Ga (Indic)

{{further|Āryabhaṭa numeration}}

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of ग are:{{cite book|last=Ifrah|first=Georges|title=The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer|url=https://archive.org/details/universalhistory00ifra_411|url-access=limited|year=2000|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=New York|isbn=0-471-39340-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/universalhistory00ifra_411/page/n468 447]–450}}

• ग {{IPA|hi|gə|}} = 3 (३)
• ग {{IPA|hi|gɪ|}} = 300 (३००)
• गु {{IPA|hi|gʊ|}} = 30,000 (३० ०००)
• गृ {{IPA|hi|gri|}} = 3,000,000 (३० ०० ०००)
• गॣ {{IPA|hi|glə|}} = 3{{e|8}} (३ × १०^८)
• गे {{IPA|hi|ge|}} = 3{{e|10}} (३ × १०^१०)
• गै {{IPA|hi|gɑj|}} = 3{{e|12}} (३ × १०^१२)
• गो {{IPA|hi|goː|}} = 3{{e|14}} (३ × १०^१४)
• गौ {{IPA|hi|gɑw|}} = 3{{e|16}} (३ × १०^१६)

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoshthi, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ga as found in standard Brahmi, Image:Brahmi g.svg was a simple geometric shape, with slight variations toward the Gupta Image:Gupta allahabad g.svg. The Tocharian Ga Image:Tocharian letter ga.gif did not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form. The third form of ga, in Kharoshthi (file:Буква GА (незалежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi letter GA.svg) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

The Brahmi letter Image:Brahmi g.svg, Ga, is probably derived from the Aramaic Gimel Image:Gimel.svg, and is thus related to the modern Latin G and C, and the Greek Gamma. Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ga can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.{{Cite book |last=Asiatic Society of Bengal |url=https://archive.org/details/journalofasiatic775asia?view=theater |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. |date=1838 |publisher=Calcutta : Printed at the Baptist Mission Press [etc.] |others=Princeton Theological Seminary Library}} As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

The Tocharian letter Image:Tocharian letter ga.gif is derived from the Brahmi Image:Brahmi g.svg, but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.

The Kharoshthi letter file:Буква GА (незалежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi letter GA.svg is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Gimel Image:Gimel.svg, and is thus related to G and C, and Gamma, in addition to the Brahmi Ga.

{{Devanagari abugida sidebar}}

Ga (ग) is the third consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Image:Brahmi g.svg, after having gone through the Gupta letter 13px. Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter ગ and the Modi letter 𑘐.

Gga (ॻ) is the character ग with an underbar to represent the voiced velar implosive {{IPAblink|ɠ}} that occurs in Sindhi. This underbar is distinct from the Devanagari stress sign anudātta. The underbar is fused to the stem of the letter while the anudātta is a stress accent applied to the entire syllable. This underbar used for Sindhi implosives does not exist as a separate character in Unicode. When the ु or ू vowel sign is applied to jja (ॻ), the ु and ू vowel signs are drawn beneath jja. When the उ ( ु) vowel sign or ऊ ( ू) vowel sign is applied to ja with an anudātta (ग॒), the उ ( ु) vowel sign or ऊ ( ू) vowel sign is first placed under ja (ग) and then the anudātta is placed underneath the उ ( ु) vowel sign or ऊ ( ू) vowel sign.{{Cite web|url = https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2005/05082-n2934-sindhi.pdf|title = Proposal to add four characters for Sindhi to the BMP of the UCS|date = 30 March 2005|access-date = 4 March 2015|website = Unicode.org|last = Everson|first = Michael|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140712122851/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2005/05082-n2934-sindhi.pdf|archive-date = 12 July 2014}}

An example of a Sindhi word that uses gga (ॻ) is ॻुड़ु (ڳُڙُ), which is of the masculine grammatical gender and means jaggery.Lekhwani, Kanhaiyalal. 1987 (1909). An intensive course in Sindhi. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages; [New York]: Hippocrene Books. {{oclc|18986594}}

