voiced velar fricative

{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɣ⟩ in IPA}}

{{redirect|ɣ (IPA)|consonants followed by superscript ˠ|Velarization|the Greek letter gamma|Gamma}}

{{Infobox IPA

|ipa symbol=ɣ

|ipa number=141

|decimal1=611

|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0263.svg

|imagesize=150px

|x-sampa=G

|braille=46

|braille2=g

}}{{Infobox IPA

| above = Voiced velar tapped fricative

| ipa symbol = ɡ̞̆

| ipa symbol2 = ɣ̆

}}

The voiced velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound that is used in various spoken languages. It is not found in most varieties of Modern English but existed in Old English.{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781405152723|url-access=registration|title=Introduction to Old English|last=Baker|first=Peter Stuar|year=2012|isbn=9781444354195|edition= 3rd|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781405152723/page/15 15]|oclc=778433078|quote=Between voiced sounds dotless g is pronounced [ɣ], a voiced velar spirant. This sound became [w] in Middle English, so English no longer has it.|via=Internet Archive}} The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ɣ}}, a Latinized variant of the Greek letter gamma, {{angbr|γ}}, which has this sound in Modern Greek. It should not be confused with the graphically-similar {{angbr IPA|ɤ}}, the IPA symbol for a close-mid back unrounded vowel, which some writingsSuch as {{Harvcoltxt|Booij|1999}} and {{Harvcoltxt|Nowikow|2012}}. use for the voiced velar fricative.

The symbol {{angbr IPA|ɣ}} is also sometimes used to represent the velar approximant, which, however, is more accurately written with the lowering diacritic: {{IPA|[ɣ̞]}} or {{IPA|[ɣ˕]}}. The IPA also provides a dedicated symbol for a velar approximant, {{IPA|[ɰ]}}.

There is also a voiced post-velar fricative, also called pre-uvular, in some languages. For the voiced pre-velar fricative, also called post-palatal, see voiced palatal fricative.

A voiced velar tapped fricative has been reported in Dàgáárè, which is a previously unattested sound in human language.

Features

File:Voiced velar fricative articulation.svg

Features of the voiced velar fricative:

Occurrence

Some of the consonants listed as post-velar may actually be trill fricatives.

