GNU/Linux naming controversy

In 1983, Richard Stallman, founder of the Free Software Foundation, set forth plans of a complete Unix-like operating system, called GNU, composed entirely of free software. In September of that year, Stallman published a manifesto in Dr. Dobb's Journal detailing his new project publicly, outlining his vision of free software.{{cite book|first1=Kirk|last1=St.Amant|first2=Brian|last2=Still|title=Handbook of Research on Open Source Software: Technological, Economic, and Social Perspectives|year=2007|publisher=Information Science Reference |isbn=978-1591409991}}{{Cite web|date=17 November 2008|title=Q&A: Richard Stallman, founder of the GNU Project and the Free Software Foundation|url=https://www.itnews.com.au/news/qa-richard-stallman-founder-of-the-gnu-project-and-the-free-software-foundation-128452|access-date=31 July 2021|website=iTnews}} Software development work began in January 1984. By 1991, the GNU mid-level portions of the operating system were almost complete, and the upper level could be supplied by the X Window System, but the lower level (kernel, device drivers, system-level utilities and daemons) was still mostly lacking.

The kernel officially developed by GNU was called GNU Hurd. The Hurd followed an ambitious microkernel design, which proved unexpectedly difficult to implement early on. However, in 1991, Linus Torvalds independently released the first version of the Linux kernel. Early Linux developers ported GNU code, including the GNU C Compiler, to run with Linux, while the free software community adopted the use of the Linux kernel as the missing kernel for the GNU operating system. This work filled the remaining gaps in providing a completely free operating system.

Over the next few years, several suggestions arose for naming operating systems using the Linux kernel and GNU components. In 1992, the Yggdrasil Linux distribution adopted the name "Linux/GNU/X". In Usenet and mailing-list discussions, one can find usages of "GNU/Linux" as early as 1992,{{ cite newsgroup | url = https://groups.google.com/group/comp.unix.misc/msg/698d1e2b49c5854e | title = Re: ANNOUNCEMENT: Alpha release Linux/GNU/X ... | newsgroup = comp.unix.misc | date = 26 November 1992 | author = Jamie Mazer | access-date = 3 February 2008 }} and of "GNU+Linux" as early as 1993.{{ cite newsgroup | url = https://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.linux/msg/dcf89e95ca953b69 | title = The free software myth and the commercial myth | newsgroup = comp.os.linux | date = 18 May 1993 | author = Rodrigo Vanegas | access-date = 3 February 2008 }} The Debian project, which was at one time sponsored by the Free Software Foundation, switched to calling its product "Debian GNU/Linux" in early 1994.{{ cite newsgroup | url = https://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.linux.misc/msg/4c19177c383c9b21 | title = Linux/GNU in EE Times | newsgroup = comp.os.linux.misc | date = 12 May 1994 | author = Stephen Benson |message-id= 178@scribendum.win-uk.net | access-date = 31 January 2008 }}[https://web.archive.org/web/20130515213520/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/File:Official_Debian_Linux_to_GNU_Linux_name_change_announcement.pdf Official announcement of the name change on the debian-announce mailing list]{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kIU1scm4w6QC&pg=PT100 | title=Rebel Code: Linux And The Open Source Revolution | publisher=Basic Books | author=Moody, Glyn | author-link=Glyn Moody | year=2002 | isbn=978-0738206707}}

This change followed a request by Richard Stallman (who initially proposed "LiGNUx," but suggested "GNU/Linux" instead after hearing complaints about the awkwardness of the former term).{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Sam |last2=Stallman |first2=Richard M. |date=2010 |title=Free as in Freedom 2.0 |url=https://static.fsf.org/nosvn/faif-2.0.pdf |publisher=GNU Press |page=151 |isbn=978-0-9831592-1-6 }} GNU's June 1994 Bulletin described "Linux" as a "free Unix system for 386 machines" (with "many of the utilities and libraries" from GNU),{{cite web | url = https://www.gnu.org/bulletins/bull17.html | title = GNU's Bulletin, vol. 1 no. 17 }} but the January 1995 Bulletin switched to the term "GNU/Linux" instead.{{cite web | url = https://www.gnu.org/bulletins/bull18.html | title = GNU's Bulletin, vol. 1 no. 18 }}

