Hunan

{{more citations needed section|date=February 2014}}

File:Fenghuang old town.JPG

Hunan's primeval forests were first occupied by the ancestors of the modern Miao, Tujia, Dong and Yao peoples. The province entered written Chinese history around 350 BC, when it became part of the Zhou dynasty. After Qin conquered the Chu in 278 BC, the region came under the control of Qin, and then the Changsha Kingdom during the Han dynasty. At this time, and for hundreds of years thereafter, the province was a magnet for settlement of Han Chinese from the north, who displaced and assimilated the original indigenous inhabitants, cleared forests and began farming rice in the valleys and plains.Harold Wiens. Han Expansion in South China. (Shoe String Press, 1967). The agricultural colonization of the lowlands was carried out in part by the Han people, who managed river dikes to protect farmland from floods.Brian Lander. State Management of River Dikes in Early China: New Sources on the Environmental History of the Central Yangzi Region . T'oung Pao 100.4-5 (2014): 325–362 To this day, many of Hunan's small villages are named after Han families who settled there. Migration from the north was especially prevalent during the Eastern Jin dynasty, Sixteen Kingdoms and the Northern and Southern dynasties periods, when the north was mostly ruled by non-Han ethnic groups (Five Barbarians) and in perpetual disorder.

During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Hunan was home to its own independent regime, Ma Chu.

Hunan and Hubei became a part of the province of Huguang until the Qing dynasty. Hunan province was created in 1664 from Huguang and renamed in 1723.

Hunan became an important communications center due to its position on the Yangzi River. It was an important centre of scholarly activity and Confucian thought, particularly in the Yuelu Academy in Changsha. It was also on the Imperial Highway between northern and southern China. The land produced grain so abundantly that it fed many parts of China with its surpluses. The population continued to climb until, by the 19th century, Hunan became overcrowded and prone to peasant uprisings. Some of the uprisings, such as the ten-year Miao Rebellion of 1795–1806, were caused by ethnic tensions. The Taiping Rebellion began in Guangxi Province in 1850, then spread into Hunan and further eastward along the Yangzi River valley. A Hunanese army (Xiang Army) under Zeng Guofan marched into Nanjing to put down the uprising in 1864. File:Type 92 Heavy Machine Gun2.jpg during the Battle of Changsha in World War II|222x222px]]

In 1920, a famine raged throughout Hunan and killed an estimated 2 million Hunanese civilians.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGKZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA134|title=Political Routes to Starvation: Why Does Famine Kill?|isbn=9781622735082|last1=Dianda|first1=Bas|date=15 March 2019|publisher=Vernon Press }} This sparked the Autumn Harvest Uprising of 1927. It was led by Hunanese native Mao Zedong, and established a short-lived Hunan Soviet in 1927. The Communists maintained a guerrilla army in the mountains along the Hunan-Jiangxi border until 1934. Under pressure from the Nationalist Kuomintang (KMT) forces, they began the Long March to bases in Shaanxi Province. After the Communists departed, the KMT fought the Japanese in the second Sino-Japanese war. It defended Changsha until it fell in 1944. Japan launched Operation Ichigo, a plan to control the railroad from Wuchang to Guangzhou (Yuehan Railway). Hunan was relatively unscathed by the civil war that followed the Japanese defeat in 1945. In 1949, the Communists returned as the Nationalists retreated southward.

In the 1950s, General Wang Zhen coerced thousands of Hunanese women into sexual servitude at PLA units in Xinjiang.{{cite web |last1=Turland |first1=Jesse |title=Op-Ed in China Draws Backlash for Advocating Women 'Warm Rural Bachelor's Beds' |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/10/op-ed-in-china-draws-backlash-for-advocating-women-warm-rural-bachelors-beds/ |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=The Diplomat |access-date=20 October 2021}}

As Mao's home province, Hunan supported the Cultural Revolution of 1966–1976,{{Citation needed|reason= This is a fairly bold claim. It would be useful frame of reference establishing "support". Was it more supportive than other regions? How is that measured or established. "Support" seems vague. |date=July 2018}} but it was slower than most provinces to adopt the reforms Deng Xiaoping implemented in the years after Mao's death in 1976.

In addition to Mao, several other first-generation communist leaders were from Hunan: Chinese President Liu Shaoqi; CCP Secretaries-General Ren Bishi and Hu Yaobang; Marshals Peng Dehuai, He Long, and Luo Ronghuan; Wang Zhen, one of the Eight Elders; Xiang Jingyu, the first female member of the CCP's central committee; Senior General Huang Kecheng; and veteran diplomat Lin Boqu. A more recent leader from Hunan is former Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji.