class="wikitable sortable" \|+ ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
colspan="2" \| Abaza	{{lang\|abq\|бгъьы}}/{{lang\|abq-Latn\|bğë}}	{{IPA\|[bɣʲə]}}	'leaf'
colspan="2" \| Adyghe	{{lang\|ady\|чъыгы}}/{{lang\|ady-Latn\|čëğë}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Ady-чъыгы.oga\|[t͡ʂəɣə]}}	'tree'
Albanian \|Arbëresh Moresian (Pelloponesian) dialects of Arvanitika \|gliata \|{{IPA\|[ɣliɑtɑ]}} \|'tall'
colspan="2" \| Alekano	{{lang\|gah\|gamó\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ɣɑmɤʔ]}}	'cucumber'
colspan="2" \| Aleut	{{lang\|ale\|agiitalix}}	{{IPA\|[aɣiːtalix]}}	'with'
colspan="2" \| Angor	{{lang\|agg\|ranihı\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ɾɑniɣə]}}	'brother'
colspan="2" \| Angas	{{lang\|anc\|γür}}	{{IPA\|[ɣyr]}}	'to pick up'
Arabic	Modern Standard{{sfnp\|Watson\|2002\|pp=17 and 19-20}}	{{lang\|ar\|غريب\|rtl=yes}}/{{lang\|ar-Latn\|ğarīb}}	{{Audio-IPA\|نطق كلمة (غريب).wav\|[ɣæˈriːb]}}	'strange'	May be velar, post-velar or uvular, depending on dialect.{{sfnp\|Watson\|2002\|pp=17, 19-20, 35-36 and 38}} See Arabic phonology
colspan="2" \| Aragonese	{{lang\|rup\|augua}}	{{IPA\|[ˈawɣwa]}}	'water'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}
colspan="2" \| Aromanian	{{lang\|rup\|ghini}}	{{IPA\|[ˈɣi.ni]}}	'well'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}
rowspan="2" \| Aramaic	Eastern	rowspan="2" \| {{lang\|aii-Syrc\| ܦܓ̣ܪܐ\|rtl=yes}} {{lang\|aii-Latn\|paġrā}}	{{IPA\|[pʌɣrɑ]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'body'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/x/}} before voiced consonants.
Western	{{IPA\|[fʌɣrɔ]}}
colspan="2" \| Asturian	gadañu	{{IPA\|[ɣaˈd̪ãɲʊ]}}	'scythe'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} in almost all positions
rowspan="2" \| Azerbaijani \| Northern \| {{lang\|az-Latn\|oğul\|italic=yes}} \| rowspan="2" \|{{IPA\|[oɣul]}} \| rowspan="2" \|'son' \| rowspan="2" \|
Southern \|{{lang\|azb\|اوغول\|rtl=yes}}/oğul
colspan="2" \| Basque{{sfnp\|Hualde\|1991\|pp=99–100}}	{{lang\|bas\|hego\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[heɣo]}}	'wing'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}
colspan="2" \| Belarusian	{{lang\|be\|галава/ğalava\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ɣalaˈva]}}	'head'
colspan="2" \| Catalan{{sfnp\|Wheeler\|2005\|p=10}}	{{lang\|ca\|agrat\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[əˈɣɾat]}}	'liking'	Fricative or approximant. Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}. See Catalan phonology
colspan="2" \| Central Alaskan Yup'ik	{{lang\|esu\|auga\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈauːɣa]}}	'his/her/its blood'	Never occurs in word-initial positions.
colspan="2" \| Chechen	гӀала / {{lang\|ce\|ğala\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ɣaːla]}}	'town'
colspan="2" \| Czech	bych byl	{{IPA\|[bɪɣ bɪl]}}	'I would be'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/x/}} before voiced consonants. See Czech phonology. Occurs only in few Moravian dialects and even there it is rather {{IPA\|/ɦ/}}