Stallman's and the FSF's efforts to include "GNU" in the name started around 1994, but were reportedly mostly via private communications (such as the above-mentioned request to Debian) until 1996.{{cite mailing list|url=https://lkml.org/lkml/2003/1/12/55 |author=Richard Stallman |title=Re: Why is Nvidia given GPL'd code to use in closed source drivers? |mailing-list=linux-kernel |date=12 January 2003 |publisher=Lkml.org |access-date=22 June 2011}}{{ cite newsgroup | url = https://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.linux.misc/msg/1241a2919efc4bc3 | title = Linux is a GNU system and the DWARF support | newsgroup = comp.os.linux.misc | date = 8 September 1994 | author = Matt Welsh | access-date = 3 February 2008 | quote = RMS's idea (which I have heard first-hand) is that Linux systems should be considered GNU systems with Linux as the kernel. }} In May 1996, Stallman released Emacs 19.31 with the Autoconf system target "linux" changed to "lignux" (shortly thereafter changed to "linux-gnu" in emacs 19.32),{{cite web|last1=Stallman|first1=Richard|title=emacs-19.31-19.32.diff-1|url=https://ftp.gnu.org/old-gnu/emacs/emacs-19.31-19.32.diff.gz|access-date=21 March 2017|pages=line 151–155}}{{cite web|last1=Stallman|first1=Richard|title=GNU/Linux FAQ|url=https://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html#long}} and included an essay "Linux and the GNU system"{{cite web|last1=Stallman|first1=Richard|title=Linux and The GNU system|url=https://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html|website=gnu.org|access-date=21 March 2017}} suggesting that people use the terms "Linux-based GNU system" (or "GNU/Linux system" or "Lignux" for short). He later used "GNU/Linux" exclusively, and the essay was superseded by Stallman's 1997 essay, "Linux and the GNU System".{{cite web|url=https://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html|title=Linux and the GNU System|last=Stallman|first=Richard|author-link=Richard Stallman|publisher=Gnu.org|access-date=22 June 2011}}

Modern free software and open-source software operating systems are composed of software by many different authors, including the Linux kernel developers, the GNU project, and other vendors such as those behind the X Window System. Desktop and server-based distributions use GNU software such as the GNU C Library (glibc), GNU Core Utilities (coreutils), GNU Compiler Collection, GNU Binutils, GNU gzip, GNU tar, GNU gettext, GNU grep, GNU awk, GNU sed, GNU Findutils, gnupg, libgcrypt, gnutls, GRUB, GNU readline, GNU ncurses, and the Bash shell.

In a 2002 analysis of the source code for Red Hat Linux 7.1, a typical Linux distribution, the total size of the packages from the GNU project was found to be much larger than the Linux kernel.{{cite web | author = David A. Wheeler | url = http://www.dwheeler.com/sloc/redhat71-v1/redhat71sloc.html | title = More Than a Gigabuck: Estimating GNU/Linux's Size | date = 29 July 2002 | quote = the total of the GNU project's code is much larger than the Linux kernel's size. Thus, by comparing the total contributed effort, it's certainly justifiable to call the entire system GNU/Linux and not just Linux. }} Later, a 2011 analysis of the Ubuntu distribution's "Natty" release main repository found that 8% to 13% of it consisted of GNU components (the range depending on whether GNOME is considered part of GNU), while only 6% is taken by the Linux kernel (9% when including its direct dependencies).{{cite web |url=http://pedrocr.pt/text/how-much-gnu-in-gnu-linux/ |title=How much GNU is there in GNU/Linux? |work=Split Perspective |last=Côrte-Real |first=Pedro |date=31 May 2011}} (self-published data) Determining exactly what constitutes the "operating system" per se is a matter of continuing debate.

On the other hand, some embedded systems, such as handheld devices and smartphones (like Google's Android), residential gateways (routers), and Voice over IP devices, are engineered with space efficiency in mind and use a Linux kernel with few or no components of GNU, due to perceived issues surrounding bloat, and impeded performance.{{Cite web|last=Torvalds|first=Linus|date=9 January 2002|title=Posting to the glibc mailing list|url=http://ecos.sourceware.org/ml/libc-alpha/2002-01/msg00079.html|access-date=30 August 2021}} A system running μClinux is likely to substitute uClibc for glibc, and BusyBox for coreutils. Google's Linux-based Android operating system does not use any GNU components or libraries, using Google's own BSD-based Bionic C library in place of glibc. The FSF agrees that "GNU/Linux" is not an appropriate name for these systems.Bradley M. Kuhn, [http://ebb.org/bkuhn/blog/2009/11/04/android-vs-gnu.html Android/Linux's Future and Advancement of Mobile Software Freedom], blog post (4 November 2009).{{cite web|last=Paul |first=Ryan |url=https://arstechnica.com/open-source/reviews/2009/02/an-introduction-to-google-android-for-developers.ars |title=Dream(sheep++): A developer's introduction to Google Android |publisher=Arstechnica.com |date=23 February 2009 |access-date=22 June 2011}}

