Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense

Fusarium oxysporum is a common inhabitant of soil and produces three types of asexual spores: macroconidia, microconidia and chlamydospores.{{cite web |url=http://www.padil.gov.au/viewPestDiagnosticImages.aspx?id=1043 |title=Fusarium Wilt of Chickpea |publisher=Pests and Diseases Image Library |accessdate=2011-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321072331/http://www.padil.gov.au/viewPestDiagnosticImages.aspx?id=1043 |archive-date=2011-03-21 |url-status=dead }}

The macroconidia are nearly straight, slender and thin-walled. They usually have three or four septa, a foot-shaped basal cell and a curved and tapered apical cell. They are generally produced from phialides on conidiophores by basipetal division. They are important in secondary infection.Couteaudier, Y. and C. Alabouvette, 1990 Survival and inoculum potential of conidia and chlamydospores of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini in soil. Can. J. Microbiol. 36:551-556

Image:Porto de Tabatinga, Amazonas, Brazil 01.jpg, Brazil announcing "Do not transport seedlings from countries with the presence of the pest to Brazil"]]

The microconidia are ellipsoidal and have either a single septum or none at all. They are formed from phialides in false heads by basipetal division. They are important in secondary infection.

The chlamydospores are globose with thick walls. They are either formed from hyphae or by the modification of hyphal cells. They endure in soils for long periods and act as inocula in primary infection.

The macroconidia and chlamydospores are normally only formed on dead or dying host plants. Chlamydospores are the most significant survival structures of this pathogen.{{Cite journal |last=Ploetz |first=Randy C. |s2cid=12228953 |title=Panama Disease:A Classic and Destructive Disease of Banana |journal=Plant Health Progress |publisher=American Phytopathological Society | volume=1 |pages=10 |year=2000 |doi=10.1094/PHP-2000-1204-01-HM}}

The teleomorph or sexual reproductive stage of F. oxysporum is unknown.Leslie JF, Summerell BA (2006) The Fusarium Laboratory manual. (Blackwell Publishing: Iowa, USA)

Four races of this pathogen have been described which attack different banana cultivars:

• Race 1 attacks cultivars in the Musa (AAA group) 'Gros Michel'{{cite journal | last1=Drenth | first1=André | last2=Guest | first2=David I. | title=Fungal and Oomycete Diseases of Tropical Tree Fruit Crops | journal=Annual Review of Phytopathology | publisher=Annual Reviews | volume=54 | issue=1 | date=2016-08-04 | issn=0066-4286 | doi=10.1146/annurev-phyto-080615-095944 | pages=373–395| pmid=27491435 }} and caused the 20th century epidemic.{{cite journal | last1=Dita | first1=Miguel | last2=Barquero | first2=Marcia | last3=Heck | first3=Daniel | last4=Mizubuti | first4=Eduardo S. G. | last5=Staver | first5=Charles P. | title=Fusarium Wilt of Banana: Current Knowledge on Epidemiology and Research Needs Toward Sustainable Disease Management | journal=Frontiers in Plant Science | publisher=Frontiers | volume=9 | date=2018-10-19 | page=1468 | issn=1664-462X | doi=10.3389/fpls.2018.01468| pmid=30405651 | pmc=6202804 | doi-access=free }} It also attacks 'Ducasse', 'Lady Finger', Musa (AAB group) 'Pome'{{cn|date=November 2021}} and its subgroups, Musa (AAB group) 'Silk' and Musa (ABB group) 'Pisang Awak'.{{cn|date=November 2021}} (See {{section link||Race 1}}.)
• Race 2 attacks Musa (ABB group) 'Bluggoe' and its close relatives.{{cn|date=November 2021}} (See {{section link||Race 2}}.)
• Race 3 attacks Heliconia spp.{{cite journal| last=Waite | first=B.H | date=1963 | title=Wilt of Heliconia spp. caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Race 3 | journal=Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad) | volume=40 | pages=299–305}} (See {{section link||Race 3}}.)
• Race 4 attacks Musa (AAA group) 'Dwarf Cavendish' as well as the hosts of races 1 and 2.Crop Protection Compendium 2005 Edition. Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Panama disease of banana). (CAB International: Wallingford, UK). (See {{section link||Race 4}}.)

A ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis by Kurtz and Schouten 2009 failed to distinguish some F. oxysporum isolates merely endophytic on Musa from pathogenic Foc strains.

Splash by rainfall, movement of contaminated soil, and movement of contaminated propagation materials are the major means of dispersal of Foc. Dispersal by wind alone remains unproven and while animals can test positive for Foc on their outer surfaces, it remains unproven whether they can be effective vectors. Although it is a soil-borne pathogen, it does not compete well against other soil microbes for growth on dead buried tissue. It is nonetheless able to produce infection in living Musa hosts after a complete absence of hosts for 20 years - despite a population decline of 97% within the first three years. This is thought to be due to durable chlamydospores and due to persistence as an asymptomatic infection.

Anigorufone is a phytoalexin produced by Musa. It is a nematicidal compound and so infection with Foc induces an anti-nematode defense. Anigorufone is the only nematicidal or nematistatic compound known among the phytoalexins.{{cite journal | last=Schouten | first=Alexander | title=Mechanisms Involved in Nematode Control by Endophytic Fungi | journal=Annual Review of Phytopathology | publisher=Annual Reviews | volume=54 | issue=1 | date=2016-08-04 | issn=0066-4286 | doi=10.1146/annurev-phyto-080615-100114 | pages=121–142| pmid=27296146 | doi-access=free }} Foc rapidly invades cortical cells as do many other Fo f.sp..

There is some debate as to whether Foc is sexual and this is investigated by studying its history of recombination - or lack of it. One study of the linkage disequilibrium of gametes showed relatively high disequilibrium and another a high degree of correlation between independent genetic markers, both of which are diagnostic for a lack of recombination and thus a clonal population. Other post-sequencing data analysis performed by the disequilibrium study also failed to reject recombination however this could be consistent with horizontal transfer. Horizontal transfer has been experimentally induced and appears to have been proven in Focs past and so seems the more likely explanation.{{cite journal | last=Gordon | first=Thomas R. | title=Fusarium oxysporum and the Fusarium Wilt Syndrome | journal=Annual Review of Phytopathology | publisher=Annual Reviews | volume=55 | issue=1 | date=2017-08-04 | issn=0066-4286 | doi=10.1146/annurev-phyto-080615-095919 | pages=23–39| pmid=28489498 | doi-access=free }} Both Fo mating types have been observed in Foc and protoperithecia-like structures are produced, but not the sexual structures. This does not necessarily mean that the sexual process has degenerated however, instead this may be a defect of the experiment.

Spores germinate at a higher rate in the presence of Musa root secondary metabolites from susceptible cultivars than those from resistant cultivars. This suggests that inhibition of germination is an important part of host resistance.

{{for-text|the disease and its place in the world|{{section link|Panama disease|Tropical Race 1}}}}

{{visible anchor|Tropical Race 1}}/{{visible anchor|TR1}} is also found in Paspalum fasciculatum, Panicum purpurescens, Ixophorus unisetus, and Commelina diffusa in Central America.{{cite journal | last1=Waite | first1=B.H. | last2=Dunlap | first2=V.C. | date=1953 | title=Preliminary host range studies with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense | journal=Plant Disease Reporter | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | volume=37 | pages=79–80 | url=http://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20057008257}} These weeds may be acting as an inoculum source.

{{for-text|the disease and its place in the world|{{section link|Panama disease|Tropical Race 2}}}}{{anchor|Tropical Race 2|TR2}}

{{for-text|the disease and its place in the world|{{section link|Panama disease|Tropical Race 3}}}}

{{visible anchor|Tropical Race 3}}/{{visible anchor|TR3}} is a pest of Heliconia ornamental flowers.{{cite journal | last1=Edel-Hermann | first1=V. | last2=Lecomte | first2=C. | title=Current Status of Fusarium oxysporum Formae Speciales and Races | journal=Phytopathology | publisher=American Phytopathological Society | volume=109 | issue=4 | year=2019 | issn=0031-949X | doi=10.1094/phyto-08-18-0320-rvw | pages=512–530| pmid=30461350 | doi-access=free }} Formerly reported to be a lesser pest of Musa balbisiana seedlings and of Gros Michel, but that is no longer thought to be true.{{cite book | editor-last=Jones | editor-first=D. R. | title=Diseases of Banana, Abacá, and Enset | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-85199-355-3 | oclc=41347037 | page=143-159 | publisher=CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International) | publication-place=Wallingford, Oxfordshire, England, United Kingdom | last1=Ploetz | first1=R.C. | last2=Pegg | first2=K.G.}} Now renamed Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. heliconiae.{{cite journal | last=Ploetz | first=Randy C. | title=Fusarium Wilt of Banana Is Caused by Several Pathogens Referred to as Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense | journal=Phytopathology | publisher=American Phytopathological Society | volume=96 | issue=6 | year=2006 | issn=0031-949X | doi=10.1094/phyto-96-0653 | pages=653–656| pmid=18943184 | doi-access=free }}