Ġa (ग़) is the character ग with a single dot underneath, corresponding with the Urdu (غ). It is used in Hindi words of Persian and Arabic origin to denote the voiced velar fricative {{IPAblink|ɣ}}.{{cite book |last1=Shapiro |first1=Michael C. |title=A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0508-8 |page=20 |language=English |quote=In addition to the basic consonantal sounds discussed in sections 3.1 and 3.2, many speakers use any or all five additional consonants (क़ ḳ, ख़ ḳh,ग़ ġ, ज़ z, फ़ f) in words of foreign origin (primarily from Persian, Arabic, English, and Portuguese). The last two of these, ज़ z and फ़ f, are the initial sounds in English zig and fig respectively. The consonant क़ ḳ is a voiceless uvular stop, somewhat like k, but pronounced further back in the mouth. ख़ ḳh is a voiceless fricative similar in pronunciation to the final sound of the German ach. ग़ ġ is generally pronounced as a voiceless uvular fricative, although it is occasionally heard as a stop rather than a fricative. In devanāgari each of these five sounds is represented by the use of a subscript dot under one of the basic consonant signs.}}{{cite book |last1=Morelli |first1=Sarah |title=A Guru’s Journey: Pandit Chitresh Das and Indian Classical Dance in Diaspora |date=20 December 2019 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-05172-2 |language=en|quote=Hindi has a nasal sound roughly equivalent to the n in the English sang, transliterated here as ṅ or ṁ, and has two slightly differing sh sounds, transliterated as ś and ṣ. ... A few words contain consonants used in Urdu or in loanwords from Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, and English: क़ (ق) is transliterated as q, ख़ (خ) as kh, ग़ (غ) as g, ज़ (ظ ,ز, or ض) as z, झ़ (ژ) as zh, and फ़ (ف) as f.}}

In all languages, ग is pronounced as {{IPA|hi|gə|}} or {{IPAblink|g}} when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

File:Devanagari Ga half form.svg

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.{{cite web |last1=Pall |first1=Peeter |title=Microsoft Word - kblhi2 |url=https://www.eki.ee/knab/lat/kblhi2.pdf |website=Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed |publisher=Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed |access-date=19 June 2020}}

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form Image:Devanagari Eyelash Ra.svg for an initial "R" instead of repha.

• Repha र্ (r) + ग (ga) gives the ligature rga: {{ref|note|note}}

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• Eyelash र্ (r) + ग (ga) gives the ligature rga:

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• ग্ (g) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature gra:

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• ग্ (g) + र্ (r) + य (ya) gives the ligature grya:

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• ग্ (g) + न (na) gives the ligature gna:

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• ग্ (g) + न্ (n) + य (ya) gives the ligature gnya:

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• द্ (d) + ग (ga) gives the ligature dga:

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• द্ (d) + ग্ (g) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature dgra:

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Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

• ब্ (b) + ग (ga) gives the ligature bga:

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• छ্ (cʰ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature cʰga:

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• ड্ (ḍ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature ḍga:

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• ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature ḍʱga:

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• ग্ (g) + ज (ja) gives the ligature gja:

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• ग্ (g) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature gjña:

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• ग্ (g) + ल (la) gives the ligature gla:

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• ङ্ (ŋ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature ŋga:

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• Repha र্ (r) + ङ্ (ŋ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature rŋga:

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• ट্ (ṭ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature ṭga:

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• ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature ṭʰga:

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• व্ (v) + ग (ga) gives the ligature vga:

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The Bengali script গ is derived from Siddhaṃ 13px, and is marked by the lack of horizontal head line, and less geometric shape than its Devanagari counterpart, ग. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter গ will sometimes be transliterated as "go" instead of "ga". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /go/.