There are also systems that use a GNU userspace and/or C library on top of a non-Linux kernel, for example Debian GNU/Hurd (GNU userland on the GNU kernel)[http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/ Debian GNU/Hurd] web page, and [https://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/ GNU Hurd] web page. (Accessed June 2013.) or Debian GNU/kFreeBSD (which uses the GNU coreutils and C library with the kernel from FreeBSD).[http://www.debian.org/ports/kfreebsd-gnu/ Debian GNU/kFreeBSD] web page (accessed June 2013).

{{Primary sources|section|date=November 2024}}

The FSF justifies the name "GNU/Linux" primarily on the grounds that the GNU project was specifically developing a complete system, of which they argue that the Linux kernel filled one of the final gaps; the large number of GNU components and GNU source code used in such systems is a secondary argument:

{{ quote

| So if you were going to pick a name for the system based on who wrote the programs in the system, the most appropriate single choice would be GNU. But we don't think that is the right way to consider the question. The GNU Project was not, is not, a project to develop specific software packages. [...] Many people have made major contributions to the free software in the system, and they all deserve credit. But the reason it is an integrated system—and not just a collection of useful programs—is because the GNU Project set out to make it one. We made a list of the programs needed to make a complete free system, and we systematically wrote, or found people to write, everything on the list.

|Richard Stallman{{cite web|url=https://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html |title=Richard Stallman, "Linux and the GNU Project" |publisher=GNU Project |access-date=22 June 2011}}

}}

Other arguments include that the name "GNU/Linux" recognizes the role that the free-software movement played in building modern free and open source software communities,{{cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html |title=GNU/Linux FAQ by Richard Stallman}} that the GNU project played a larger role in developing packages and software for GNU/Linux or Linux distributions, and that using the word "Linux" to refer to the Linux kernel, the operating system and entire distributions of software leads to confusion on the differences about the three. Because of this confusion, legal threats and public relations campaigns apparently directed against the kernel, such as those launched by the SCO Group or the Alexis de Tocqueville Institution (AdTI), have been misinterpreted by many commentators who assume that the whole operating system is being targeted. SCO and the AdTI have even been accused of deliberately exploiting this confusion.{{cite web | title = SCO-Caldera v IBM | url = http://www.mozillaquest.com/Linux03/ScoSource-10_Story01.html | author = Mike Angelo | date = 28 April 2003 | quote = Generally, SCO's Caldera v IBM Complaint is vague and confusing as to whether the accusations involve the Linux kernel, the GNU/Linux operating system, Linux distributions, Linux applications, or whatever. | access-date = 12 June 2004 | archive-date = 14 September 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100914070329/http://www.mozillaquest.com/Linux03/ScoSource-10_Story01.html | url-status = dead }}{{cite web | quote = SCO has used "Linux" to mean "all free software", or "all free software constituting a UNIX-like operating system." This confusion, which the Free Software Foundation warned against in the past, is here shown to have the misleading consequences the Foundation has often predicted | author = Eben Moglen | author-link = Eben Moglen | date = 27 June 2003 | url = http://www.fsf.org/licensing/sco/sco-v-ibm.html | title = FSF Statement on SCO v IBM] }}{{cite web | quote = In particular, Stallman criticized the [Ken Brown/AdTI] report for capitalizing on common confusion between the Linux kernel, which Stallman says "Linus really wrote", with the full GNU operating system and associated software, which can be and generally is used with the Linux kernel. | author = Lisa Stapleton | publisher = LinuxInsider | url = http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/34069.html | title = Stallman: Accusatory Report Deliberately Confuses | date = 27 May 2004 }}

Regarding suggestions that renaming efforts stem from egotism or personal pique, Stallman has responded that his interest is not in giving credit to himself but to the GNU Project: "Some people think that it's because I want my ego to be fed. Of course, I'm not asking you to call it 'Stallmanix'."{{cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/events/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.html |title=Transcript of Richard M. Stallman's speech, "Free Software: Freedom and Cooperation", given at New York University in New York, NY, on 29 May 2001}} In response to another common suggestion that many people have contributed to the system and that a short name cannot credit all of them, the FSF has argued that this cannot justify calling the system "Linux", since they believe that the GNU project's contribution was ultimately greater than that of the Linux kernel in these related systems.