colspan="2" \|Dàgáárè \| colspan="2" \|[{{IPA\|pɔ́ɣ̆ɔ́}}] \|'woman' \|May be a velar with strong tap-like features.{{cite journal \|last1=Angsongna \|first1=Alexander \|last2=Akinbo \|first2=Samuel \|year=2022 \|title=Dàgáárè (Central) \|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association \|volume=52 \|issue=2 \|pages=341–367 \|doi=10.1017/S0025100320000225 \|s2cid=243402135}}
colspan="2" \| Dinka	ɣo	{{IPA\|[ɣo]}}	'us'
colspan="2" \| Dogrib	{{lang\|dgr\|weqa\|italic=yes}}{{Clarify\|reasin=This spelling does not correspond to orthography in e.g. https://www.tlicho.ca/sites/default/files/A_Dogrib_Dictionary.pdf, which gives wegha meaning for.\|date=May 2024}}	{{IPA\|[weɣa]}}	'for'
rowspan="2" \| Dutch	Standard Belgian{{Harvcoltxt\|Verhoeven\|2005\|p=243}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=191}}	rowspan="2" \| {{lang\|nl\|gaan}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[ɣaːn]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'to go'	rowspan="2" \| May be post-palatal {{IPAblink\|ʝ̠}} instead. See Dutch phonology
Southern accents
rowspan="2" \|English \|Scouse \|{{Lang\|en\|grass}} \|[ɣrɑ:s] \|'grass' \|Allophone of {{IPA\|/g/}}. See British English phonology{{Cite book \|last=Watson \|first=Kevin \|title=Illustrations of the IPA: Liverpool English \|publisher=Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 \|year=2007 \|edition=Cambridge University Press \|pages=351–360}}
Northumbrian \|{{example needed\|date=August 2016}} \| \| \|Burr{{Cite book \|last=Wells \|first=John C. \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a3-ElL71fikC \|title=Accents of English 2: The British Isles \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|year=1982 \|isbn=0-521-24224-X \|location=Cambridge \|page=368 \|author-link=John C. Wells}}
colspan="2" \| Georgian{{sfnp\|Shosted\|Chikovani\|2006\|p=255}}	{{lang\|ka\|ღარიბი}}/ğaribi	{{IPA\|[ɣɑribi]}}	'poor'	May actually be post-velar or uvular
German{{Harvcoltxt\|Krech et al.\|2009\|p=108}}{{cite web\|author=Sylvia Moosmüller\|year=2007\|title=Vowels in Standard Austrian German: An Acoustic-Phonetic and Phonological Analysis\|url=http://www.kfs.oeaw.ac.at/publications/habil_2007may28_tableofcontents_zus_final.pdf\|access-date=March 9, 2013\|page=6}}	Austrian	{{lang\|de\|damalige}}	{{IPA\|[ˈdaːmaːlɪɣə]}}	'former'	Intervocalic allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} or {{IPA\|/r/}} in casual speech.{{cite journal \|last1=Ulbrich \|first1=Christiane \|last2=Ulbrich \|first2=Horst \|title=The Realisation of /r/ in Swiss German and Austrian German \|journal=ICPhS XVI \|date=2007 \|access-date=17 April 2025 \|url=http://icphs2007.de/conference/Papers/1535/1535.pdf}} See Standard German phonology
colspan="2" \| Ghari	{{lang\|gri\|cheghe\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[tʃeɣe]}}	'five'
colspan="2" \| Greek	γάλα/gála	{{IPA\|[ˈɣala]}}	'milk'	See Modern Greek phonology
colspan="2" \| Gujarati	વાઘણ/vağaŕn	{{IPA\|[ʋɑ̤̈ɣəɽ̃]}}	'tigress'	See Gujarati phonology
colspan="2" \| Gweno	ndeghe \|{{IPA\|[ndeɣe]}}	'bird'
colspan="2" \| Gwich’in	{{lang\|gwi\|videeghàn\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[viteːɣân]}}	'his/her chest'
colspan="2" \| Haitian Creole	{{lang\|ht\|diri\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[diɣi]}}	'rice'