{{main|Geography of Hunan}}

Hunan is on the south bank of the Yangtze River, about halfway along its length, situated between 108° 47'–114° 16' east longitude and 24° 37'–30° 08' north latitude. Hunan covers an area of {{convert|211800|km2|abbr=off}}, making it the 10th largest provincial-level division. The east, south, and west sides of the province are surrounded by mountains and hills, such as the Wuling Mountains to the northwest, the Xuefeng Mountains to the west, the Nanling Mountains to the south, and the Luoxiao Mountains to the east. Mountains and hills occupy more than 80% of the province, and plains less than 20%. At 2,115.2 meters above sea level, Hunan's highest point is Lingfeng ({{lang|zh-hans-cn|酃峰}}).{{Cite web |url=http://www.sohu.com/a/162119207_698908 |title=湖南6座最高山峰,桂东竟然占了两座，知道的人绝对不超过1%,周末赶紧约起来！ |website=Sohu |access-date=2018-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408141501/http://www.sohu.com/a/162119207_698908 |archive-date=2018-04-08 |url-status=live }}{{cite news|url=http://www.hn.xinhuanet.com/2013-09/26/c_117523544.htm |script-title=zh:湖南"新高度"——酃峰 |work=Xinhua Hunan |date=2013-09-26 |access-date=2015-07-29}}{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}{{cite web |url=http://www.xxcb.cn/hxdl/texie/2016-01-30/9045785.html |script-title=zh:最美的山峰：酃峰海拔2115.2米湖南第一高峰 |script-work=zh:潇湘晨报 |last1=Wang |first1=Shuo (王砚) |editor-last1=Pei |editor-first1=Li (裴力) |date=2016-01-30 |access-date=2018-04-08 |archive-date=2018-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408141247/http://www.xxcb.cn/hxdl/texie/2016-01-30/9045785.html |url-status=dead }}

The Xiang, the Zi, the Yuan, and the Lishui Rivers converge on the Yangtze River at Lake Dongting in the north of Hunan. The center and northern parts are somewhat low and a U-shaped basin, open in the north and with Lake Dongting as its center. Most of Hunan lies in the basins of four major tributaries of the Yangtze River.

Lake Dongting is the largest lake in the province and the second largest freshwater lake of China.

The Xiaoxiang area and Lake Dongting figure prominently in Chinese poetry and paintings, particularly during the Song dynasty when they were associated with officials who had been unjustly dismissed.{{cite book|author=Alfreda Murck|title=Poetry and Painting in Song China: The Subtle Art of Dissent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1eGqk66tvsQC&pg=PP1|year=2000|publisher=Harvard Univ Asia Center|isbn=978-0-674-00782-6|access-date=2016-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110082823/https://books.google.com/books?id=1eGqk66tvsQC&pg=PP1|archive-date=2017-01-10|url-status=live}}

Changsha (which means "long sands") was an active ceramics district during the Tang dynasty, its tea bowls, ewers and other products mass-produced and shipped to China's coastal cities for export abroad. An Arab dhow dated to the 830s and today known as the Belitung Shipwreck was discovered off the small island of Belitung, Indonesia with more than 60,000 pieces in its cargo.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} The salvaged cargo is today housed in Singapore.

Hunan's climate is subtropical; under the Köppen climate classification, it is classified as humid subtropical (Köppen Cfa), with short, cool, damp winters, very hot and humid summers, and plenty of rain. January temperatures average {{convert|3|to|8|°C|°F}}, while July temperatures average around {{convert|27|to|30|°C|°F}}. Average annual precipitation is {{convert|1200|to|1700|mm}}. The Furongian Epoch in the Cambrian Period of geological time is named for Hunan; Furong ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|芙蓉}}}}) means "lotus" in Mandarin and refers to Hunan, which is known as the "lotus state".{{cite journal|last=Peng|first=Shanchi|author2=Babcock, Loren|author3=Robison, Richard|author4=Lin, Huanling|author5=Rees, Margaret|author6=Saltzman, Matthew|title=Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point (GSSP) of the Furongian Series and Paibian Stage (Cambrian)|journal=Lethaia|date=30 November 2004|volume=37|issue=4|pages=365–379|doi=10.1080/00241160410002081|bibcode=2004Letha..37..365P|url=http://www.stratigraphy.org/GSSP/file43.pdf|access-date=14 September 2012|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121125654/https://stratigraphy.org/GSSP/file43.pdf|url-status=live}}

{{main|List of administrative divisions of Hunan}}

Hunan is divided into fourteen prefecture-level divisions: thirteen prefecture-level cities and an autonomous prefecture:

The fourteen prefecture-level divisions of Hunan are subdivided into 122 county-level divisions (35 districts, 17 county-level cities, 63 counties, 7 autonomous counties). Those are in turn divided into 2587 township-level divisions (1098 towns, 1,158 townships, 98 ethnic townships, 225 subdistricts, and eight district public offices). At the year end of 2017, the total population is 68.6 million.[http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2018/indexch.htm]

{{notelist}}

{{Largest cities

|largest = Most populous

|country = Hunan

|kind = cities

|stat_ref = Source: China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population{{cite book |author=Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China(MOHURD) |url=http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/xytj/tjzljsxytjgb/jstjnj/w02020032722244243052500000.xls |date=2019 |title=中国城市建设统计年鉴2018 |trans-title=China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 |language=zh |location=Beijing |publisher=China Statistic Publishing House |access-date=2021-11-30 |archive-date=2020-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718211023/http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/xytj/tjzljsxytjgb/jstjnj/w02020032722244243052500000.xls |url-status=dead }}

|list_by_pop =

|city_1 = Changsha

|pop_1 = 3,744,300

|img_1 = Changsha_2019_2.jpg

|city_2 = Hengyang

|pop_2 = 1,437,900

|img_2 = 衡阳市人民政府.jpg

|city_3 = Zhuzhou

|pop_3 = 1,152,600

|img_3 = 株洲神农公园.jpg

|city_4 = Changde

|pop_4 = 997,900

|img_4 = Simalou on Liuye lake in Changde.jpg

|city_5 = Yueyang

|pop_5 = 892,000

|city_6 = Chenzhou

|pop_6 = 842,000

|city_7 = Xiangtan

|pop_7 = 817,700

|city_8 = Shaoyang

|pop_8 = 712,300

|city_9 = Yiyang

|pop_9 = 668,200

|city_10 = Huaihua

|pop_10 = 624,000

|city_11 = Yongzhou

|pop_11 = 574,500

|city_12 = Leiyang

|pop_12 = 573,000

|city_13 = Loudi

|pop_13 = 516,800

|city_14 = Ningxiang

|pop_14 = 472,700

|city_15 = Jishou

|pop_15 = 315,000

|city_16 = Changning, Hunan{{!}}Changning

|pop_16 = 300,000

|city_17 = Wugang, Hunan{{!}}Wugang

|pop_17 = 290,000

|city_18 = Liuyang

|pop_18 = 260,100

|city_19 = Liling

|pop_19 = 247,500

|city_20 = Xiangxiang

|pop_20 = 235,000

}}

{{main|Politics of Hunan|List of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China|Government of Hunan|Hunan Provincial Committee of the Chinese Communist Party}}

