Front for Change and Concord in Chad
{{Short description|Chadian political and rebel group}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox militant organization
| name = Front for Change and Concord in Chad
| logo = Logo of the Front for Change and Concord in Chad.png
| caption =
| native_name = جبهة التغيير والوفاق في تشاد
| native_name_lang = ar
| other_name =
| leader = Mahamat Mahdi Ali
| foundation = 2016
| dates =
| dissolved =
| merger =
| split = UFDD
| predecessor = UFDD
| merged =
| successor =
| country = Chad
| allegiance =
| motives = Anti-Chadian government
| area =
| headquarters = Fezzan
| newspaper =
| ideology =
| position =
| crimes =
| attacks =
| status = active
| size = Between 500 and 1500 combatants (2021){{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2017/466|title=United Nations Official Document|website=www.un.org|accessdate=21 April 2021}}{{Cite web|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/2018/04/libyas-foreign-militias?lang=en|title=Libya's Foreign Militias|website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|access-date=21 April 2021}}
| revenue =
| financing =
| partof =
| allies = Third Force (2016–2017)
{{flagicon image|Flag of The Libyan National Army (Variant).svg}} LNA (2019–2021)
| opponents = {{flag|Chad}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of The Libyan National Army (Variant).svg}} LNA (2016–2017, 2021)
{{flagdeco|Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant}} ISIL
| battles = Second Libyan Civil War
Insurgency in Northern Chad
| flag =
| module =
| module2 =
| module3 =
| module4 =
| module5 =
| module6 =
| website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20190601074625/http://fact-tchad.com/fr/ fact-tchad.com]
}}
The Front for Change and Concord in Chad ({{langx|ar|جبهة التغيير والوفاق في تشاد}}, {{langx|fr|Front pour l’alternance et la concorde au Tchad}}), or FACT, is a political and military organisation created by SG Mahamat Mahdi Ali in March 2016 in Tanua, in the north of Chad, with the goal of overthrowing the government of Chad.{{Cite web|url=https://www.trackingterrorism.org/group/front-alternation-and-concord-chad-fact-chad|title=Front for Alternation and Concord in Chad (FACT) - Chad {{!}} Terrorist Groups {{!}} TRAC|website=www.trackingterrorism.org|language=en|access-date=31 August 2018}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/regional-interference-threatening-libya-future-state-180307133334067.html|title=Regional interference is threatening Libya's future as one state|last=El-Gamaty|first=Guma|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=31 August 2018}} It is a splinter group of the Union of Forces for Democracy and Development (UFDD). Ali declared his preparation for military operations against President Idriss Déby. The group was responsible for the death of Déby in April 2021, when he was killed while commanding troops on the frontline fighting the militants.
Origins
The group was founded by dissident Chadian army officers{{Cite web|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/debys-death-a-microcosm-of-the-flaws-of-french-foreign-policy-in-libya/ |title=Déby's death: A microcosm of the flaws of French foreign policy in Libya |author=Emadeddin Badi |work=Atlantic Council |date=30 April 2021 |accessdate=21 May 2021 }} who had split from the UFDD. FACT was organized as a union of different rebel factions in March 2016, but it quickly suffered from internal disputes.{{cite web |url=https://www.aberfoylesecurity.com/?p=4010 |title=Rebel or Mercenary? A Profile of Chad's General Mahamat Mahdi Ali |author=Andrew McGregor |work=Aberfoyle International Security |date=7 September 2017 |access-date=1 March 2019 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043634/https://www.aberfoylesecurity.com/?p=4010 |url-status=dead }} Dissidents split off and organized as the Military Command Council for the Salvation of the Republic (CCMSR).{{Cite news|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/1275611/middle-east|title=Libyan strongman bombed Chad rebels, his forces say|date=29 March 2018|work=Arab News|access-date=31 August 2018|language=en}} In its current iteration, FACT emerged in April 2016.
Military actions
= Second Libyan Civil War =
In the first years of its existence, FACT mostly operated as mercenaries for various Libyan factions.