{{Speciesbox

| name = Fusarium odoratissimum

| genus = Fusarium

| species = odoratissimum

| authority = Maryani et al., 2019{{nbsp}}

| synonyms = Foc strain TR4

| display_parents = 0

}}

{{for-text|the disease and its place in the world|{{section link|Panama disease|Tropical Race 4}}}}

{{cite journal | last1=Pittaway | first1=P. A. | last2=Nasir | first2=Nasril | last3=Pegg | first3=K. G. | title=Soil receptivity and host - pathogen dynamics in soils naturally infested with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, the cause of Panama disease in bananas | journal=Australian Journal of Agricultural Research | publisher=CSIRO Publishing (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) | volume=50 | issue=4 | year=1999 | issn=0004-9409 | doi=10.1071/a98152 | page=623}}{{cite journal | last1=Hennessy | first1=Chelsea | last2=Walduck | first2=Geoff | last3=Daly | first3=Andrew | last4=Padovan | first4=Anna | title=Weed hosts of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 in northern Australia | journal=Australasian Plant Pathology | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=34 | issue=1 | year=2005 | issn=0815-3191 | doi=10.1071/ap04091 | page=115| bibcode=2005AuPP...34..115H | s2cid=13097833 }} {{visible anchor|Tropical Race 4}}/{{visible anchor|TR4}} belongs to vegetative compatibility group 01213/16. All cultivars which are susceptible to Race 1 and Race 2 are susceptible to TR4 (see {{section link||Race 1}} and {{section link||Race 2}}).{{cite journal | last1=Molina | first1=A.B. | last2=Fabregar | first2=E. | last3=Sinohin | first3=V.G. | last4=Yi | first4=G. | last5=Viljoen | first5=A. | title=Recent occurrence of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense tropical race 4 in Asia | journal=Acta Horticulturae | publisher=International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS) | issue=828 | year=2009 | issn=0567-7572 | doi=10.17660/actahortic.2009.828.10 | pages=109–116 | hdl=2263/12191| hdl-access=free }} Starting in 2019 some authorities are following Maryani et al., 2019 in regarding this strain as {{visible anchor|Fusarium odoratissimum}}.{{Unbulleted list citebundle

|{{cite journal | last1=Fisher | first1=Matthew C. | last2=Gurr | first2=Sarah J. | last3=Cuomo | first3=Christina A. | last4=Blehert | first4=David S. | last5=Jin | first5=Hailing | last6=Stukenbrock | first6=Eva H. | last7=Stajich | first7=Jason E. | last8=Kahmann | first8=Regine | last9=Boone | first9=Charles | last10=Denning | first10=David W. | last11=Gow | first11=Neil A. R. | last12=Klein | first12=Bruce S. | last13=Kronstad | first13=James W. | last14=Sheppard | first14=Donald C. | last15=Taylor | first15=John W. | last16=Wright | first16=Gerard D. | last17=Heitman | first17=Joseph | last18=Casadevall | first18=Arturo | last19=Cowen | first19=Leah E. | editor-last=Chowdhary | editor-first=Anuradha | title=Threats Posed by the Fungal Kingdom to Humans, Wildlife, and Agriculture | journal=mBio | publisher=American Society for Microbiology & American Academy of Microbiology | volume=11 | issue=3 | date=2020-06-30 | issn=2161-2129 | doi=10.1128/mbio.00449-20 | pmid=32371596 | pmc=7403777 | s2cid=218521623| doi-access=free }}