File:Young Mao Zedong statue 5.jpg in Changsha]]

The politics of Hunan is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China.

The Governor of Hunan is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Hunan. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Hunan Chinese Communist Party Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Hunan CCP Party Chief".

As of the mid-19th century, Hunan exported rhubarb, musk, honey, tobacco, hemp, and birds.{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Edmund|title=Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat|year=1837|publisher=Harper & Brothers|location=New York|page=123|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7317/view/1/123/|access-date=2013-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016074209/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7317/view/1/123/|archive-date=2013-10-16|url-status=live}} The Lake Dongting area is an important center of ramie production, and Hunan is also an important center of tea cultivation.

Hunan was a major recipient of China's investment in industrial capacity during the Third Front campaign.{{Cite book |last=Lan |first=Xiaohuan |title=How China Works: An Introduction to China's State-led Economic Development |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2024 |isbn=978-981-97-0079-0 |translator-last=Topp |translator-first=Gary |doi=10.1007/978-981-97-0080-6}}{{Rp|page=298}}

In recent years, Hunan has grown to become an important center for steel, machinery and electronics production, especially as China's manufacturing sector moves away from coastal provinces such as Guangdong and Zhejiang.{{cite web |url=http://www.thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/hunan-province/ |title=Hunan Province: Economic News and Statistics for Hunan's Economy |access-date=2011-10-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008045908/http://thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/hunan-province/ |archive-date=2011-10-08 }}

The Lengshuijiang area is noted for its stibnite mines, and is one of the major centers of antimony extraction in China.{{cite journal|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36580776/ |title=Antimony (Sb) isotopic signature in water systems from the world's largest Sb mine, central China |publisher=Bing Wen |date=2022 |pmid=36580776 |access-date=July 29, 2024 |last1=Wen |first1=B. |last2=Zhou |first2=J. |last3=Tang |first3=P. |last4=Jia |first4=X. |last5=Zhou |first5=W. |last6=Huang |first6=J. |journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials |volume=446 |doi=10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130622 }}

Hunan is also well known for a few global makers of construction equipment such as concrete pumps, cranes, etc. These companies include Sany Group, Zoomlion and Sunward. Sany is one of the world's major players. The city of Liuyang is the world's top center for manufacturing fireworks.{{cite web|url=http://www.enghunan.gov.cn/|title=Hunan Government Website International-enghunan.gov.cn|first=Hunan|last=Government|website=www.enghunan.gov.cn|access-date=2009-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208211939/http://enghunan.gov.cn/|archive-date=2009-02-08|url-status=live}}

Hunan is the 9th-largest provincial economy of China, the third largest in the Central China region after Henan and Hubei, the fourth largest in the South Central China region after Guangdong, Henan and Hubei and the fourth largest among inland provinces after Henan, Sichuan and Hubei. As of 2021, Hunan's nominal GDP was US$724 billion (CNY 4.6 trillion), appearing in the world's top 20 largest sub-national economies with its GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) being over US$1.1 trillion, and its GDP (nominal) per capita exceeded US$10,900 (69,300 CNY), making it the 2nd richest in the Central China region after Hubei and the 3rd richest in South Central China region after Guangdong and Hubei.

As of 2020, Hunan's GDP (nominal) was US$605 billion, making it larger than the economies of Poland (the 22nd biggest in the world), Thailand (the 2nd largest in ASEAN), and Nigeria (the largest in Africa).

• Changsha National Economic and Technical Development Zone

The Changsha National Economic and Technology Development Zone was founded in 1992. It is located east of Changsha. The total planned area is {{convert|38.6|km2|abbr=on}} and the current area is {{convert|14|km2|abbr=on}}. Near the zone is National Highways G319 and G107 as well as Jingzhu Highway. Besides that, it is very close to the downtown and the railway station. The distance between the zone and the airport is {{convert|8|km|abbr=on}}. The major industries in the zone include high-tech industry, biology project technology and new material industry.{{cite web |url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/changsha-economic-technology-development-zone/ |title=Changsha Economic & Technology Development Zone | China Industrial Space |access-date=2010-06-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826055651/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/changsha-economic-technology-development-zone |archive-date=2011-08-26 }}

• Changsha National New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
• Chenzhou Export Processing Zone

Approved by the State Council, Chenzhou Export processing Zone (CEPZ) was established in 2005 and is the only export processing zone in Hunan province. The scheduled production area of CEPZ covers 3km2. The industrial positioning of CEPZ is to concentrate on developing export-oriented hi-tech industries, including electronic information, precision machinery, and new-type materials. The zone has good infrastructure, and the enterprises inside could enjoy the preferential policies of tax-exemption, tax-guarantee and tax-refunding. By the end of the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan", the CEPZ achieved a total export and import volume of over US$1 billion and provided more than 50,000 jobs. It aimed to be one of the first-class export processing zones in China.{{cite web |url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/binzhou-export-processing-zone/ |title=Chenzhou Export Processing Zone | EPZ | China Industrial Space |access-date=2010-06-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826055048/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/binzhou-export-processing-zone |archive-date=2011-08-26 }}

