brown rice
{{Short description|Whole-grain rice, as opposed to white rice}}
{{For|the Don Cherry album|Brown Rice (album)}}
{{Chinese
| pic = Reis - Sorte C voll.jpg
| c = 糙米
| p = cāomǐ
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|c|ao|1|m|i|3}}
| w = ts'ao1-mi3
| j = cou3 mai5
| y = chou3 mai5
| l = rough rice
| hangul = 현미
| hanja = 玄米
| rr = hyeonmi
| kanji = 玄米
| romaji = genmai
| tha = ข้าวกล้อง
| qn = gạo lứt
| tgl = pinawà
| nep = मार्सी चामल
| t =
| s =
| ci =
| altname =
| hiragana = げんまい
| Burmese Name = ဆန်လုံးညို
}}
Brown rice is a whole grain rice with only the inedible outer hull removed. This kind of rice sheds its outer hull or husk but the bran and germ layer remain on, constituting the brown or tan colour of rice. White rice is the same grain without the hull, the bran layer, and the cereal germ. Red rice, gold rice, and black rice (also called purple rice) are all whole rice with differently pigmented outer layers.{{Cite web |last=Viexports |date=2023-10-16 |title=Brown Rice or White Rice: Which Is Healthier? |url=https://viexports.com/brown-rice-or-white-rice-which-is-healthier |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Vi Exports India |language=en}}
Cooking time
Brown rice generally needs longer cooking times than white rice, unless it is broken or flour blasted (which perforates the bran without removing it).{{cite web|url=http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/may02/rice0502.htm|title=USDA ARS Online Magazine Vol. 50, No. 5}} Studies in 2003 estimated a cooking time between 35 and 51 minutes.{{cite book |last1=Manickavasagan |first1=Annamalai |title=Brown Rice |publisher=Springer |page=33 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HV4yDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33|isbn=9783319590110 |date=2017-08-22 }} A shorter cooking time is necessary for "converted" or parboiled rice.{{Cite web |last=Viexports |date=2023-12-07 |title=What is Parboiled Rice |url=https://viexports.com/what-is-parboiled-rice-a-comprehensive-guide |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Vi Exports India |language=en}}
Storage
Brown rice has a shelf life of approximately 6 months,{{cite web |url=http://www.usarice.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70&Itemid=72 |title=Storage |publisher=Usarice.com |access-date=2012-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402130836/http://www.usarice.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70&Itemid=72 |archive-date=2012-04-02 |url-status=dead }} but hermetic storage, refrigeration or freezing can significantly extend its lifetime. Freezing, even periodically, can also help control infestations of Indian meal moths.
Nutrition
Cooked, long-grain brown rice is 70% water, 26% carbohydrates, 3% protein, and 1% fat. In a reference amount of {{convert|100|g}}, cooked brown rice supplies 123 calories of food energy, and is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of manganese (36% DV) and moderate source (11-17% DV) of magnesium, phosphorus, niacin, and thiamine.
{{nutritionalvalue
| name = Rice, brown, long-grain, cooked
| kJ = 514
| protein = 2.74 g
| fat = 0.97 g
| carbs = 25.6 g
| fiber = 1.6 g
| sugars = 0.24 g
| thiamin_mg = 0.18
| riboflavin_mg = 0.07
| niacin_mg = 2.56
| pantothenic_mg = 0.38
| folate_ug = 9
| vitB6_mg = 0.123
| calcium_mg = 3
| iron_mg = 0.56
| magnesium_mg = 39
| manganese_mg = 0.974
| phosphorus_mg = 103
| potassium_mg = 86
| selenium_ug = 5.8
| sodium_mg = 4
| zinc_mg = 0.71
| copper_mg = 0.106
| water = 70.3 g
| note = [https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/169704/nutrients Link to USDA FoodData Central entry]
| source_usda = 1
}}
Arsenic
Arsenic is in the natural environment and may be present in common grains, such as brown rice.{{cite web |title=Arsenic in Food and Dietary Supplements |url=https://www.fda.gov/food/environmental-contaminants-food/arsenic-food-and-dietary-supplements |publisher=US Food and Drug Administration |access-date=26 September 2023 |date=1 June 2023}} Although rice may absorb arsenic more readily than other crops, rice remains as a staple of a well-balanced diet, particularly when fortified with micronutrients in infant rice cereal.{{cite web |title=What You Can Do to Limit Exposure to Arsenic |url=https://www.fda.gov/food/environmental-contaminants-food/what-you-can-do-limit-exposure-arsenic |publisher=US Food and Drug Administration |access-date=26 September 2023 |date=27 April 2022}}
Cooking brown rice in hot water can reduce the content of inorganic arsenic by 40-60%, although this cooking method also diminishes the content of micronutrients.
