, Singapore, No. 90 Wing controlled RAAF units operating during the Malayan Emergency: No. 1 (Bomber) Squadron, flying Avro Lincolns, and No. 38 (Transport) Squadron, flying Douglas C-47 Dakotas. The Lincolns conducted area bombing missions over communist-held territory, as well as strikes against pinpoint targets. The Dakotas were tasked with courier flights, VIP transport and medical evacuations across South East Asia, and in Malaya with airlifting troops and cargo, dropping supplies to friendly forces and despatching propaganda leaflets.Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 246–250 Headlam was slightly injured on 20 December, when a No. 38 Squadron Dakota he was co-piloting on a supply drop crash-landed at Kampong Aur in Pahang, following engine failure.{{cite web|author=RAAF Headquarters – Directorate of Flying Safety|title=Crash landing of Dakota A65-66|date=1 February 1951|url=http://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/scripts/Imagine.asp?B=3312261|access-date=10 July 2013|pages=1, 5–6|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229031404/http://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/scripts/Imagine.asp?B=3312261|archive-date=29 December 2013|df=dmy-all}} In August 1951 he was named commander of RAF Tengah, Singapore, while retaining his post as commanding officer of No. 90 Wing.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article45720125 |title=RAAF officer to command RAF base |newspaper=The Advertiser |location=Adelaide |date=16 August 1951 |access-date=10 July 2013 |page=1 |publisher=National Library of Australia}} Headlam handed over command of No. 90 Wing in December 1951.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18242520 |title=New head for RAAF wing |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |location=Sydney |date=4 December 1951 |access-date=15 April 2013 |page=2 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}

On 19 February 1952, Headlam became senior air staff officer (SASO) at Eastern Area Command in Penrith, New South Wales.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2882338 |title=Re-equipping bomber wing |newspaper=The Canberra Times |location=Canberra |date=20 May 1953 |access-date=10 July 2013 |page=4 |publisher=National Library of Australia}} During his term as SASO, the RAAF began re-equipping with English Electric Canberra jet bombers and CAC Sabre jet fighters. The Air Force also underwent a major organisational change, as it transitioned from a geographically based command-and-control system to one based on function, resulting in the establishment of Home (operational), Training, and Maintenance Commands. Eastern Area Command, considered a de facto operational headquarters owing to the preponderance of combat units under its control, was reorganised as Home Command in October 1953.Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 74–77 Headlam was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1954 New Year Honours for his "exceptional ability and devotion to duty".{{London Gazette|issue=40054|supp=y|page=40|date=1 January 1954}}{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article26582293 |title=State has three of nation's eight new knights |newspaper=The Argus| location=Melbourne |date=1 January 1954 |access-date=10 July 2013 |page=4 |publisher=National Library of Australia}} He was promoted to acting air commodore in May. His appointment as aide-de-camp to Queen Elizabeth II was announced on 7 October 1954.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18458170 |title=RAAF aides to Queen |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |location=Sydney |date=8 October 1954 |access-date=10 July 2013 |page=5 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}

Headlam was promoted to substantive air commodore on 1 January 1955. In November he was posted to RAAF Overseas Headquarters, London, and the following year undertook studies at the Imperial Defence College. Returning to Australia, he served as acting Air Member for Personnel at the Department of Air, Canberra, from 19 March to 21 October 1957, between the terms of Air Vice Marshals Fred Scherger and Allan Walters, and again from 24 August 1959 to 28 March 1960, between the terms of Walters and Air Vice Marshal Bill Hely.Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 499–500 In this role Headlam occupied a seat on the Air Board, the service's controlling body that comprised its senior officers and was chaired by the Chief of the Air Staff.Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, p. 52 He was also one of two RAAF representatives to serve on a committee, chaired by businessman William John Allison, examining conditions of defence service; the committee's recommendations led to a doubling of flight pay, among other improvements.Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 103–104 Headlam's other positions at the Department of Air included Air Commodore Plans from October 1957 to January 1959, and Director General Plans and Policy from January to August 1959. The latter assignment put him in charge of the RAAF's Directorate of Intelligence.{{cite web|author=Department of Defence|title=Headlam, Frank – History|date=1947–1988|url=https://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Interface/ViewImage.aspx?B=30718845|access-date=10 July 2013|page=32}} Headlam was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1958 Queen's Birthday Honours, gazetted on 3 June.{{London Gazette|issue=41405|supp=y|page=3550|date=3 June 1958}} In May 1960 he became acting Deputy Chief of the Air Staff.