• Zhuzhou National New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone

Zhuzhou Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was founded in 1992. Its total planned area is {{convert|35|km2|abbr=on}}. It is very close to National Highway G320. The major industries in the zone include biotechnology, food processing and heavy industry. In 2007, the park signed a cooperation contract with Beijing Automobile Industry, one of the largest auto makers in China, which will set up a manufacturing base in Zhuzhou HTP.{{cite web |url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/zhuzhou-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone/ |title=Zhuzhou Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone | China Industrial Space |access-date=2016-02-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224154636/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/zhuzhou-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone |archive-date=2016-02-24 }}

File:Ethnic minorities areas in Hunan.png

{{Historical populations

|title = Historical population

|1912{{cite web|script-title=ja:1912年中国人口|url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo2.html|website=Ier.hit-u.ac.jp|access-date=6 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032922/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo2.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}} |27,617,000

|1928{{cite web|script-title=ja:1928年中国人口|url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo3.htm|website=Ier.hit-u.ac.jp|access-date=6 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032924/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo3.htm|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}} |31,501,000

|1936-37{{cite web |script-title=ja:1936-37年中国人口 |url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo4.htm |website=Ier.hit-u.ac.jp |access-date=6 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032925/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo4.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live }} |28,294,000

|1947{{cite web |script-title= ja:1947年全国人口 |url= http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo5.htm |website= Ier.hit-u.ac.jp |access-date= 6 March 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130913053600/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo5.htm |archive-date= 13 September 2013 |url-status= live }} |25,558,000

|1954{{cite web |url= http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16767.htm |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国家统计局关于第一次全国人口调查登记结果的公报 |publisher= National Bureau of Statistics of China |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090805174810/http://www.stats.gov.cn/TJGB/RKPCGB/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16767.htm |archive-date=August 5, 2009 }} |33,226,954

|1964{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16768.htm |script-title=zh:第二次全国人口普查结果的几项主要统计数字 |publisher=National Bureau of Statistics of China |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914173158/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16768.htm |archive-date=September 14, 2012 }} |37,182,286

|1982{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16769.htm |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九八二年人口普查主要数字的公报 |publisher=National Bureau of Statistics of China |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510075429/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16769.htm |archive-date=May 10, 2012 }} |54,008,851

|1990{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16772.htm |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九九〇年人口普查主要数据的公报 |publisher=National Bureau of Statistics of China |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619002216/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16772.htm |archive-date=June 19, 2012 }} |60,659,754

|2000{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020331_15435.htm |script-title=zh:现将2000年第五次全国人口普查快速汇总的人口地区分布数据公布如下 |publisher=National Bureau of Statistics of China |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829052024/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020331_15435.htm |archive-date=August 29, 2012 }} |63,274,173

|2010{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110429_402722516.htm |title=Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census |publisher=National Bureau of Statistics of China |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727021210/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110429_402722516.htm |archive-date=July 27, 2013 }} |65,683,722

|2020|66444864

}}

As of the 2000 census, the population of Hunan is 64,400,700 consisting of forty-one ethnic groups. Its population grew 6.17% (3,742,700) from its 1990 levels. According to the census, 89.79% (57,540,000) identified themselves as Han Chinese and 10.21% (6,575,300) as minority groups. The minority groups are Tujia, Miao, Dong, Yao, Bai, Hui, Zhuang, Uyghurs and so on.

In Hunan, ethnic minority languages are spoken in the following prefectures.

• Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture: Qo Xiong language, Tujia language
• Huaihua: Qo Xiong language, Dong language, Hm Nai language, Hmu language
• Shaoyang: Maojia language, Hm Nai language, Pa-Hng language, Badong Yao language
• Yongzhou: Mien language, Biao Min language
• Chenzhou: Dzao Min language

{{Pie chart

|caption = Religion in HunanChina General Social Survey 2009, Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) 2007. Report by: [https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/baylor-ir/bitstream/handle/2104/9326/WANG-THESIS-2015.pdf?sequence=1 Xiuhua Wang (2015, p. 15)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925123928/https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/baylor-ir/bitstream/handle/2104/9326/WANG-THESIS-2015.pdf?sequence=1 |date=September 25, 2015 }}{{refn|group=note|The data was collected by the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) of 2009 and by the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) of 2007, reported and assembled by Xiuhua Wang (2015) in order to confront the proportion of people identifying with two similar social structures: ① Christian churches, and ② the traditional Chinese religion of the lineage (i. e. people believing and worshipping ancestral deities often organised into lineage "churches" and ancestral shrines). Data for other religions with a significant presence in China (deity cults, Buddhism, Taoism, folk religious sects, Islam, et al.) was not reported by Wang.}}

|label1 = Chinese Buddhism，Taoist traditions and Chinese folk religions

|value1 = 20.19

|color1 = FireBrick

|label2 = Christianity

|value2 = 0.77

|color2 = DodgerBlue

|label3 = Other religions or not religious people{{refn|group=note|This may include:

• Buddhists;
• Confucians;
• Deity worshippers;
• Taoists;
• Members of folk religious sects;
• Small minorities of Muslims;
• And people not bounded to, nor practicing any, institutional or diffuse religion.}}

|value3 = 79.04

|color3 = Honeydew

}}

Around 5,000 Uyghurs live around Taoyuan County and other parts of Changde.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=905wAAAAMAAJ&q=Uighurs+also+mention+the+5000+Uighurs+sent+to+Hunan+during+the+Ming+dynasty+who+today+live+in+Taoyuan+county,+northwest+of+Changsha+.+3+On+the+Dolans+see+Svanberg+1989.+Tor+linguistic+differences+among+the+Uighurs+see+Hahn|title=Bones in the sand: the struggle to create Uighur nationalist ideologies in Xinjiang, China|author=stin Jon Rudelson, Justin Ben-Adam Rudelson|year=1992|publisher=Harvard University|page=30|access-date=2010-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529030237/http://books.google.com/books?id=905wAAAAMAAJ&q=Uighurs+also+mention+the+5000+Uighurs+sent+to+Hunan+during+the+Ming+dynasty+who+today+live+in+Taoyuan+county,+northwest+of+Changsha+.+3+On+the+Dolans+see+Svanberg+1989.+Tor+linguistic+differences+among+the+Uighurs+see+Hahn&dq=Uighurs+also+mention+the+5000+Uighurs+sent+to+Hunan+during+the+Ming+dynasty+who+today+live+in+Taoyuan+county,+northwest+of+Changsha+.+3+On+the+Dolans+see+Svanberg+1989.+Tor+linguistic+differences+among+the+Uighurs+see+Hahn&hl=en&ei=rRi9TKPaL8L6lwfJ5Zm1DQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA|archive-date=2013-05-29|url-status=live}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UuEyAAAAIAAJ&q=taoyuan|title=The Altaic-speakers of China: numbers and distribution|author=Ingvar Svanberg|year=1988|publisher=Centre for Mult[i]ethnic Research, Uppsala University, Faculty of Arts|isbn=91-86624-20-2|page=7|access-date=2010-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528231903/http://books.google.com/books?ei=nw-9TPmTPMXflgfYjpWPDQ&ct=result&id=UuEyAAAAIAAJ&dq=taoyuan+uyghur&q=taoyuan|archive-date=2013-05-28|url-status=live}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UuEyAAAAIAAJ&q=Uighurs+are+the+largest+Turkic-speaking+Muslim+people+of+China.+Most+of+them+live+within+the+Xinjiang+Uighur+Autonomous+Region.+An+isolated+group+of+Uighurs+lives,+however,+in+Taoyuan+and+Changde+xian+of+the+Hunan+province.|title=The Altaic-speakers of China: numbers and distribution|author=Ingvar Svanberg|year=1988|publisher=Centre for Mult[i]ethnic Research, Uppsala University, Faculty of Arts|isbn=91-86624-20-2|page=7|access-date=2010-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529041548/http://books.google.com/books?id=UuEyAAAAIAAJ&q=Uighurs+are+the+largest+Turkic-speaking+Muslim+people+of+China.+Most+of+them+live+within+the+Xinjiang+Uighur+Autonomous+Region.+An+isolated+group+of+Uighurs+lives,+however,+in+Taoyuan+and+Changde+xian+of+the+Hunan+province.&dq=Uighurs+are+the+largest+Turkic-speaking+Muslim+people+of+China.+Most+of+them+live+within+the+Xinjiang+Uighur+Autonomous+Region.+An+isolated+group+of+Uighurs+lives,+however,+in+Taoyuan+and+Changde+xian+of+the+Hunan+province.&hl=en&ei=Ac-8TNDzIoH7lweZ-N3LDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA|archive-date=2013-05-29|url-status=live}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UlaBw3MUGBEC&q=taoyuan+uighur+hunan&pg=PA220|title=Muslim cultures today: a reference guide|author=Kathryn M. Coughlin|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0-313-32386-0|page=220|access-date=2010-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529015017/http://books.google.com/books?id=UlaBw3MUGBEC&pg=PA220&dq=taoyuan+uighur+hunan&hl=en&ei=WhW9TKTQOsT_lgeip5nMDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCQQ6AEwADgo#v=snippet&q=taoyuan%20uighur%20hunan&f=false|archive-date=2013-05-29|url-status=live}} Hui and Uyghurs have intermarried in this area.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ePxMW066j8C&q=jian+uyghur+hunan&pg=PA133|title=Negotiating ethnicity in China: citizenship as a response to the state|author=Chih-yu Shih, Zhiyu Shi|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=0-415-28372-8|page=133|access-date=2010-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213230614/http://books.google.com/books?id=8ePxMW066j8C&pg=PA133&dq=jian+uyghur+hunan&hl=en&ei=-BO9TJ3BK4SBlAfLxZ2GDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ|archive-date=2011-12-13|url-status=live}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ePxMW066j8C&q=uygurs+hunan+10%2C000+xinjiang+islam&pg=PA133|title=Negotiating ethnicity in China: citizenship as a response to the state|author=Chih-yu Shih, Zhiyu Shi|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=0-415-28372-8|page=137|access-date=2010-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213230614/http://books.google.com/books?id=8ePxMW066j8C&pg=PA133&dq=jian+uyghur+hunan&hl=en&ei=-BO9TJ3BK4SBlAfLxZ2GDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=snippet&q=uygurs%20hunan%2010%2C000%20xinjiang%20islam&f=false|archive-date=2011-12-13|url-status=live}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ePxMW066j8C&q=senior+master+elder+mosque+uygur+allah+customs+koran&pg=PA133|title=Negotiating ethnicity in China: citizenship as a response to the state|author=Chih-yu Shih, Zhiyu Shi|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=0-415-28372-8|page=138|access-date=2010-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213230614/http://books.google.com/books?id=8ePxMW066j8C&pg=PA133&dq=jian+uyghur+hunan&hl=en&ei=-BO9TJ3BK4SBlAfLxZ2GDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=senior%20master%20elder%20mosque%20uygur%20allah%20customs%20koran&f=false|archive-date=2011-12-13|url-status=live}} In addition to eating pork, the Uygurs of Changde practice other Han Chinese customs, like ancestor worship at graves. Some Uyghurs from Xinjiang visit the Hunan Uyghurs out of curiosity or interest.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0rhxU662vQsC&q=uygur+ancestor+worship+family+graveyard+changde+xinjiang+jian+hunan+stimulated&pg=PA121|title=Negotiating ethnicity in China: citizenship as a response to the state|author=Chih-yu Shih, Zhiyu Shi|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=0-415-28372-8|page=136|access-date=2010-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529014449/http://books.google.com/books?id=0rhxU662vQsC&pg=PA121&vq=uygurs+intermarriage+with+muslims&dq=taoyuan+uighur+hunan&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=2#v=onepage&q=uygur%20ancestor%20worship%20family%20graveyard%20changde%20xinjiang%20jian%20hunan%20stimulated&f=false|archive-date=2013-05-29|url-status=live}} The Uyghurs of Hunan do not speak the Uyghur language, instead, Mandarin Chinese is spoken as their native language.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0rhxU662vQsC&q=no+uygurs+in+changde+speak+arabic|title=Negotiating ethnicity in China: citizenship as a response to the state|author=Chih-yu Shih, Zhiyu Shi|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=0-415-28372-8|page=133|access-date=2010-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529001653/http://books.google.com/books?id=0rhxU662vQsC&dq=taoyuan+uighur+hunan&q=speak+arabic#v=snippet&q=no%20uygurs%20in%20changde%20speak%20arabic&f=false|archive-date=2013-05-29|url-status=live}}