colspan="2" \| Hän	{{lang\|ath\|dëgëghor\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[təkəɣor]}}	'I am playing'
rowspan="2" \| Hebrew	Classical	{{lang\|he\|מִגְדָּל\|rtl=yes}}/miğdol	{{IPA\|[miɣdɔl]}}	'[a] tower'
Some Modern speakers (usually with a difficulty pronouncing {{IPA\|[ʁ]}}) \|{{lang\|he\|שׁוֹמֵר\|rtl=yes}}/shomer \|{{IPA\|[ʃo̞ˈme̞ɣ]}} \|'[a male] guard', '[he] guards' \|{{IPA\|[ʃo̞ˈme̞ʁ]}} by other Modern speakers
rowspan="2" \| Hindustani \| Hindi{{sfnp\|Kachru\|2006\|p=20}} \|{{lang\|hi\|ग़रीब/garib}} \| rowspan="2" \|{{Audio-IPA\|LL-Q1617 (urd)-Syamantak07-غريب.wav\|[ɣ̄əriːb]}} \| rowspan="2" \|'poor' \| rowspan="2" \| Post-velar,{{sfnp\|Kachru\|2006\|p=20}} conservative Hindi speakers usually replace it with {{IPA\|/g/}}. See Hindustani phonology
Urdu \|{{lang\|ur\|غریب/gharib\|rtl=yes}}
colspan="2" \| Icelandic	{{lang\|is\|saga\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈsaːɣa]}}	'saga'	See Icelandic phonology
colspan="2" \| Irish	{{lang\|ga\|a dhorn\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ə ɣoːɾˠn̪ˠ]}}	'his fist'	See Irish phonology
colspan="2" \| Istro-Romanian{{sfnp\|Pop\|1938\|p=30}}	{{lang\|ruo\|gură\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈɣurə]}}	'mouth'	Corresponds to {{IPAblink\|ɡ}}{{fix\|text=in which environments?}} in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
colspan="2" \| Iwaidja	colspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[mulaɣa]}}	'hermit crab'
colspan="2" \| Japanese{{sfnp\|Okada\|1999\|p=118}}	{{lang\|ja\|はげ}}/{{lang\|ja-Latn\|hage}}	{{IPA\|[haɣe]}}	'baldness'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}, especially in fast or casual speech. See Japanese phonology
rowspan="2" \| Judeo-Spanish \| \|gato \|[ˈɣ̞ato̪]{{Citation \|title=Manual of Romance Phonetics and Phonology \|date=2021-11-22 \|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110550283/html \|access-date=2023-12-17 \|publisher=De Gruyter \|language=en \|doi=10.1515/9783110550283 \|isbn=978-3-11-055028-3\|hdl=1983/44e3b3cd-164e-496b-a7a6-6b3a492e4c48 \|hdl-access=free \|editor-last1=Gabriel \|editor-last2=Gess \|editor-last3=Meisenburg \|editor-first1=Christoph \|editor-first2=Randall \|editor-first3=Trudel }} \|'cat' \|
Haketia \|gher \|[ɣeɾ] \|'only' \| appears as a phoneme in words from Arabic''{{Cite web \|title=Differential Impact of Arabic on Haketia and Turkish on Judezmo \|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301683640\|language=en}}
colspan="2" \| Kabardian	гын/gyn	{{Audio-IPA\|гын.ogg\|[ɣən]}}	'powder'
colspan="2" \| Komering	harong	{{IPA\|[haɣoŋ]}}	'charcoal'
colspan="2" \| Lezgian	{{lang\|lez\|гъел}}/ğel	{{IPA\|[ɣel]}}	'sleigh'
rowspan="2" \| Lhaovo	Dago’	{{lang\|mhx\|qid\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ɣìt]}} \| rowspan="2" \| 'water' \| rowspan="2" \|
Yunnan		{{IPA\|[ɣək˧˩]}}
colspan="2" \| Limburgish{{Harvcoltxt\|Gussenhoven\|Aarts\|1999\|p=159}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Peters\|2006\|p=119}}	{{lang\|li\|gaw}}	{{IPA\|[ɣɑ̟β̞]}}	'quick'	The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Lishan Didan \|Urmi Dialect \|עוטג/otogh \|{{IPA\|[ˠotʰoɣ]}} \|'room' \|Generally post-velar