Like all Indic consonants, গ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

গ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Bengali গ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures.{{cite web|title=The Bengali Alphabet|url=http://tesseractindic.googlecode.com/files/wb069conjuncts.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928021705/http://tesseractindic.googlecode.com/files/wb069conjuncts.pdf|archive-date=2013-09-28}}

• দ্ (d) + গ (ga) gives the ligature dga:

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• গ্ (g) + ধ (dʱa) gives the ligature gdʱa:

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• গ্ (g) + ধ্ (dʱ) + র (ra) gives the ligature gdʱra, with the ra phala suffix:

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• গ্ (g) + ধ্ (dʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature gdʱya, with the ya phala suffix:

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• গ্ (g) + ল (la) gives the ligature gla:

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• গ্ (g) + ম (ma) gives the ligature gma:

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• গ্ (g) + ন (na) gives the ligature gna:

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• গ্ (g) + ণ (ṇa) gives the ligature gṇa:

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• গ্ (g) + ন্ (n) + য (ya) gives the ligature gnya, with the ya phala suffix:

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• গ্ (g) + র (ra) gives the ligature gra, with the ra phala suffix:

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• গ্ (g) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature grya, with the ra phala and ya phala suffixes

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• গ্ (g) + ব (va) gives the ligature gva, with the va phala suffix:

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• গ্ (g) + য (ya) gives the ligature gya, with the ya phala suffix:

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• ল্ (l) + গ (ga) gives the ligature lga:

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• ঙ্ (ŋ) + গ (ga) gives the ligature ŋga:

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• ঙ্ (ŋ) + গ্ (g) + য (ya) gives the ligature ŋgya, with the ya phala suffix:

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• র্ (r) + গ (ga) gives the ligature rga, with the repha prefix:

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• র্ (r) + গ্ (g) + য (ya) gives the ligature rgya, with repha and ya phala affixes:

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Gagaa {{IPA|pa|gəgːɑ|}} (ਗ) is the eighth letter of the Gurmukhi alphabet. Its name is [gəgːɑ] and is pronounced as /g/ when used in words. It is derived from the Laṇḍā letter ga, and ultimately from Brahmi ga. Gurmukhi gagaa does not have a special pairin or addha (reduced) form for making conjuncts, and in modern Punjabi texts do not take a half form or halant to indicate the bare consonant /g/, although Gurmukhi Sanskrit texts may use an explicit halant.

File:Gujarati letter Ga.svg

Ga (ગ) is the third consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from Devanagari Ga Image:Devanagari ग.svg, and ultimately the Brahmi letter Image:Brahmi g.svg.

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ગ is pronounced as {{IPA|gu|gə|}} or {{IPAblink|g}} when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

File:Gujarati letter Ga half form.svg

Gujarati ગ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari.

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

• ર્ (r) + ગ (ga) gives the ligature RGa:

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• ગ્ (g) + ર (ra) gives the ligature GRa:

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• ગ્ (g) + ન (na) gives the ligature GNa:

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• દ્ (d) + ગ (ga) gives the ligature DGa:

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{{multiple image

| width = 100px

| image1 = Telugu letter Ga.svg

| alt1 = Telugu Ga

| image2 = Telugu subjoined Ga.svg

| alt2 = Telugu subjoined Ga

| footer = Telugu independent and subjoined Ga.

}}

Ga (గ) is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Image:Brahmi g.svg. It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಗ. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras.

Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

File:Malayalam letter Ga.svg

Ga (ഗ) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Image:Brahmi g.svg, via the Grantha letter Image:Grantha letter Ga.svg Ga. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

File:Malayalam Ga matras.svg

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

• ഗ് (g) + ഗ (ga) gives the ligature gga:

File:Malayalam conjunct GGa.svg

• ഗ് (g) + ഘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature gɡʱa:

File:Malayalam conjunct GGha.svg

• ഗ് (g) + ദ (da) gives the ligature gda:

File:Malayalam conjunct GDa.svg

• ഗ് (g) + ന (na) gives the ligature gna:

File:Malayalam conjunct GNa.svg

• ഗ് (g) + മ (ma) gives the ligature gma:

File:Malayalam conjunct GMa.svg

• ഗ് (g) + ര (ra) gives the ligature gra:

File:Malayalam conjunct GRa.svg

Kho khwai (ค) and kho khon (ฅ) are the fourth and fifth letters of the Thai script. They fall under the low class of Thai consonants. In IPA, kho khwai and kho khon are pronounced as [kʰ] at the beginning of a syllable and are pronounced as [k̚] at the end of a syllable. The previous two letters of the alphabet, kho khai (ข) and kho khuat (ฃ), are also named kho, however, they all fall under the high class of Thai consonants. The next letter of the alphabet, kho ra-khang (ฆ), correspond to the Sanskrit letter ‘घ’. Unlike many Indic scripts, Thai consonants do not form conjunct ligatures, and use the pinthu—an explicit virama with a dot shape—to indicate bare consonants.

In the acrophony of the Thai script, khwai (ควาย) means ‘water buffalo’. Kho khwai corresponds to the Sanskrit character ‘ग’.

In the acrophony of the Thai script, khon (คน) means ‘person’. Kho khon (ฅ) represents the voiced velar fricative sound /ɣ/ that existed in Old Thai at the time the alphabet was created but no longer exists in Modern Thai. When the Thai script was developed, the voiceless velar fricative sound did not have a Sanskrit or Pali counterpart so the character kho khwai was slightly modified to create kho khon. During the Old Thai period, this sounds merged into the stop /ɡ/, and as a result the use of this letters became unstable. Although kho khon is now obsolete, it remains in dictionaries, preserving the traditional count of 44 letters in the Thai alphabet. When the first Thai typewriter was developed by Edwin Hunter McFarland in 1892, there was simply no space for all characters, thus kho khon was one of the two letters left out along with kho khuat.{{cite web|url=http://www.t-h-a-i-l-a-n-d.org/smithpremier/smithpremierorigin.html |title=The origins of the Thai typewriter |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426021950/http://www.t-h-a-i-l-a-n-d.org/smithpremier/smithpremierorigin.html |archive-date=April 26, 2012 |access-date=December 5, 2011 }} Although kho khon does not appear in modern Thai orthography, some writers and publishers are trying to reintroduce its usage.

{{Canadian Syllabics sidebar}}

ᑫ, ᑭ, ᑯ and ᑲ are the base characters "Ke", "Ki", "Ko" and "Ka" in the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics. The bare consonant ᒃ (K) is a small version of the A-series letter ᑲ, although the Western Cree letter ᐠ, derived from Pitman shorthand was the original bare consonant symbol for K. The character ᑫ is derived from a handwritten form of the Devanagari letter ग, without the headline or vertical stem, and the forms for different vowels are derived by mirroring.Andrew Dalby (2004:139) Dictionary of Languages{{Cite web |title=Some General Aspects of the Syllabics Orthography - Origins |url=https://www.languagegeek.com/typography/syllabics/syl1.html |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=www.languagegeek.com}}

Unlike most writing systems without legacy computer encodings, complex Canadian syllabic letters are represented in Unicode with pre-composed characters, rather than with base characters and diacritical marks.

{{multiple image

| width = 100px

| image1 = Odia letter Ga.svg

| alt1 = Odia independent letter Ga

| image2 = Odia subjoined Ga.svg

| alt2 = Odia subjoined letter Ga

| footer = Odia independent and subjoined letter Ga.

}}

Ga (ଗ) is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Image:Brahmi g.svg, via the Siddhaṃ letter Image:Siddham g.svg Ga. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

• ଙ୍ (ŋ) + ଗ (ga) gives the ligature ŋga:

File:Odia conjunct NgGa.svg

• ର୍ (r) + ଗ (ga) gives the ligature rga:

File:Odia conjunct RGa.svg

• ଗ୍ (g) + ର (ra) gives the ligature gra:

File:Odia conjunct GRa.svg

{{multiple image

| width = 100px

| image1 = Kaithi Ga.svg

| alt1 = Kaithi consonant Ga

| image2 = Kaithi Ga half form.svg

| alt2 = Kaithi half-form letter Ga

| footer = Kaithi consonant and half-form Ga.