{{see also|Christianity in Hunan}}

The predominant religions in Hunan are Chinese Buddhism, Taoist traditions and Chinese folk religions. According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 20.19% of the population believes and is involved in ancestor veneration, while 0.77% of the population identifies as Christian. The reports didn't give figures for other types of religion; 79.04% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, folk religious sects.

In 2010, there are 118.799 Muslims in Hunan.{{Cite web|title=Muslim in China, Muslim Population & Distribution & Minority in China|url=https://www.topchinatravel.com/china-muslim/muslim-in-china.htm|access-date=2021-08-04|website=www.topchinatravel.com|archive-date=2021-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103193156/https://www.topchinatravel.com/china-muslim/muslim-in-china.htm|url-status=live}}

File:Puguang chansi 0152.jpg|Puguang Buddhist Temple in Zhangjiajie.

File:Confucius Temple of Liuyang 01.jpg|Temple of Confucius in Liuyang.

File:Hunan traditional temple front.jpg|An ancestral shrine in the province.

{{see also|:Category:People from Hunan}}

Being the educational and political in the late Qing Era, Hunan became the center of revolution and reformation, and it was the birthplace of many famous Chinese scholars, politicians, and generals, including the most influential and controversial figure of China in the 20th century, Mao Zedong.

• Zhou Dunyi (1017–1073), Chinese scholar and philosopher
• Wang Fuzhi (1619–1692), Chinese essayist, historian, and philosopher of the late Ming, early Qing dynasties.
• Zeng Guofan (1811–1872)
• Zuo Zongtang (1812–1885), or General Tso, Chinese statesman and military leader of the late Qing dynasty.
• Taqibu (1816–1855)
• Huang Xing (1874–1916)
• Cai E (1882–1916), Chinese revolutionary leader, General and Governor of Yunnan (1911–1913)
• Jiang Xiaowan (?–1922), interpreter
• Mao Zedong (1893–1976)
• He Long (1896–1969)
• Peng Dehuai (1898–1974)
• Liu Shaoqi (1898–1969)
• Ma Ying-jeou (born 1950)
• Yuet-ching Lee (1918–1997), Hong Kong actress{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
• Ted Hui (born 1982), Hong Kong politician{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
• Martin Cao (born 1993), racing driver
• Zhou Chengzhou (born 1982), Chinese film director and artist
• Lexie Liu (born 1998), singer
• Jackson Yee (born 2000), actor and singer

{{main|Culture of Hunan}}As of 2022, Hunan's culture and related industries achieved an added value of CN¥250.65 billion (US$37.27 billion), accounting for 5.27% of the province's GDP. Among them, the added value of cultural services was CN¥150.20 billion (US$22.33 billion), the added value of cultural manufacturing was CN¥78.28 billion (US$11.64 billion), the added value of cultural wholesale and retail was CN¥22.17 billion (US$3.30 billion).{{cite web|url=http://tjj.hunan.gov.cn/hntj/tjgz/tjyw/sjyw/202402/t20240219_32875292.html |title=zh: 2022年湖南文化及相关产业增加值占GDP比重为5.27% |publisher=hunan.gov.cn |date=February 19, 2024 |access-date=July 29, 2024}}

In 2023, there are 655 art groups, 149 mass art galleries and cultural centers, 148 public libraries, 180 museums and memorial halls, 108 radio and television stations, 5.853 million cable TV users, and 27.441 million fiber optic Internet broadband users all connected to cable TV. The comprehensive population coverage rate of radio is 99.43%, and the comprehensive population coverage rate of television is 99.77%. There are 137 national intangible cultural heritage protection lists and 410 provincial intangible cultural heritage protection lists. 12,078 books, 235 periodicals, and 44 newspapers have been published, with a total print run of 590 million books, 80 million periodicals, and 500 million newspapers.