colspan="2" \| Lithuanian	humoras	{{IPA\|[ˈɣʊmɔrɐs̪]}}	'humor'	Preferred over [ɦ]. See Lithuanian phonology
colspan="2" \| Low GermanR.E. Keller, German Dialects. Phonology and Morphology, Manchester 1960	gaan	{{IPA\|[ˈɣɔ̃ːn]}}	'to go'	Increasingly replaced with High German {{IPA\|[ɡ]}}
rowspan="2" \| Macedonian	Berovo accent	{{lang\|mk\|дувна\|italic=yes}}/duvna	{{IPA\|[ˈduɣna]}}	'it blew'	Corresponds to etymological {{IPA\|/x/}} of other dialects, before sonorants. See Maleševo-Pirin dialect and Macedonian phonology
Bukovo accent	{{lang\|mk\|глава\|italic=yes}}/glava	{{IPA\|[ˈɡɣa(v)a]}}	'head'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/l/}} instead of usual {{IPAblink\|ɫ}}. See Prilep-Bitola dialect
rowspan="7" \| Malay	Standard	{{lang\|ms\|ghaib}}	{{IPA\|[ɣai̯b]}}	'unseen'	Mostly in loanwords from Arabic. Indonesians tend to replace the sound with {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}.
Johor-Riau \| rowspan="6" \|{{lang\|ms\|ramai\|italic=yes}} \|{{IPA\|[ɣamai̯]}} \| rowspan="6" \|'crowded (with people)' \|/r/ before a vowel was traditionally a [{{IPA\|ɣ}}] but now the alveolar tap [{{IPA link\|ɾ}}] is quite common amongst younger speakers possibly due to influence by Standard Malay. See Malay phonology
Kelantan-Pattani	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[ɣamaː]}}	rowspan="5" \| {{IPAslink\|r}} in Standard Malay is barely articulated in almost all of the Malay dialects in Malaysia. Usually it is uttered as guttural R at initial and medial position of a word. See Malay phonology
Terengganu
Negeri Sembilan	{{IPA\|[ɣamai̯]}}
Pahang	{{IPA\|[ɣamɛ̃ː]}}
Sarawak	{{IPA\|[ɣamɛː]}}
Mandarin Chinese	Central Mandarin (Dongping dialect)	{{lang\|zh\|俺}}/ngǎn	{{IPA\|[ɣän˥]}}	'I'
colspan="2" \| Mi'kmaq	{{lang\|mic\|nisaqan}}	{{IPA\|[nisaɣan]}}	'weir'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/x/}} between sonorants. See {{Section link\|Mi'kmaq language\|Phonology}}.
colspan="2" \| Navajo	{{lang\|nv\|’aghá\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ʔaɣa]}}	'best'
Neapolitan \|Central Lucanian (Accettura dialect) \|chiahäte \|{{IPA\|[kjaˈɣɜ tə]}}{{Cite book \|last=Volpi \|first=Luigi \|title=La lingua dei Masciaioli - Dizionario del dialetto di Accettua cittadina lucana in Prov. di Matera \|publisher=EditricErmes \|year=2011 \|isbn= \|location=Potenza (Italy) \|pages=92 \|language=IT}}{{ISBN?}} \|'wounded' \|Corresponds to /g/ in Standard Italian. The example "chiahäte" translates to "piagato" in Italian.
colspan="2" \|Nepali \|{{Lang\|ne\|कागज/kağdz}} \|{{IPA\|[käɣʌ(d)z]}} \|'paper' \|Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} and {{IPA\|/ɡʱ/}} in intervocalic positions. See Nepali phonology
Ngwe	Mmockngie dialect		{{IPA\|[nøɣə̀]}}	'sun'
colspan="2" \| Northern Qiang	hhnesh	{{IPA\|[ɣnəʂ]}}	'February'
Norwegian	Urban East{{sfnp\|Vanvik\|1979\|p=40}}	{{lang\|no\|å ha\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ɔ ˈɣɑː]}}	'to have'	Possible allophone of {{IPA\|/h/}} between two back vowels; can be voiceless {{IPAblink\|x}} instead.{{sfnp\|Vanvik\|1979\|p=40}} See Norwegian phonology