|{{cite journal | last1=Cheek | first1=Martin | last2=Nic Lughadha | first2=Eimear | last3=Kirk | first3=Paul | last4=Lindon | first4=Heather | last5=Carretero | first5=Julia | last6=Looney | first6=Brian | last7=Douglas | first7=Brian | last8=Haelewaters | first8=Danny | last9=Gaya | first9=Ester | last10=Llewellyn | first10=Theo | last11=Ainsworth | first11=A. Martyn | last12=Gafforov | first12=Yusufjon | last13=Hyde | first13=Kevin | last14=Crous | first14=Pedro | last15=Hughes | first15=Mark | last16=Walker | first16=Barnaby E. | last17=Campostrini Forzza | first17=Rafaela | last18=Wong | first18=Khoon Meng | last19=Niskanen | first19=Tuula | title=New scientific discoveries: Plants and fungi | journal= Plants, People, Planet | publisher=New Phytologist Foundation (Wiley) | volume=2 | issue=5 | year=2020 | issn=2572-2611 | doi=10.1002/ppp3.10148 | pages=371–388 | s2cid=225177847| doi-access=free | hdl=1854/LU-8705210 | hdl-access=free }}

|{{cite journal | last1=Drenth | first1=André | last2=McTaggart | first2=Alistair R. | last3=Wingfield | first3=Brenda D. | title=Fungal clones win the battle, but recombination wins the war | journal=IMA Fungus | publisher=International Mycological Association (Springer) | volume=10 | issue=1 | date=2019-10-29 | page=18 | issn=2210-6359 | doi=10.1186/s43008-019-0020-8 | s2cid=204941675 | pmid=32647622 | pmc=7325676 | doi-access=free }}

|{{cite journal | last1=Lücking | first1=Robert | last2=Aime | first2=M. Catherine | last3=Robbertse | first3=Barbara | last4=Miller | first4=Andrew N. | last5=Aoki | first5=Takayuki | last6=Ariyawansa | first6=Hiran A. | last7=Cardinali | first7=Gianluigi | last8=Crous | first8=Pedro W. | last9=Druzhinina | first9=Irina S. | last10=Geiser | first10=David M. | last11=Hawksworth | first11=David L. | last12=Hyde | first12=Kevin D. | last13=Irinyi | first13=Laszlo | last14=Jeewon | first14=Rajesh | last15=Johnston | first15=Peter R. | last16=Kirk | first16=Paul M. | last17=Malosso | first17=Elaine | last18=May | first18=Tom W. | last19=Meyer | first19=Wieland | last20=Nilsson | first20=Henrik R. | last21=Öpik | first21=Maarja | last22=Robert | first22=Vincent | last23=Stadler | first23=Marc | last24=Thines | first24=Marco | last25=Vu | first25=Duong | last26=Yurkov | first26=Andrey M. | last27=Zhang | first27=Ning | last28=Schoch | first28=Conrad L. | title=Fungal taxonomy and sequence-based nomenclature | journal=Nature Microbiology | publisher=Nature Portfolio | volume=6 | issue=5 | date=2021-04-26 | issn=2058-5276 | doi=10.1038/s41564-021-00888-x | pages=540–548 | s2cid=233410673 | pmid=33903746| pmc=10116568 }}

}}

However, the validity of this taxonomic change has been challenged.

:{{cite book|year=2022|title=Regional strategy and action plan for the prevention, preparedness, response and recovery of Latin America and the Caribbean to Fusarium wilt of Musaceae tropical race 4|isbn=978-92-5-136494-9|s2cid=252425659|doi=10.4060/cb8674en|publisher=FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations)}}

:

:{{cite journal|issue=1|publisher=Wiley-VCH GmbH|volume=20|last1=Bragard|first1=Claude|last2=Baptista|first2=Paula|last3=Chatzivassiliou|first3=Elisavet|last4=Di Serio|first4=Francesco|last5=Gonthier|first5=Paolo|last6=Jaques Miret|first6=Josep Anton|last7=Justesen|first7=Annemarie Fejer|last8=MacLeod|first8=Alan|last9=Magnusson|first9=Christer Sven|last10=Milonas|first10=Panagiotis|last11=Navas-Cortes|first11=Juan A|last12=Parnell|first12=Stephen|last13=Potting|first13=Roel|last14=Stefani|first14=Emilio|last15=Thulke|first15=Hans-Hermann|last16=Van der Werf|first16=Wopke|last17=Civera|first17=Antonio Vicent|last18=Yuen|first18=Jonathan|last19=Zappalà|first19=Lucia|last20=Migheli|first20=Quirico|last21=Vloutoglou|first21=Irene|last22=Maiorano|first22=Andrea|last23=Streissl|first23=Franz|last24=Reignault|first24=Philippe Lucien|journal=EFSA Journal|issn=1831-4732|s2cid=246179769|doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7092|title=Pest categorisation of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4|date=2022 |pages=e07092 |pmid=35079290 |pmc=8780018 |id=European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)|hdl=11380/1280747|hdl-access=free}}

:

:These reviews cite this research.