In 2010, Stallman stated that naming is not simply a matter of giving equal mention to the GNU Project, saying that because the system is more widely referred as "Linux", people tend to "think it's all Linux, that it was all started by Mr. Torvalds in 1991, and they think it all comes from his vision of life, and that's the really bad problem."{{cite web|date=26 July 2010|title=Richard Stallman talk+Q&A at the useR! 2010 conference (audio files attached)|url=https://www.r-statistics.com/2010/07/richard-stallman-talkqa-at-the-user-2010-conference-audio-files-attached/|work=R-statistics blog}}

Ariadne Conill, the developer and security chair of Alpine Linux, has stated that in her opinion GNU/Linux is the correct name when referring to Linux distributions that are based on glibc and coreutils, such as Debian and Fedora Linux. This can be contrasted to other Linux distributions such as Alpine, which instead uses musl as its C library and BusyBox to provide core functionality.{{Cite web |last=Conill |first=Ariadne |date=30 March 2022 |title=it is correct to refer to GNU/Linux as GNU/Linux |url=https://ariadne.space/2022/03/30/it-is-correct-to-refer-to-gnu/linux-as-gnu/linux/}}

Proponents of naming the operating systems "Linux" state that "Linux" is used far more often than "GNU/Linux".

Eric S. Raymond writes (in the "Linux" entry of the Jargon File):

{{ quote

|Some people object that the name "Linux" should be used to refer only to the kernel, not the entire operating system. This claim is a proxy for an underlying territorial dispute; people who insist on the term GNU/Linux want the FSF to get most of the credit for Linux because [Stallman] and friends wrote many of its user-level tools. Neither this theory nor the term GNU/Linux has gained more than minority acceptance.

}}

When Linus Torvalds was asked in the documentary Revolution OS whether the name "GNU/Linux" was justified, he replied:

{{ quote

|Well, I think it's justified, but it's justified if you actually make a GNU distribution of Linux ... the same way that I think that "Red Hat Linux" is fine, or "SUSE Linux" or "Debian Linux", because if you actually make your own distribution of Linux, you get to name the thing, but calling Linux in general "GNU Linux" I think is just ridiculous.{{ cite video | people = Moore, J.T.S. (Produced, Written, and Directed) | title = Revolution OS | medium = DVD | date = 2001 }}{{cite web | title=Linus Torvalds, Linux, GNU/Linux |website = YouTube| date=3 September 2009 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kZlOCHYu1Vk }}}}

An earlier comment by Torvalds on the naming controversy was:

{{ quote

| Umm, this discussion has gone on quite long enough, thank you very much. It doesn't really matter what people call Linux, as long as credit is given where credit is due (on both sides). Personally, I'll very much continue to call it "Linux", ...

The GNU people tried calling it GNU/Linux, and that's ok. It's certainly no worse a name than "Linux Pro" or "Red Hat Linux" or

"Slackware Linux" ...

Lignux is just a punny name—I think Linux/GNU or GNU/Linux is a bit more "professional" ...{{cite newsgroup |url=https://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.linux.misc/msg/7781d4221fceedb2 |author=Linus Torvalds |title=Lignux, what's the matter with you people? |newsgroup=comp.os.linux.misc |date=3 June 1996}}