File:RAAF UH-1D of 9 Sqn in Vietnam 1970.jpg of No. 9 Squadron in Vietnam; Headlam planned the RAAF's initial helicopter deployment to the region while Deputy Chief of the Air Staff in 1966.|alt=Military helicopter with main door open, over jungle]]

On 30 January 1961, Headlam joined the staff of Operational Command (OPCOM), the successor organisation to Home Command, responsible for the direction of RAAF operational units. He took over as Air Officer Commanding (AOC) OPCOM from Air Vice Marshal Val Hancock in April.Stephenson, Three Passions and a Lucky Penny, p. 92 Headlam was promoted to air vice marshal on 29 May. On 17 July 1962, he was posted to RAAF Base Butterworth, Malaya, and took up the appointment of AOC No. 224 Group RAF in Singapore one week later.{{cite news|title=New air commander|work=The Straits Times|date=23 July 1962|page=7|url=http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19620723-1.2.68.aspx|location=Singapore|publisher=National Library, Singapore|access-date=28 August 2013}} He was succeeded as AOC OPCOM by Air Vice Marshal Alister Murdoch. As AOC No. 224 Group, Headlam had overall responsibility for regional air defence and offensive air operations during the Brunei Rebellion in December 1962, and the subsequent Konfrontasi between Indonesia and Malaysia that officially began the following month.Dennis; Grey, Emergency and Confrontation, pp. 172, 175 Divorced from his first wife in 1956, he married widowed social worker Vernon Spence at the Sydney registry office on 20 January 1964.Legge, Who's Who in Australia 1971, p. 455 He handed over No. 224 Group to Air Vice Marshal Christopher Foxley-Norris on 30 November.{{cite magazine|title=Service aviation|magazine=Flight International|date=13 August 1964|page=268| url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1964/1964%20-%202249.html| access-date=28 August 2013}}

Returning to Australia, Headlam became Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (DCAS) on 26 January 1965. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) "in recognition of distinguished service in the Borneo Territories" on 22 June.{{London Gazette|issue=43690|supp=y|page=3977|date=22 June 1965}} His tenure as DCAS coincided with the most significant rearmament program the Air Force had undertaken since World War II, and with manpower shortages stemming from this expansion and from Australia's increasing involvement in the security of South East Asia.{{cite web|author=Department of Defence|title=Headlam, Frank – Personal|date=1932–1971|url=https://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Interface/ViewImage.aspx?B=30718846|access-date=26 September 2013|page=5}}Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 88–89 The first RAAF helicopters were committed to the Vietnam War towards the end of his term, and he travelled to Saigon with the Chief of the General Staff, Lieutenant General Sir John Wilton, in March 1966 to plan the deployment.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article105891140 |title=Copters for Vietnam |newspaper=The Canberra Times |location=Canberra|date=11 March 1966 |access-date=10 July 2013 |page=9 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}Coulthard-Clark, The RAAF in Vietnam, p. 130 The year before, Wilton had recommended to Air Marshal Murdoch, the Chief of the Air Staff, that two Iroquois be sent to Vietnam for familiarisation purposes; Murdoch had rebuffed Wilton, and the RAAF helicopter squadron was considered underprepared for its army co-operation role when it finally did deploy.Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 264–265 Headlam succeeded Air Vice Marshal Douglas Candy as AOC Support Command, Melbourne, on 8 August 1966.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article105885455 |title=Changes in RAAF posts |newspaper=The Canberra Times |location=Canberra |date=4 February 1966 |access-date=10 July 2013 |page=12 |publisher=National Library of Australia}} Support Command had been formed in 1959, by merging the RAAF's former Training and Maintenance Commands. On 1 January 1968, Headlam was posted to London as Head of the Australian Joint Services Staff. He served as an Extra Gentleman Usher to the Queen from 17 November 1970 to 5 June 1971.{{London Gazette|issue=45233 |supp=y|page=12595|date=17 November 1970}}{{London Gazette|issue=45402|supp=y|page=6551|date=5 June 1971}}