}}

Ga (𑂏) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Image:Brahmi g.svg, via the Siddhaṃ letter Image:Siddham g.svg Ga. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

• 𑂏୍ (g) + 𑂩 (ra) gives the ligature gra:

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• 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂏 (ga) gives the ligature rga:

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File:TIRHUTA LETTER GA.svg

Ga (𑒑) is a consonant of the Tirhuta abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Image:Brahmi g.svg, via the Siddhaṃ letter Image:Siddham g.svg Ga. Like in other Indic scripts, Tirhuta consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent sylables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

As is common in Indic scripts, Tirhuta joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using an explicit virama. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, other consonants take unique combining forms when in conjunct with other letters, and there are a several vertical conjuncts and true ligatures that can be found in Tirhuta writing.

• 𑒑୍ (g) + 𑒡 (dʱa) gives the ligature gdʱa:

file:Tirhuta conjunct GDha.svg

• 𑒑୍ (g) + 𑒑 (ga) gives the ligature gga:

file:Tirhuta conjunct GGa.svg

• 𑒑୍ (g) + 𑒢 (na) gives the ligature gna:

file:Tirhuta conjunct GNa.svg

• 𑒑୍ (g) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature gra:

file:Tirhuta conjunct GRa.svg

• 𑒑 (g) + 𑒅 (u) gives the ligature gu:

file:Tirhuta conjunct Gu.svg

• 𑒑୍ (g) + 𑒫 (va) gives the ligature gva:

file:Tirhuta conjunct GVa.svg

• 𑒓୍ (ŋ) + 𑒑 (ga) gives the ligature ŋga:

file:Tirhuta conjunct NgGa.svg

• 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒑 (ga) gives the ligature rga:

file:Tirhuta conjunct RGa.svg

• 𑒞୍ (t) + 𑒑 (ga) gives the ligature tga:

file:Tirhuta conjunct TGa.svg

{{infobox

| data1 =

{{{!}} class=wikitable

{{!}} style{{=}}"text-align:center" {{!}} {{script|Khmr|{{huge|គ|350%}}}}

{{!}} style{{=}}"text-align:center" {{!}} {{script|Khmr|{{huge|្គ|350%}}}}

{{!}}-

{{!}} Independent {{!}}{{!}} Subscript

{{!}}-

{{!}} colspan=2 {{!}} Khmer independent and subjoined letter Ko.

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Ko (គ) is a consonant of the Khmer abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Image:Brahmi g.svg, via the Pallava letter Image:Pallava Ga.svg Ga. Like in other Indic scripts, Khmer consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel. Actually, the sounds of the vowels are modified by the consonant; see the article on the Khmer writing system for details.

{{Indic letters/Khmer with matras|G|គ|Ko}}

{{multiple image

| image1 = Lanna letter ga.svg

| total_width = 200

| alt1 = Tai Tham independent letter Low Ka

| width1 = 100

| image2 = Lanna subscript ga.svg

| alt2 = Tai Tham subscript letter Low ka

| width2 = 314

| image3 = Lanna letter ɣa.svg

| alt3 = Tai Tham independent letter Low Khha

| width3 = 100

| footer = Tai Tham independent (ᨣ), subjoined (◌᩠ᨣ) and modified letter Low Ka (ᨤ).

}}

Low Ka ({{script|Lana|ᨣ}}) is a consonant of the Tai Tham abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Image:Brahmi g.svg, via the Pallava letter Image:Pallava Ga.svg Ga. The Tai Tham script was originally used to write Pali (the name 'Tham' is a local form of dharma), and faced the same limitations in writing Tai languages as Khmer had. The Thai solutions were adopted, with consonants being systematically modified by the addition of a tail to supply new consonants, mostly for fricatives. Low Ka was modified, yielding what for convenience we call Low Khha here. Both consonants are low consonants in the Tai alphabets. The two sounds, /ɡ/ and /ɣ/, subsequently merɡed in Lao as /kʰ/, and Low Khha is absent from the Lao variant of Tai Tham. The other Tai languages keep them separate, as /k/ and /x/.