:

:{{cite journal|year=2021|first3=David|last1=Torres|first2=Daniel|issue=12|last3=Studholme|last2=Bebber|first1=Eliana|volume=111|pages=2141–2145|s2cid=235371340|publisher=American Phytopathological Society (APS)|journal=Phytopathology|issn=0031-949X|doi=10.1094/phyto-03-21-0089-le|title=Taxonomic Revision of the Banana Fusarium Wilt TR4 Pathogen Is Premature|pmid=34100303 |author2-link=Daniel Bebber|hdl=10871/126077|hdl-access=free}}

{{for-text|the disease and its place in the world|{{section link|Panama disease|Subtropical Race 4}}}}

{{visible anchor|Subtropical Race 4}}/{{visible anchor|STR4}} is a subtropical race and does not become symptomatic on Cavendish until the trees are stressed by cold.{{cite web | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222213528/https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/business-priorities/biosecurity/plant/health-pests-diseases/a-z-list-of-emergency-plant-pests-and-diseases/panama-disease | archive-date=22 December 2018 | title=Panama disease tropical race 4 (TR4) - Business Queensland | website=Queensland Agriculture Department | date=2020-11-13 | url=http://www.daf.qld.gov.au/business-priorities/biosecurity/plant/health-pests-diseases/a-z-list-of-emergency-plant-pests-and-diseases/panama-disease | access-date=2021-02-06}} Also found in Paspalum spp. and Amaranthus spp. in Australia. These weeds may be acting as sources of inoculum.

Much research is being undertaken because of the urgency in formulating effective control methods for Panama disease and breeding resistant banana cultivars. Researchers at University Sains Malaysia are examining variability in the genome of the pathogen and its genetic variability is being studied, as are the evolutionary relationships within vegetative compatibility groups of the pathogen.{{Cite journal | last1 = Fourie | first1 = G. | last2 = Steenkamp | first2 = E. T. | last3 = Gordon | first3 = T. R. | last4 = Viljoen | first4 = A. | title = Evolutionary Relationships among the Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense vegetative compatibility groups | doi = 10.1128/AEM.00370-09 | journal = Applied and Environmental Microbiology | volume = 75 | issue = 14 | pages = 4770–81 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19482953| pmc =2708428 | bibcode = 2009ApEnM..75.4770F }}

Research into the phylogenetic relationships among the different strains of F. oxysporum that cause wilt of banana has been undertaken to determine whether the strains that are specific to the banana have descended from a common ancestor or have developed independently. Results of this study show that it is not monophyletic and appears to have multiple evolutionary origins.{{cite journal|title=Multiple evolutionary origins of the fungus causing Panama disease of banana: Concordant evidence from nuclear and mitochondrial gene genealogies |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=95 |issue=5 |pages=2044–2049 |date=1998-03-03 |doi=10.1073/pnas.95.5.2044 |pmid=9482835 |last1=O'Donnell |first1=K |last2=Kistler |first2=H. C |last3=Cigelnik |first3=E |last4=Ploetz |first4=R. C |pmc=19243 |bibcode=1998PNAS...95.2044O |doi-access=free}} The largest lineages of F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense ({{section link||Race 1}} and {{section link||Race 2}}) are genetically distinct from a lineage originating from East Africa ({{section link||Race 5}}) and developed pathogenicity for bananas independently from one another.{{cite journal | last1 = Koenig | first1 = R L | display-authors = etal | year = 1997 | title = Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense consists of a small number of divergent and globally distributed clonal lineages | journal =Phytopathology| volume = 87 | issue = 9 | pages = 915–923 | doi = 10.1094/phyto.1997.87.9.915 | pmid = 18945062 | doi-access = free }}

