Fuyan Cave
{{short description|Cave complex and archaeological site in China}}
{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Fuyan Cave
| native_name = 福岩洞
| native_name_lang = zh
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| map_type = China
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| coordinates = {{coord|25|39|02.7|N|111|28|49.2|E|display=inline,title}}
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| location = Hunan, China
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| excavations = 2011, 2013
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Fuyan Cave ({{zh|s=福岩洞}}) is a complex of limestone caves in Tangbei village, Lefutang town, Daoxian,{{cite web|title=New Homonin Site Found in Daoxian County, Hunan Province of China|url=http://www.kaogu.cn/en/News/New_discoveries/2013/1026/43179.html}} Hunan province, south central China famous for the discovery of the oldest evidence for unambiguously fully modern humans outside Africa.{{cite web|date=Oct 14, 2015|last1=Martinón-Torres|first1=María|title=Homo sapiens to the East of Eden|url=https://leakeyfoundation.org/journal-article-homo-sapiens-to-the-east-of-eden/}} 47 human teeth, dating to between 80,000 and 120,000 years ago, were discovered at Fuyan Cave.{{cite journal|title=Teeth from China reveal early human trek out of Africa|journal=Nature|url=http://www.nature.com/news/teeth-from-china-reveal-early-human-trek-out-of-africa-1.18566|doi=10.1038/nature.2015.18566|year=2015|last1=Callaway|first1=Ewen|s2cid=181399291|doi-access=free}} The teeth are also unusual for showing signs of cavities, a feature typically not found in teeth older than 50,000 years. However, a later study focusing on autosomal DNA analysis of the remains challenged this assertion, and found that the remains were younger than previously suspected.{{cite journal|title=Ancient DNA and multimethod dating confirm the late arrival of anatomically modern humans in southern China|doi=10.1073/pnas.2019158118|year=2021|last1=Sun|first1=Xue-Feng|last2=Wen|first2=Shao-Qing|last3=Lu|first3=Cheng-qiu|last4=Zhou|first4=Bo-yan|last5=Curnoe|first5=Darren|last6=Lu|first6=Hua-yu|last7=Li|first7=Hong-Chun|last8=Wang|first8=Wei|last9=Cheng|first9=Hai|last10=Yi|first10=Shuang-wen|last11=Jia|first11=Xin|last12=Du|first12=Pan-xin|last13=Xu|first13=Xing-hua|last14=Lu|first14=Yi-Ming|last15=Lu|first15=Ying|last16=Zheng|first16=Hong-Xiang|last17=Zhang|first17=Hong|last18=Sun|first18=Chang|last19=Wei|first19=Lan-hai|last20=Han|first20=Fei|last21=Huang|first21=Juan|last22=Edwards|first22=R. Lawrence|last23=Jin|first23=Li|last24=Li|first24=Hui|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=118|issue=8|pages=e2019158118|pmid=33558418|pmc=7923607|doi-access=free }}
Geology
Fuyan consists of three caves connected by tunnels.{{cite web|title=Here's Proof That the First Modern Humans Were Chinese|date=14 October 2015 |url=https://time.com/4071342/earliest-humans-china/}} The cave system has a volume of {{convert|3,000|m3|abbr = on}} and ranges over {{convert|3|km2|abbr = on}}.
Discovery
Fuyan Cave was discovered in 1984. The cave is located at latitude 25°39′02.7″N, longitude 111°28′49.2″E, at 232 m above sea level.
The cave was excavated in 2011 over an area of {{convert|20|m2|abbr = on}}. The 2011 excavation revealed 5 hominin teeth and fossil remains from 39 different mammalians species, including some extinct ones. The cave was excavated in 2011 and in 2013.{{cite web|url=http://www.kaogu.cn/en/News/Academic_activities/2015/1016/51722.html|title=Scientists sink teeth into history of humans in Asia}} The teeth were all discovered in the middle cave.