Like in other Indic scripts, Tai Tham consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel.

{{Indic letters/Tai Tham with matras|g|ᨣ|Low Ka|aa=tall}}

Low Ka can serve as the initial consonant of a stack, and several examples can be seen above. It can also occur as the final element of a consonant stack in words of Indic origin, both in the cluster gg of a Pali word {{script|Lana|{{huge|ᨾᨣ᩠ᨣ|220%}}}} magga 'road' and as the final consonant after apocation of the final vowel, e.g. {{script|Lana|{{huge|ᨶᩣ᩠ᨣ|220%}}}} nāg 'nāga'.

In writing systems that make use of tall aa, as the initial letter of an akshara the letter is followed by tall aa. as shown in the table of matras above. This is because the sequence of letter and round aa {{script|Lana|ᨣᩣ}} could formerly be very similar to the independent letter high ka (File:Lanna letter ka.svg). This rule is frequently neglected when a mark above would clearly disambiguate the two.

Like in other Indic scripts, Tai Tham consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel.

{{Indic letters/Tai Tham with matras|G̣|ᨤ|Low Khha|aa=round|nolo=1|novr=1}}

This form occurs only as the initial consonant of a syllable. This letter combined in aksharas with the dependent vowel Ā uses round aa, as shown in the table of matras above, rather than tall aa.

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ga, are related as well.

{{Indic glyph |letname = Ga

|devacp = 0917 |devaimg = Devanagari ग.svg

|bengcp = 0997 |bengimg = Bengali Letter Ga.svg

|telucp = 0C17

|oryacp = 0B17

|kndacp = 0C97

|mlymcp = 0D17

|gujrcp = 0A97

|gurucp = 0A17

|brahcp = 11015 |ashokaimg = Brahmi g.svg

|kushanaimg = Gupta ashoka g.svg

|guptaimg = Gupta allahabad g.svg

|kharcp = 10A12

|siddcp = 11590 |siddimg = Siddham g.svg

|grancp = 11317

|tibtcp = 0F42 |tibtimg = Tibetan Ga.svg

|phagcp = A842

|zanbcp = 11A0D

|newacp = 11410

|bhkscp = 11C10

|shrdcp = 11193

|mymrcp = 1002

|lanacp = 1A23

|lana2cp = 1A24

|talucp = 1985

|talu2cp = 1986

|khmrcp = 1782

|laoocp = 0E84

|thaicp = 0E04

|thai2cp = 0E05

|tavtcp = AA86

|tavt2cp = AA87

|sinhcp = 0D9C

|kalicp = A90C

|cakmcp = 11109

|ahomcp = 11715

|diakcp = 1190E

|saurcp = A894

|chamcp = AA08

|modicp = 11610

|nandcp = 119B0

|soyocp = 11A5E

|sylocp = A809

|gongcp = 11D76

|kthiimg = Kaithi Ga.svg | kthicp = 1108F

|tirhcp = 11491

|lepccp = 1C03

|limbcp = 1903

|mteicp = ABD2

|marccp = 11C74

|takrcp = 1168C

|dogrcp = 1180C

|khojcp = 1120A

|sindcp = 112BC

|mahjcp = 11157

|multcp = 11286

|balicp = 1B15

|batkcp = 1BCE

|bugicp = 1A01

|javacp = A992

|makacp = 11EE1

|rjngcp = A931

|sundcp = 1B8C

|tglgcp = 1704

|tagbcp = 1764

|buhdcp = 1744

|hanocp = 1724

|gonmcp = 11D0E

|canscp = 146B

|tochimg = Tocharian letter ga.gif

|kawiimg = Aksara Kawi ga.svg

| armiimg = Gimel.svg

| plavaimg = Pallava Ga.svg

| ranjimg = Ranjana g.svg

| hangcp = 3131

|batk2cp=1BCF}}

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Ga in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ga from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