In Vietnam
Brown rice is widely cultivated in Vietnam,{{Cite web |date=2011-03-30 |title=Niềm vui mới của nông dân Cai Lậy |url=https://nhandan.vn/post-533162.html |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Báo Nhân Dân điện tử |language=vi}}{{Cite web |title=Nghiên cứu công nghệ sản xuất một số sản phẩm thực phẩm có giá trị dinh dưỡng cao từ gạo lứt |url=https://skhcn.bacninh.gov.vn/news/-/details/22549/nghien-cuu-cong-nghe-san-xuat-mot-so-san-pham-thuc-pham-co-gia-tri-dinh-duong-cao-tu-gao-lut-47123048 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=skhcn.bacninh.gov.vn |language=vi-VN |archive-date=2023-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224145307/https://skhcn.bacninh.gov.vn/news/-/details/22549/nghien-cuu-cong-nghe-san-xuat-mot-so-san-pham-thuc-pham-co-gia-tri-dinh-duong-cao-tu-gao-lut-47123048 |url-status=dead }} mainly in the northern and central provinces.{{Cite web |last=tcct |date=2023-08-28 |title=Doanh nghiệp trong chuỗi sản xuất - phân phối đặc sản Tây Bắc |url=https://tapchicongthuong.vn/bai-viet/doanh-nghiep-trong-chuoi-san-xuat-phan-phoi-dac-san-tay-bac-109798.htm |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Tạp chí Công Thương |language=vi}}{{Cite web |title=TP. Buôn Ma Thuột: Triển vọng từ mô hình trồng giống lúa gạo đen |url=http://daklak24h.com.vn/tin-kinh-te/55849/tp-buon-ma-thuot-trien-vong-tu-mo-hinh-trong-giong-lua-gao-den |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=daklak24h.com.vn}} According to statistics from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, the area of brown rice cultivation in Vietnam in 2023 reached 150,000 hectares,{{Cite web |last=Ly/BNEWS/TTXVN |first=Khánh |title=Bnews - Tin tức kinh tế mới nhất, cập nhật 24h |url=https://bnews.vn/hoat-dong-giao-dich-lua-gao-tram-lang-do-gia-qua-cao/317638.html |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=bnews.vn |language=vi}}{{Cite web |title=Lúa gạo lứt đen thảo dược tiếp tục mang lại hiệu quả cao |url=http://daklakafiqad.gov.vn/lua-gao-lut-den-thao-duoc-tiep-tuc-mang-lai-hieu-qua-cao-539.html |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=daklakafiqad.gov.vn}}{{Cite web |title=Tăng khả năng cạnh tranh của gạo Việt |url=https://special.nhandan.vn/nang-tam-gao-viet-nam/index.html |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=special.nhandan.vn |language=en}} with a production of 1.2 million tons. Brown rice has high economic value and is popular in the market.{{Cite web |date=2022-04-28 |title=Quy mô thị trường gạo Bắc Âu |url=http://moit.gov.vn/tin-tuc/thi-truong-nuoc-ngoai/thi-truong-chau-au-chau-my/quy-mo-thi-truong-gao-bac-au.html |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=moit.gov.vn |language=vi}}{{Cite web |last=thị |first=Doanh nghiệp và Tiếp |title=Gạo lứt là gì? Tìm hiểu các loại gạo lứt giảm cân hiệu quả |url=https://doanhnghieptiepthi.vn/gao-lut-la-gi-tim-hieu-cac-loai-gao-lut-giam-can-hieu-qua-161211203100002337.htm |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Doanh nghiệp và Tiếp thị |language=vi}} The price of brown rice is usually higher than white rice by 10-20%.{{Cite web |last=baohaiduong.vn |date=2021-12-02 |title=Gạo trắng tốt hơn gạo lứt |url=https://baohaiduong.vn/gao-trang-tot-hon-gao-lut-170800.html |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=baohaiduong.vn |language=vi}}{{Cite web |last=Minh |first=Báo Pháp Luật TP Hồ Chí |date=2022-09-25 |title=Gạo trắng, gạo lứt, gạo huyết rồng, gạo lứt đen: Gạo nào tốt cho sức khỏe hơn? |url=https://plo.vn/share699886.html |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Báo Pháp Luật TP. Hồ Chí Minh |language=vi}} Brown rice has great potential for development in Vietnam,{{Cite web |last=Tùng |first=Trọng |date=2020-09-11 |title=Chuỗi giá trị sản phẩm từ gạo: Tiềm năng còn bỏ ngỏ |url=https://kinhtedothi.vn/chuoi-gia-tri-san-pham-tu-gao-tiem-nang-con-bo-ngo.html |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Báo Kinh tế đô thị - Đọc tin tức thời sự kinh tế 24h mới nhất |language=vi}}{{Cite web |last=Khôi - |first=Chu |date=2023-04-10 |title=Ganola mum |url=https://ganolamum.vn/ |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Nhịp sống kinh tế Việt Nam & Thế giới |language=vi}}{{Cite web |last=PHÓNG |first=BÁO SÀI GÒN GIẢI |date=2018-01-02 |title=Gạo lứt Thảo dược – đổi vị cho người ăn kiêng |url=https://www.sggp.org.vn/share461886.html |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=BÁO SÀI GÒN GIẢI PHÓNG |language=vi}} and could become a major export product.{{Cite web |last=MEDIATECH |title=Việt Nam đã sản xuất thành công dầu gạo từ gạo lứt |url=https://baoquangninh.vn/viet-nam-da-san-xuat-thanh-cong-dau-gao-tu-gao-lut-2452996.html |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=baoquangninh.vn |language=vi}}{{Cite web |title=Gạo Việt Nam thêm cơ hội tiếp cận thị trường Anh |url=https://tuyengiao.vn/gao-viet-nam-them-co-hoi-tiep-can-thi-truong-anh-150228 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=tuyengiao.vn |language=vi}}
Gallery
File:Reis - Sorte C roh.jpg|African rice in its inedible husk (seed rice, will sprout)
File:Reis - Sorte C voll.jpg|The same rice, husked (whole brown rice) (colour varies by variety)
File:Reis_-_Sorte_C_weiss.jpg|The same rice, with almost all bran and germ removed to make white rice
See also
References
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{{Varieties of rice|state=expanded}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Brown Rice}}