Hunan is a region with complex dialects. The dialects in the province include Xiang, Southwestern Mandarin, Gan, Hakka, and some local dialects whose identities have not yet been determined, such as Xiangnan Tuhua and Waxiang dialect. In areas where ethnic minorities live, many people can speak their own ethnic language and communicate in Chinese.

File:辣椒酱.jpg]]

Hunanese cuisine is noted for its near-ubiquitous use of chili peppers, garlic, and shallots. These ingredients give rise to a distinctive dry-and-spicy ({{zh|labels=no|c=干辣 |p=gānlà}}) taste,{{Cite web|url=https://www.seriouseats.com/2015/02/introduction-hunan-chinese-cuisine.html|title=A Song of Spice and Fire: The Real Deal With Hunan Cuisine|last=Eats|first=Serious|website=www.seriouseats.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605003426/https://www.seriouseats.com/2015/02/introduction-hunan-chinese-cuisine.html|archive-date=2019-06-05|url-status=live}} with dishes such as smoked cured ham and stir-fried spicy beef being prime examples of the flavor.

Huaguxi is a local form of Chinese opera that is very popular in Hunan province.

Located in the south central part of the Chinese mainland, Hunan has long been known for its natural environment. It is surrounded by mountains on the east, west, and south, and by the Yangtze River on the north. For thousands of years, the region has been a major center of agriculture, growing rice, tea, and oranges. China's first all glass suspension bridge was also opened in Hunan, in Shiniuzhai National Geological Park.{{Cite web|title = China's first glass-bottom bridge opens |url = http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/27/travel/china-glass-bridge-shiniuzhai/index.html|website = CNN| date=28 September 2015 |access-date = 2015-09-29|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150930010707/http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/27/travel/china-glass-bridge-shiniuzhai/index.html|archive-date = 2015-09-30|url-status = live}}

• Wulingyuan is a World Heritage Site and a 5A Scenic Area. Located in south-central Hunan, Wulingyuan is noted for its thousands of quartzite sandstone pillars, caves, and waterfalls. The area also contains Zhangjiajie National Forest Park.
• Shaoshan County, known for being the birthplace of Mao Zedong
• Yueyang Tower, on the shores of Lake Dongting, was built in the Han and Jin dynasties, and has existed in its current state since the Qing Dynasty. Alongside the Pavilion of Prince Teng and Yellow Crane Tower, it is one of the Three Great Towers of Jiangnan.
• Mount Heng, in Hengyang, is one of the Five Great Mountains of China, and is home to the largest temple in southern China.
• Fenghuang County, in Xiangxi Prefecture, has been placed on the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List for its ancient town. Fenghuang is known for its incorporation of mountain features and water flow into city design, and the ancient syncretism between the local Han and Miao cultures.{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5337/|title=Fenghuang Ancient City|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|access-date=2019-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605003414/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5337/|archive-date=2019-06-05|url-status=live}}

{{Wide image|Hunan Hengshan summit ridge banner.jpg|1150px|Panoramic view of Mount Heng}}

{{see also|List of universities and colleges in Hunan}}As of 2023, Hunan hosts 137 institutions of higher education, ranking fifth together with Sichuan (137) among all Chinese provinces after Jiangsu (168), Henan (168), Guangdong (162), and Shandong (156).{{Cite web |title=全国高等学校名单 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站 |url=http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xxgk/s5743/s5744/A03/202306/t20230619_1064976.html |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=www.moe.gov.cn}} Hunan is also the seat of 12 adult higher education institutions.{{Cite web |title=全国高等学校名单 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站 |url=http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xxgk/s5743/s5744/A03/202206/t20220617_638352.html |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=www.moe.gov.cn |archive-date=2022-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619182535/http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xxgk/s5743/s5744/A03/202206/t20220617_638352.html |url-status=live }} Two major cities in Hunan (Changsha and Xiangtan) were ranked in the top 200 cities in the world by scientific research output, as tracked by the Nature Index in 2024. There are three national key universities under Project 985 (Hunan University, Central South University and the National University of Defense Technology) in Hunan, the third highest after Beijing and Shanghai. Hunan Normal University in Changsha is the key construction university of the national 211 Project, and Xiangtan University in Xiangtan is a key university jointly built by Hunan Province and the Ministry of Education and a member of national Project 111. These five national key universities are included in the Double First-Class Construction of Hunan Province. As of 2024, they are ranked among the top 500 globally by the Nature Index. Among them, Hunan University and Central South University are in the top 50.{{Cite web |title=2024 Research Leaders: Leading academic institutions {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/research-leaders/2024/institution/academic/all/all |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=www.nature.com}}

Hunan University and Central South University are the only two Project 985 universities in Changsha, Hunan to appear in the world's top 200 of the Academic Ranking of World Universities and the U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking.{{Cite web |date=2023-09-20 |title=US News Best Global Universities Rankings in Changsha |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/search?region=&city=changsha&subject=&name= |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=U.S. News & World Report |archive-date=2022-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416074210/https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/search?region=&city=changsha&subject=&name= |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities |url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023 |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=www.shanghairanking.com |archive-date=2023-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929224804/https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023 |url-status=live }} Hunan Normal University, the National University of Defense and Technology and Changsha University of Science and Technology located in Changsha, were ranked in the world's top 701 of the Academic Ranking of World Universities.