}}

The name "GNU/Linux," particularly when using Stallman's preferred pronunciation, has been criticized for its perceived clumsiness and verbosity,{{cite web |url=http://www.howtogeek.com/139287/the-great-debate-is-it-linux-or-gnulinux/ |title= The Great Debate: Is it Linux or GNU/Linux? |last=Hoffman |first=Chris |date= 4 March 2013 |access-date=22 December 2016 }}{{cite web |url=http://everything2.com/user/ssd/writeups/It%2527s+GNU%252FLinux%253B+stop+calling+it+%2522Linux%2522 |title=It's GNU/Linux; stop calling it "Linux" (idea) |date=28 April 2001 |access-date=19 December 2016 }} a factor that Torvalds has cited as the downfall of operating systems such as 386BSD.{{cite web| url= http://groups.google.com/group/comp.unix.pc-clone.32bit/msg/80bb74847934edc7 | title= Post | work = comp.unix.pc-clone.32bit | publisher = Google Groups | date= 16 March 1993 | author =Torvalds, Linus| access-date=19 February 2011 | quote=No. That's it. The cool name, that is. We worked very hard on creating a name that would appeal to the majority of people, and it certainly paid off: thousands of people are using linux just to be able to say "OS/2? Hah. I've got Linux. What a cool name". 386BSD made the mistake of putting a lot of numbers and weird abbreviations into the name, and is scaring away a lot of people just because it sounds too technical.}}

The Linux Journal speculated that Stallman's advocacy of the combined name stems from frustration that "Linus got the glory for what [Stallman] wanted to do."{{cite web | url = http://linux4u.jinr.ru/usoft/WWW/LJ/issue30/issue30.html#ftp30 | title = From the Publisher: On the Politics of Freedom | publisher = Linux Journal No. 30 (October 1996) | quote = Perhaps RMS is frustrated because Linus got the glory for what RMS wanted to do. | access-date = 12 June 2004 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041208112435/http://linux4u.jinr.ru/usoft/WWW/LJ/issue30/issue30.html#ftp30 | archive-date = 8 December 2004 | url-status = dead }}

Others have suggested that, regardless of the merits, Stallman's persistence in what sometimes seems a lost cause makes him and GNU look bad. For example, Larry McVoy (author of BitKeeper, once used to manage Linux kernel development) opined that "claiming credit only makes one look foolish and greedy".{{cite mailing list |url=http://www.ussg.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/9904.0/0301.html |author=Larry McVoy |title=Re: GNU/Linux |mailing-list=linux-kernel |date=3 April 1999 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629031248/http://www.ussg.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/9904.0/0301.html |archive-date=29 June 2012 }}

Many users and vendors who prefer the name "Linux," such as Jim Gettys, one of the original developers of the X Window System, point to the inclusion of non-GNU, non-kernel tools, such as KDE, LibreOffice, and Firefox, in end-user operating systems based on the Linux kernel:

{{ quote

| There are lots of people on this bus; I don't hear a clamor of support that GNU is more essential than many of the other components; can't take a wheel away, and end up with a functional vehicle, or an engine, or the seats. I recommend you be happy we have a bus.{{cite mailing list |url=http://www.ussg.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/9904.0/0497.html |author=Jim Gettys |title=Re: GNU/Linux |mailing-list=linux-kernel |date=5 April 1999 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120806004757/http://www.ussg.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/9904.0/0497.html |archive-date=6 August 2012 |df=dmy-all }}

}}

{{Portal|Free and open-source software}}

• Alternative terms for free software
• GNU variants
• List of GNU packages
• History of free software

{{Reflist|30em}}

• [https://www.gnu.org/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html "Why GNU/Linux?"] (or "What's in a name?"), by Richard Stallman
• [https://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html GNU Users Who Have Never Heard of GNU], also by Richard Stallman
• [https://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html GNU/Linux FAQ by Richard Stallman]
• [http://www.lignux.org/ The "Say Lignux" Campaign], by Richard Stallman, 2013
• [http://www.dwheeler.com/oss_fs_refs.html#linux-vs-gnu-linux David A. Wheeler on why he mostly says "GNU/Linux"]
• [http://fsfeurope.org/documents/rms-fs-2006-03-09.en.html#gnu-and-linux Stallman explaining the relationship of GNU and Linux], Zagreb, 2006
• [https://www.zdnet.com/article/who-wrote-linux/ Who wrote Linux?], by Josh Mehlman, ZDNet Australia, 7 July 2004
• [https://www.debian.org/releases/wheezy/amd64/ch01s02.html.en "What is GNU/Linux"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118013352/http://www.debian.org/releases/wheezy/amd64/ch01s02.html.en |date=18 November 2016 }}, Debian Project

{{Linux}}

{{GNU}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:GNU Linux naming controversy}}

Category:1994 controversies

Category:Free Software Foundation

Category:Linus Torvalds

Category:Linux

Category:Naming controversies

Category:Computing-related controversies

Category:Computing terminology