Identification, differentiation, and usage of vegetative compatibility groups is useful and valid within Foc because there are relatively few VCGs.{{cite journal | last1=Moore | first1=N.Y. | last2=BENTLEY | first2=S. | last3=BUDDENHAGEN| first3=I.W. | last4=PEGG | first4=K.G. | title=Fusarium wilt of banana, a diverse clonal pathogen of a domesticated clonal host | website=Alianza SIDALC | url=http://www.sidalc.net/cgi-bin/wxis.exe/?IsisScript=ARTIC.xis&B1=Buscar&formato=1&cantidad=50&expresion=MOORE,%20N.Y. | language=en | access-date=2021-01-05 | date=2001 | location=Saint Paul, Minnesota | pages=212–224 | publisher=American Phytopathological Society Press |editor=B.A. Summerell |editor2=J.F. Leslie |editor3=D. Backhouse |editor4=W.L. Bryden |editor5=L.W. Burgess | series=Fusarium – Paul E. Nelson Memorial Symposium}}

Segura-Mena et al., 2021 finds that Foc {{Slink||R1}} and {{Slink||TR4}} are highly sensitive to pH. They find that this is a potential management method in this disease.

:{{cite conference|year=2023|publisher=IEEE|conference=2023 4th International Conference on Computing, Mathematics and Engineering Technologies (iCoMET)|last1=Memon|first1=Komal|last2=Umrani|first2=Fahim Aziz|last3=Baqai|first3=Attiya|last4=Syed|first4=Zafi Sherhan|doi=10.1109/icomet57998.2023.10099182|s2cid=258260664|title=A Review Based On Comparative Analysis of Techniques Used in Precision Agriculture}}

:

:This review cites this research.

:

:{{cite journal|issue=2|year=2021|publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC|first6=J.|first5=G.|first4=M.|first3=F.|first2=J.|first1=R.|last6=Sandoval|last5=Kema|last4=Salacinas-Niez|last3=García-Bastidas|last2=Stoorvogel|last1=Segura-Mena|volume=160|pages=441–455|journal=European Journal of Plant Pathology|issn=0929-1873|s2cid=233648418|doi=10.1007/s10658-021-02255-2|title=Evaluating the potential of soil management to reduce the effect of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense in banana (Musa AAA)|id=Royal Netherlands Society of Plant Pathology (KNPV)+European Foundation for Plant Pathology (EFPP)|doi-access=free|bibcode=2021EJPP..160..441S }}

• List of banana and plantain diseases

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite journal | last1=Ploetz | first1=Randy | last2=Pegg | first2=Kenneth | title=Fusarium wilt of banana and Wallace's line: Was the disease originally restricted to his Indo-Malayan region? | journal=Australasian Plant Pathology | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=26 | issue=4 | year=1997 | issn=0815-3191 | doi=10.1071/ap97039 | page=239| bibcode=1997AuPP...26..239P | s2cid=36822018 }}
• {{cite web | title=Information | website=FRAC (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee) | author=Banana Working Group | date=2020-01-31 | url=http://www.frac.info/frac-teams/working-groups/banana-group/information | access-date=2021-05-21}}
• {{cite web | title=Recommendations for Bananas | website=FRAC (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee) | author=Banana Working Group | date=2020-01-31 | url=http://www.frac.info/frac-teams/working-groups/banana-group/recommendations-for-bananas | access-date=2021-05-21}}

• [http://www.promusa.org/Fusarium+wilt Information on Fusarium wilt on Musapedia]
• {{cite web |title=Q&A on Tropical Race 4 |website=Dole Food Company |url=https://www.dole.com/en/blog/healthy-living/tropical-race-4 |access-date=2020-12-11}}
• {{cite web | title=Emergencia Fusarium R4T | website=SENASA Perú | date=1999-02-22 | url=http://www.gob.pe/institucion/senasa/campa%C3%B1as/4295-emergencia-fusarium-r4t | language=es | access-date=2021-08-06}}
• {{cite web | title=Panama TR4 Protect | website=Biosecurity Queensland | url=http://panamatr4protect.com.au/ | access-date=2021-09-21}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5509901}}

Category:Fungal plant pathogens and diseases

Category:Banana diseases

oxysporum f.sp. cubense

Category:Forma specialis taxa

Category:Banana Wars