Dating
The teeth were dated by dating nearby stalagmites.{{cite news|title=Neanderthals 'kept our early ancestors out of Europe'|website=TheGuardian.com |date=17 October 2015 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/oct/17/neanderthals-kept-early-homo-sapiens-out-of-europe |last1=McKie |first1=Robin }}[https://www.nature.com/news/teeth-from-china-reveal-early-human-trek-out-of-africa-1.18566 Teeth from China reveal early human trek out of Africa], 2015''Wu Liu, María Martinón-Torres et al. [https://www.nature.com/articles/nature15696 The earliest unequivocally modern humans in southern China], 14 October 2015 The stalagmites were dated to at least 80,000 years. Since the teeth were found under rock over which the stalagmites had grown, the teeth must be older than 80,000 years old. More recent ancient DNA analysis of these remains indicated that the remains dated instead to the Holocene, although these recent findings are still under review. {{cite journal|title=Ancient DNA and multimethod dating confirm the late arrival of anatomically modern humans in southern China|doi=10.1073/pnas.2019158118|year=2021|last1=Sun|first1=Xue-Feng|last2=Wen|first2=Shao-Qing|last3=Lu|first3=Cheng-qiu|last4=Zhou|first4=Bo-yan|last5=Curnoe|first5=Darren|last6=Lu|first6=Hua-yu|last7=Li|first7=Hong-Chun|last8=Wang|first8=Wei|last9=Cheng|first9=Hai|last10=Yi|first10=Shuang-wen|last11=Jia|first11=Xin|last12=Du|first12=Pan-xin|last13=Xu|first13=Xing-hua|last14=Lu|first14=Yi-Ming|last15=Lu|first15=Ying|last16=Zheng|first16=Hong-Xiang|last17=Zhang|first17=Hong|last18=Sun|first18=Chang|last19=Wei|first19=Lan-hai|last20=Han|first20=Fei|last21=Huang|first21=Juan|last22=Edwards|first22=R. Lawrence|last23=Jin|first23=Li|last24=Li|first24=Hui|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=118|issue=8|pages=e2019158118|pmid=33558418|pmc=7923607|doi-access=free }}
Specimen number FY-HT2 (9380±90 BP) in new study was incorrect identified as human teeth.María Martinón-Torres et al. [https://www.pnas.org/content/118/22/e2102961118 On the misidentification and unreliable context of the new “human teeth” from Fuyan Cave (China)], May 24, 2021 Reconstructions of “deer-like” wear bear no resemblance to the pres-ervational reality of the tooth FY-HT-2.Darren Curnoe et al. [https://www.pnas.org/content/118/22/e2104818118 Reply to Martinón-Torres et al. and Higham and Douka: Refusal to acknowledge dating complexities of Fuyan Cave strengthens our case], June 1, 2021
Implications
The discovery is important for many reasons. Previous to this discovery, the earliest evidence for fully modern humans outside the Arabian Peninsula (Tianyuan Cave, Niah Cave, Mungo Man) dates to around 40,000 to 50,000 years, so the discovery at Fuyan Cave provides evidence showing that humans migrated out of Africa a lot earlier than previously assumed. Secondly, the finds at Fuyan Cave are much closer to modern humans than they are to contemporary finds at Xujiayao and Qafzeh.{{cite journal|title=The earliest unequivocally modern humans in southern China|journal=Nature|volume=526|issue=7575|pages=696–699|doi=10.1038/nature15696|pmid=26466566|year=2015|last1=Liu|first1=Wu|last2=Martinón-Torres|first2=María|last3=Cai|first3=Yan-jun|last4=Xing|first4=Song|last5=Tong|first5=Hao-wen|last6=Pei|first6=Shu-wen|last7=Sier|first7=Mark Jan|last8=Wu|first8=Xiao-Hong|last9=Edwards|first9=R. Lawrence|last10=Cheng|first10=Hai|last11=Li|first11=Yi-Yuan|last12=Yang|first12=Xiong-xin|last13=De Castro|first13=José María Bermúdez|last14=Wu|first14=Xiu-jie|bibcode=2015Natur.526..696L|s2cid=205246146|url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1472397/1/Nature%20merged%20file.pdf}} Thirdly, the discovery shows that modern humans arrived in southern China when there was an older, more primitive hominin present in northern China. Lastly, the discovery shows that modern humans were present in Asia at a time when there is no evidence for fully modern humans in Europe (43,000 BC), which is perhaps explained by the presence of Neanderthals in Europe preventing the entry of the modern humans.
See also
References
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{{Caves of China}}
{{Navbox prehistoric caves}}
Category:Paleoanthropological sites