Occitan	Gascon	{{lang\|oc\|digoc\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[diˈɣuk]}}	'said' (3rd pers. sg.)
colspan="2" \| Okanagan	{{lang\|oka\|ɣəɣicɣc}}	{{IPA\|[ɣəɣitʃɣtʃ]}}	'Sparrow hawk'
colspan="2" \| Pashto	غاتر/ğatër	{{IPA\|[ɣɑtər]}}	'mule'
colspan="2" \| Pela	colspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[ɣɔ˥]}}	'to rain'
colspan="2" \| Persian	باغ/bāq	{{IPA\|[bɒːɣ]}}	'garden'
colspan="2" \| Polish	{{lang\|pl\|niechże\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈɲɛɣʐɛ]}}	'let' (imperative particle)	Allophone of {{IPA\|/x/}} before voiced consonants. See Polish phonology
rowspan="2" \| Portuguese	European{{sfnp\|Cruz-Ferreira\|1995\|p=92}}{{sfnp\|Mateus\|d'Andrade\|2000\|p=11}}	{{lang\|pt\|agora}}	{{IPA\|[ɐˈɣɔɾɐ]}}	'now'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}. See Portuguese phonology
Some Brazilian dialects{{sfnp\|Barbosa\|Albano\|2004\|p=228}}	mármore	{{IPA\|[ˈmaɣmuɾi]}}	'marble', 'sill'	Allophone of rhotic consonant (voiced equivalent to {{IPA\|[x]}}, itself allophone of {{IPA\|/ʁ/}}) between voiced sounds, most often as coda before voiced consonants.
rowspan="2" \| Punjabi \| Gurmukhi \| ਗ਼ਰੀਬ/*carib* \| rowspan="2" \|{{IPA\|[ɣ̄əriːb]}} \| rowspan="2" \|'poor' \| rowspan="2" \| Less frequent in Gurmukhi varieties where it may be replaced by {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}.
Shahmukhi \|{{lang\|pa\|غریب\|rtl=yes}}/*ġarrīb*
colspan="2" \| Romani	γoines	{{IPA\|[ɣoines]}}	'good'
rowspan="3" \| Russian	Southern	дорога/doroga	{{IPA\|[dɐˈro̞ɣə]}}	'road'	Corresponds to {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} in standard
rowspan="2" \| Standard	угу/ugu	{{IPA\|[ʊˈɣu]}}	'uh-huh'	Usually nasal, {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} is used when spoken. See Russian phonology
{{lang\|ru\|горох же}} / goroh že	{{IPA\|[ɡʌˈroɣ ʐe]}}	'the peas'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/x/}} before voiced consonants.Jones, Daniel & Ward, Dennis (1969) The Phonetics of Russian. Cambridge University Press.
colspan="2" \| Sakha	{{lang\|sah\|аҕа}}/ağa	{{IPA\|[aɣa]}}	'father'
Sardinian	Nuorese dialect	{{lang\|sc\|súghere}}	{{IPA\|[ˈsuɣɛrɛ]}}	'to suck'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}
colspan="2" \| Scottish Gaelic	{{lang\|gd\|laghail\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ɫ̪ɤɣal]}}	'lawful'	More advanced than other velars. See Scottish Gaelic phonology
colspan="2" \| Serbo-Croatian{{Harvcoltxt\|Landau\|Lončarić\|Horga\|Škarić\|1999\|p=67}}	{{lang\|sh-Latn\|ovih bi}}	{{IPA\|[ǒ̞ʋiɣ bi]}}	'of these would'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/x/}} before voiced consonants. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
colspan="2" \| S'gaw Karen	{{lang\|ksw\|ဂ့ၤ\|rtl=yes}}/ghei	{{IPA\|[ɣei]}}	'good'
colspan="2" \| Sindhi	{{lang\|sd\|غم\|rtl=yes}}/camu	{{IPA\|[ɣəmʊ]}}	'sadness'
rowspan="2" \|Slovene \|Standard \|{{lang\|sl\|h gori\|italic=yes}} \|{{IPA\|[ˈɣ‿ɡɔ̀ːɾí]}} \|'to the mountain' \|Allophone of {{IPA\|/x/}} before voiced obstruents. See Slovene phonology