In December 2016, Libyan National Army (LNA) forces bombed FACT forces twice in the Jufra District, resulting in one death. The LNA then bombed FACT forces on border between Libya and Chad. FACT claimed one person was killed and two were wounded.{{Cite web|last=الوسط|first=بوابة|title=تنظيم "فاكت" التشادي يزعم أنه تعرض لقصف من الجيش الليبي|url=http://alwasat.ly/news/libya/119093|access-date=2021-04-24|website=Alwasat News|language=ar}} A few months later in June 2017, a militia group allied with FACT, Third Force, handed over the Jufra District to the LNA. FACT was allowed to remain there under a tacit non-aggression pact with the LNA. Due to the LNA's cooperation with Russian troops, French journalist Jerome Tubiana has speculated that FACT was trained by the Russian military contractor Wagner Group during this period.{{Cite web|author=Al Jazeera Staff|title=Who are Chad's FACT rebels and what are their goals?|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/21/who-are-chads-fact-rebels-and-what-are-their-goals|access-date=2021-04-23|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}} An article in April 2021 by the New York Times stated that the weapons used for training of FACT by the Wagner group were supplied by the United Arab Emirates, who is alleged by the Pentagon to be funding the Wagner group.{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/22/world/africa/chad-rebels.html?login=email&auth=login-email|title=Where Did Chad Rebels Prepare for Their Own War? In Libya.|accessdate=22 April 2021|website=The New York Times}}{{cite web|url=https://undocs.org/S/2021/229|title=Final report of the Panel of Experts on Libya established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1973 (2011)|accessdate=8 March 2021|website=United Nations Security Council}}{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/11/30/pentagon-trump-russia-libya-uae/|title=Pentagon Says UAE Possibly Funding Russia's Shadowy Mercenaries in Libya|accessdate=30 November 2020|website=Foreign Policy|date=30 November 2020 }} The LNA tried to get FACT to join its forces, but FACT wanted to remain neutral; their staying neutral hurt their ability to secure roads against bandits and terrorists.{{Cite journal|title=Lost in Trans nation|url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/U-Reports/SAS-SANA-Report-Lost-in-Trans-nation.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222175948/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/U-Reports/SAS-SANA-Report-Lost-in-Trans-nation.pdf|archive-date=22 December 2018|journal=Small Arms Survey|pages=54–55|url-status=dead}}
From late 2017 to October 2018, FACT forces clashed with ISIL. These clashes resulted in the death of at least three FACT militants and two jihadists. At some point FACT signed a non-aggression pact with the LNA.{{Cite web|title=Who are the rebels that killed Chadian president Deby?|url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/who-are-the-rebels-that-killed-chadian-president-deby-46068|access-date=21 April 2021|website=Who are the rebels that killed Chadian president Deby?|language=en}}
= Insurgency in Northern Chad =
{{see also|Northern Chad offensive (2021)}}
On the evening of 11 April 2021, the day of the Chadian presidential election, FACT attacked a Chadian border post in northern Chad just as polling stations were closing.{{Cite web|date=18 April 2021|title=U.S. embassy to withdraw staff as Chad rebels advance|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/us-embassy-withdraw-staff-chad-rebels-advance-2021-04-18/|access-date=18 April 2021|website=Reuters}} In return, they were attacked by government forces.
On 17 April 2021, the British government said that two armed convoys from FACT were advancing towards the capital of N'Djamena. The Chadian army claimed they destroyed one FACT convoy in the province of Kanem while another was seen approaching the town of Mao.
On 20 April 2021, President Idriss Déby was fatally wounded by FACT gunfire on the front lines of the conflict, just over a week after he was re-elected President for a 6th term. A rebel spokesperson claimed that Déby was wounded in the village of Mele, near the town of Nokou, before being transported back to the capital, N'Djamena, where he succumbed to his injuries.{{Cite news|first1=Madjiasra |last1=Nako |first2=Mahamat|last2=Ramadane|date=21 April 2021|title=Chad in turmoil after Deby death as rebels, opposition challenge military|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chad-deby-idUSKBN2C818G|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421153549/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chad-deby-idUSKBN2C818G|archive-date=21 April 2021|access-date=21 April 2021}} General Mahamat Déby Itno, son of the deceased President, was declared the interim President as head of a military junta.{{Cite web|title=Chad President Idriss Deby dies visiting front-line troops: Army|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/20/chads-president-deby-has-died-of-injuries|access-date=20 April 2021|website=Al Jazeera|date=20 April 2021|language=en}}
On 9 May 2021, the Chief of the General Staff of the Chad National Army, Abakar Abdelkerim Daoud, announced the army's victory over FACT. Crowds in N'Djamena reportedly cheered on as soldiers returned from the front line in a column of tanks and armored vehicles.{{cite web | url =https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_chad-military-claims-victory-over-rebels-north/6205624.html|title=Chad Military Claims Victory Over Rebels in North |publisher=VOA| date=9 May 2021| access-date =9 May 2021}} At an army base in N'Djamena, dozens of captured FACT members were shown to the assembled press.
References
{{reflist|refs=
{{cite news | title= Chad: U.S. Orders Diplomats to Leave Chad As Rebels Near Capital | date= 18 April 2021 |agency=DW, AFP, AP |newspaper= AllAfrica | url= https://allafrica.com/stories/202104180215.html |access-date= 18 April 2021 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20210418155817/https://allafrica.com/stories/202104180215.html |archive-date= 18 April 2021 |url-status=live }}
}}
Category:Political organisations based in Chad