Hunan Agricultural University in Changsha, the University of South China in Hengyang, Hunan University of Technology in Zhuzhou and Xiangtan University in Xiangtan were ranked in the top 801–900 globally by the Academic Ranking of World Universities.{{Cite web |title=ShanghaiRanking-Hunan Agricultural University |url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/institution/hunan-agricultural-university |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=www.shanghairanking.com}}{{Cite web |title=ShanghaiRanking-Hunan University of Technology |url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/institution/hunan-university-of-technology |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=www.shanghairanking.com}}{{Cite web |title=ShanghaiRanking-Xiangtan University |url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/institution/xiangtan-university |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=www.shanghairanking.com |archive-date=2022-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819032212/https://www.shanghairanking.com/institution/xiangtan-university |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=ShanghaiRanking-University of South China |url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/institution/university-of-south-china |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=www.shanghairanking.com |archive-date=2023-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815090333/https://www.shanghairanking.com/institution/university-of-south-china |url-status=live }} Hunan University of Science and Technology in Xiangtan and Central South University of Forestry and Technology in Changsha were ranked number 988 and number 1429 respectively in the 2022 Best Global Universities by the U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking.{{Cite web |date=2021-10-26 |title=Best Global Universities Rankings: Xiangtan City |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/search?city=xiangtan |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=U.S. News & World Report}} As of 2023, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine in Changsha ranked the best in the Central China region and 26th nationwide among Chinese Medical Universities.{{Cite web |title=ShanghaiRanking's Best Chinese Universities Ranking |url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/bcur/202321 |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=www.shanghairanking.com |archive-date=2023-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721034947/http://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/bcur/202321 |url-status=dead }}

• Central South University (Project 211, Project 985, Double First Class University)
• Hunan University (Project 211, Project 985, Double First Class University)
• Hunan Normal University (Project 211, Double First Class University)
• National University of Defense Technology (Project 211, Project 985, Double First Class University)

• Xiangtan University (Project 111, Double First Class University)

• Central South University of Forestry and Technology
• Changsha University of Science and Technology
• Hunan Agricultural University
• Hunan First Normal University
• Hunan University of Chinese Medicine
• Hunan University of Technology and Commerce

• Hengyang Normal University
• University of South China

• Jishou University

• Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology

• Shaoyang University

• Hunan Institute of Engineering
• Hunan University of Science and Technology

• Hunan Institute of Science and Technology

• Hunan University of Technology

• Changsha Normal University
• Changsha University
• Hunan University of Finance and Economics
• Hunan Police Academy
• Hunan Women's University

• Hunan Institute of Technology

• Xiangtan Institute of Technology

• Hunan University of Science and Engineering

• Xiangnan University

• Changsha Medical University
• Hunan International Economics University
• Hunan Institute of Information Technology
• Hunan Institute of Traffic Engineering
• Hunan Applied Technology University

• Changsha Aeronautical Vocational and Technical College
• Changsha Social Work College
• Hunan Mass Media Vocational and Technical College
• Changde Vocational and Technical College

There are several airports in Hunan provinces, including Changsha Huanghua International Airport, Zhangjiajie Hehua International Airport, Changde Taohuayuan Airport, Chenzhou Beihu Airport, Huaihua Zhijiang Airport, Shaoyang Wugang Airport, Yongzhou Lingling Airport, and Yueyang Sanhe Airport. The busiest airports serve domestic and international flights for Hunan, including Changsha Huanghua International Airport, Zhangjiajie Hehua International Airport and Changde Taohuayuan Airport. Notably, as of 2021, Changsha Huanghua International Airport was one of the 50 busiest airports in the world,{{cite web |date=April 2022 |title=2021 Airport Traffic Report |url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2021.pdf |work=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |page=32 |access-date=2022-11-19 |archive-date=2023-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605173423/https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2021.pdf |url-status=live }} the 12th busiest civil airport in China, the second busiest in South Central China after Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport and the busiest in Central China.

{{expand section|date=November 2022}}

The Beijing–Guangzhou high-speed railway passes through Hunan.

{{expand section|date=December 2020}}

File:Yiyang Stadium, Hunan, China 2012-04-14 10.56.37.jpg]]

{{see also|Helong Sports Center Stadium}}

Professional sports teams in Hunan include:

• Chinese Football Association League One
• Hunan Billows F.C.

• Major national historical and cultural sites in Hunan
• Xiaoxiang, the "lakes and rivers" region of south-central China
• State of Chu, ancient Chinese state partly in modern-day Hunan
• Hunanese people

{{Notelist}}

{{reflist|group=note|1}}

{{Reflist}}

{{Wiktionary|Hunan}}

• {{Wikivoyage inline}}
• [http://www.enghunan.gov.cn/ Hunan Government website]
• {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Hu-nan|volume=13|pages=892–893}}
• [http://info.hktdc.com/mktprof/china/hunan.htm Economic profile for Hunan] at HKTDC
• "[https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3A%E6%B9%98%E8%B0%B1%EF%BC%9A%E6%B9%96%E6%B9%98%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E7%AE%80%E5%8F%B2%EF%BC%88History_of_Hunanese%2C_Phoelanese%EF%BC%89.pdf&page=1 History of Hunanese]", the first book on the history of Hunanese(Phoelanese) civilization and nation from the perspective of we the Hunanese (phoelanese) people.

{{Geographic location

|Centre = Hunan

|North = Hubei

|Northeast =

|East = Jiangxi

|Southeast = Guangdong

|South =

|Southwest = Guangxi

|West = Guizhou

|Northwest = Chongqing

}}

{{Hunan topics}}

{{Hunan}}

{{Province-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}

{{Authority control}}

.

Category:Provinces of the People's Republic of China