Some dialects	{{lang\|sl\|gajba\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈɣáːjbà]}}	'crate'	Corresponds to {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} in Standard Slovene. See Slovene phonology
rowspan="2" \| Spanish \|	amigo	{{IPA\|[a̠ˈmiɣo̟]}}	'friend'	Ranges from close fricative to approximant.Phonetic studies such as {{Harvcoltxt\|Quilis\|1981}} have found that Spanish voiced stops may surface as spirants with various degrees of constriction. These allophones are not limited to regular fricative articulations, but range from articulations that involve a near complete oral closure to articulations involving a degree of aperture quite close to vocalization Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}, see Spanish phonology
Standard European{{sfnp\|Wetzels\|Mascaró\|2001\|p=224}} \|{{lang\|es\|Predrag}} \|{{IPA\|[ˈpɾe̞ð̞ɾäɣ̞̊]}} \|'Predrag' \|Also described as an approximant. Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} before a pause.{{sfnp\|Wetzels\|Mascaró\|2001\|p=224}} See Spanish phonology
colspan="2" \| Swahili	ghali	{{IPA\|[ɣali]}}	'expensive'
Swedish	Västerbotten Norrland dialects	{{lang\|sv\|meg\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[mɪːɣ]}}	'me'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}. Occurs between vowels and in word-final positions.{{Cite web\|url=https://runeberg.org/nfaq/0347.html\|title = 685-686 (Nordisk familjebok / 1800-talsutgåvan. 17. V - Väring)\|year = 1893}} Here also {{IPA\|/∅/}} in Kalix.
colspan="2" \| Tadaksahak	zog	{{IPA\|[zoɣ]}}	'war'
colspan="2" \| Tajik	{{lang\|tg\|ғафс}}/cafs	{{IPA\|[ɣafs]}}	'thick'
colspan="2" \| Tamazight	aɣilas (aghilas)	{{IPA\|[aɣilas]}}	'leopard'
Tamil \|Brahmin Tamil (non-standard) \|முகம் \|{{IPA\|[muɣəm]}} \|'face' \|Not very common
Turkish	Non-standard	{{lang\|tr\|ağaç\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[aɣat͡ʃ]}}	'tree'	Deleted in most dialects. See Turkish phonology
rowspan="2" \| Tutchone	Northern	{{lang\|ttm\|ihghú\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ihɣǔ]}}	'tooth'
Southern	{{lang\|tce\|ghra\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ɣra]}}	'baby'
colspan="2" \| Tyap	{{lang\|kcg\|ghan\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈɣan]}}	'to hurry'
colspan="2" \|Ukrainian \|чахохбі́лі \|[tʃɐxoɣˈbil⁽ʲ⁾i] \|‘chakhokhbili’ \|Occurs in specific rare cases only.
colspan="2" \| Uzbek{{sfnp\|Sjoberg\|1963\|p=13}}	{{lang\|uz-Cyrl\|ёмғир}} / {{lang\|uz-Latn\|yomgʻir/yamğır}}	{{IPA\|[ʝɒ̜mˈʁ̟ɨɾ̪]}}	'rain'	Post-velar.{{sfnp\|Sjoberg\|1963\|p=13}}
colspan="2" \| Vietnamese{{sfnp\|Thompson\|1959\|pp=458–461}}	{{lang\|vi\|ghế\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ɣe˧˥]}}	'chair'	See Vietnamese phonology
colspan="2" \| West Frisian	{{lang\|fy\|drage\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈdraːɣə]}}	'to carry'	Never occurs in word-initial positions.
Wu Chinese	Northern Wu ({{ill\|Jinsha variety\|zh\|金沙話}})	{{lang\|zh\|合}}	{{IPA\|[ɣuoʔ˨˦]}}	'to join'
Xiang Chinese	Old Xiang ({{ill\|Loudi variety\|zh\|婁底話}})	{{lang\|zh\|湖南}}	{{IPA\|[ɣu˩˧nia˩˧]}}	'Hunan (province)'
colspan="2" \| Yi	{{lang\|ii\|ꊋ}}/{{lang\|ii-Latn\|we}}	{{IPA\|[ɣɤ˧]}}	'win'
colspan="2" \| Zhuang	{{lang\|za\|Lwg roegbit}}	{{IPA\|[lɯ˧ ɣo˧pi˥]}}	'Wild duckling'