{{Indic encoding |= Ga

|devacp = 0917 |devaimg = Devanagari ग.svg

|bengcp = 0997 |bengimg = Bengali Letter Ga.svg

|telucp = 0C17

|oryacp = 0B17

|kndacp = 0C97

|mlymcp = 0D17

|gujrcp = 0A97

|gurucp = 0A17

|iscii = B5

|brahcp = 11015 |ashokaimg = Brahmi g.svg

|kushanaimg = Gupta ashoka g.svg

|guptaimg = Gupta allahabad g.svg

|kharcp = 10A12

|siddcp = 11590 |siddimg = Siddham g.svg

|grancp = 11317

|tibtcp = 0F42 |tibtimg = Tibetan Ga.svg

|tibtaltcp = 0F92

|phagcp = A842

|zanbcp = 11A0D

|newacp = 11410

|bhkscp = 11C10

|shrdcp = 11193

|mymrcp = 1002

|lanacp = 1A23

|lana2cp = 1A24

|talucp = 1985

|talu2cp = 1986

|khmrcp = 1782

|laoocp = 0E84

|thaicp = 0E04

|thai2cp = 0E05

|tavtcp = AA86

|tavt2cp = AA87

|sinhcp = 0D9C

|kalicp = A90C

|cakmcp = 11109

|ahomcp = 11715

|diakcp = 1190E

|saurcp = A894

|chamcp = AA08

|modicp = 11610

|nandcp = 119B0

|soyocp = 11A5E

|sylocp = A809

|gongcp = 11D76

|kthiimg = Kaithi Ga.svg | kthicp = 1108F

|tirhcp = 11491

|lepccp = 1C03

|limbcp = 1903

|mteicp = ABD2

|marccp = 11C74

|takrcp = 1168C

|dogrcp = 1180C

|khojcp = 1120A

|sindcp = 112BC

|mahjcp = 11157

|multcp = 11286

|balicp = 1B15

|batkcp = 1BCE

|bugicp = 1A01

|javacp = A992

|makacp = 11EE1

|rjngcp = A931

|sundcp = 1B8C

|tglgcp = 1704

|tagbcp = 1764

|buhdcp = 1744

|hanocp = 1724

|gonmcp = 11D0E

|canscp = 146B

|canscp-I = 146D

|canscp-O = 146F

|canscp-A = 1472

|canscp-X = 1483

|cansletname = K |canscp-1 = 146B-1488 |canscp-2 = 166F |canscp-3 = 18B8-18B9 |canscp-4 = & 18D6

}}

• Gimel

{{reflist}}

• Kurt Elfering: Die Mathematik des Aryabhata I. Text, Übersetzung aus dem Sanskrit und Kommentar. Wilhelm Fink Verlag, München, 1975, {{ISBN|3-7705-1326-6}}
• Georges Ifrah: The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2000, {{ISBN|0-471-39340-1}}.
• B. L. van der Waerden: Erwachende Wissenschaft. Ägyptische, babylonische und griechische Mathematik. Birkhäuser-Verlag, Basel Stuttgart, 1966, {{ISBN|3-7643-0399-9}}
• {{Cite journal

| issn = 0035-869X

| pages = 109–126

| last = Fleet

| first = J. F.

| title = Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers

| journal = Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

| date = January 1911

| volume = 43

| doi = 10.1017/S0035869X00040995

| jstor = 25189823

}}

• {{Cite journal | doi = 10.1017/S0035869X00040995| jstor = 25189823 | pages = 109–126 | volume = 43 | journal = The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland | title = Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers | publisher = Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland | year = 1911| last1 = Fleet | first1 = J. F.}}

::{{note|note|note}} Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".

{{Devanagari_abugida}}

Category:Indic letters