Retirement

Returning to Australia in June 1971, Headlam took resettlement leave before retiring from the Air Force on 3 August. He made his home in Melbourne, where he died aged 62 on 23 December 1976, after a lengthy battle with cancer. Survived by his children and his second wife, he was given a private funeral and cremated at Springvale Crematorium.{{cite news|work=The Age|location=Melbourne|date=27 December 1976|title=Air Vice-Marshal dies, 62|page=2}}

Notes

References

{{cite book|last=Coulthard-Clark |first=Chris |year=1991 |title=The Third Brother: The Royal Australian Air Force 1921–39 |location=North Sydney |publisher=Allen & Unwin |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403064733/http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/APDC/media/PDF-Files/Historical%20Publications/HIST32-The-Third-Brother-The-Royal-Australian-Air-Force-1921-39.pdf|isbn=0-04-442307-1 }}
{{cite book|last=Coulthard-Clark | first=Chris| year=1995| title=The RAAF in Vietnam: Australian Air Involvement in the Vietnam War 1962–1975| location=St Leonards, New South Wales| publisher=Allen & Unwin in association with the Australian War Memorial|isbn=1-86373-305-1}}
{{cite book|last=Dennis| first=Peter|author2=Grey, Jeffrey | year=1996| title=Emergency and Confrontation: Australian Military Operations in Malaya and Borneo 1950–1966 |location=St Leonards, New South Wales| publisher=Allen & Unwin in association with the Australian War Memorial|isbn=1-86373-302-7}}
{{cite book|last=Eather|first=Steve|title=Flying Squadrons of the Australian Defence Force|publisher=Aerospace Publications|location=Weston Creek, Australian Capital Territory|year=1995|isbn=1-875671-15-3}}
{{cite book|last=Gillison | first=Douglas |year=1962| title=Australia in the War of 1939–1945: Series Three (Air) Volume I – Royal Australian Air Force 1939–1942 | location=Canberra| publisher=Australian War Memorial| url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070209/|oclc=2000369}}
{{cite book|last=Johnston|first=Mark|author-link=Mark Johnston (historian)|title=Whispering Death: Australian Airmen in the Pacific War|year=2011|publisher=Allen & Unwin|location=Crows Nest, New South Wales|isbn=978-1-74175-901-3}}
{{cite book|editor-last=Legge| editor-first=J.S. | year=1971| title=Who's Who in Australia 1971|location= Melbourne|publisher= The Herald and Weekly Times |oclc=221681440}}
{{cite book|last=RAAF Historical Section|title=Units of the Royal Australian Air Force: A Concise History. Volume 3: Bomber Units|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|location=Canberra|year=1995|isbn=0-644-42795-7}}
{{cite book|author=RAAF Historical Section|year=1995|title=Units of the Royal Australian Air Force: A Concise History. Volume 8: Training Units|location=Canberra| publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=0-644-42800-7}}
{{cite book|last=Stephens| first=Alan|year=1992|title=Power Plus Attitude: Ideas, Strategy and Doctrine in the Royal Australian Air Force 1921–1991|location=Canberra| publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service |url=http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/admin/productfiles/publication/materials/213/hist02%20power%20plus%20attitude.pdf|isbn=0-644-24388-0}}
{{cite book|last=Stephens| first=Alan| year=1995| title=Going Solo: The Royal Australian Air Force 1946–1971|url=http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/Publications/Details/214/Going-Solo-The-Royal-Australian-Air-Force-19461971.aspx|location=Canberra|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|isbn=0-644-42803-1}}
{{cite book|last=Stephens| first=Alan|orig-year=2001|year=2006| title=The Royal Australian Air Force: A History|location=London| publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-555541-4}}
{{cite book|last=Stephenson| first=Eric|year=2008| title=Three Passions and a Lucky Penny|location=Tuggeranong, Australian Capital Territory| publisher=Air Power Development Centre |url=http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/admin/productfiles/publication/materials/227/three%20passions%20web.pdf |isbn=978-1-920800-29-1}}