Notes

References

{{citation

|last1=Barbosa

|first1=Plínio A.

|last2=Albano

|first2=Eleonora C.

|year=2004

|title=Brazilian Portuguese

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=34

|issue=2

|pages=227–232

|doi=10.1017/S0025100304001756

|doi-access=free

}}

{{citation

|last=Booij

|first=Geert

|year=1999

|title=The phonology of Dutch

|publisher=Oxford University Press

|isbn=0-19-823869-X

}}

{{citation

|last1=Collins

|first1=Beverley

|last2=Mees

|first2=Inger M.

|year=2003

|orig-year=First published 1981

|title=The Phonetics of English and Dutch

|edition= 5th

|place=Leiden

|publisher=Brill Publishers

|isbn=9004103406

}}

{{citation

|last=Cruz-Ferreira

|first=Madalena

|year=1995

|title=European Portuguese

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=25

|issue=2

|pages=90–94

|doi=10.1017/S0025100300005223

|s2cid=249414876

}}

{{citation

|last1=Gussenhoven

|first1=Carlos

|last2=Aarts

|first2=Flor

|year=1999

|title=The dialect of Maastricht

|publisher=University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=29

|issue=2

|pages=155–166

|doi=10.1017/S0025100300006526

|s2cid=145782045

|url=http://gep.ruhosting.nl/carlos/gussenhoven_aarts.pdf

}}

{{citation

|last=Hualde

|first=José Ignacio

|year=1991

|title=Basque phonology

|place=New York

|publisher=Routledge

|isbn=9780203168004

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PBqPPLE2iXEC

}}

{{citation

|last=Kachru

|first=Yamuna

|author-link=Yamuna Kachru

|year=2006

|title=Hindi

|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing

|isbn=90-272-3812-X

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ooH5VfLTQEQC

}}

{{Citation

|last1=Krech

|first1=Eva Maria

|last2=Stock

|first2=Eberhard

|last3=Hirschfeld

|first3=Ursula

|last4=Anders

|first4=Lutz-Christian

|year=2009

|title=Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch

|location=Berlin, New York

|publisher=Walter de Gruyter

|isbn=978-3-11-018202-6

|ref={{harvid|Krech et al.|2009}}

}}

{{citation

|last1=Landau

|first1=Ernestina

|last2=Lončarić

|first2=Mijo

|last3=Horga

|first3=Damir

|last4=Škarić

|first4=Ivo

|year=1999

|chapter=Croatian

|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet

|place=Cambridge

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|isbn=0-521-65236-7

|pages=66–69

}}

{{citation

|last1=Mateus

|first1=Maria Helena

|last2=d'Andrade

|first2=Ernesto

|year=2000

|title=The Phonology of Portuguese

|publisher=Oxford University Press

|isbn=0-19-823581-X

}}

{{citation

|last=Nowikow

|first=Wieczysław

|year=2012

|orig-year=First published 1992

|title=Fonetyka hiszpańska

|edition= 3rd

|place=Warsaw

|publisher=Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN

|isbn=978-83-01-16856-8

}}

{{citation

|last=Okada

|first=Hideo

|year=1999

|chapter=Japanese

|editor=International Phonetic Association

|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet

|pages=117–119

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|isbn=978-0-52163751-0

|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_jpn_phon-2

}}

{{citation

|last=Peters

|first=Jörg

|year=2006

|title=The dialect of Hasselt

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=36

|issue=1

|pages=117–124

|doi=10.1017/S0025100306002428

|doi-access=free

}}

{{citation

|last=Pop

|first=Sever

|year=1938

|title=Micul Atlas Linguistic Român

|publisher=Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj

}}

{{Citation

|last=Quilis

|first=Antonio

|year=1981

|title=Fonética acústica de la lengua española

|publisher=Gredos

|isbn=9788424901325

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XjZdAAAAMAAJ

}}

{{citation

|last1=Shosted

|first1=Ryan K.

|last2=Chikovani

|first2=Vakhtang

|year= 2006

|title=Standard Georgian

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=36

|issue=2

|pages=255–264

|doi=10.1017/S0025100306002659

|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/A7DCF9606BA856FCA5CC25918ADB37EF/S0025100306002659a.pdf/standard_georgian.pdf

|doi-access=free

}}

{{citation

|last=Sjoberg

|first=Andrée F.

|year=1963

|title=Uzbek Structural Grammar

|series=Uralic and Altaic Series

|volume=18

|place=Bloomington

|publisher=Indiana University

}}

{{citation

|last=Thompson

|first=Laurence

|year=1959

|title=Saigon phonemics

|journal=Language

|volume=35

|issue=3

|pages=454–476

|doi=10.2307/411232

|jstor=411232

}}

{{citation

|last=Vanvik

|first=Arne

|year=1979

|title=Norsk fonetikk

|publisher=Universitetet i Oslo

|place=Oslo

|isbn=82-990584-0-6

}}

{{citation

|last=Verhoeven

|first=Jo

|year=2005

|title=Belgian Standard Dutch

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=35

|issue=2

|pages=243–247

|doi=10.1017/S0025100305002173

|doi-access=free

}}

{{citation

|last=Watson

|first=Janet C. E.

|year=2002

|title=The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic

|place=New York

|publisher= Oxford University Press

}}

{{citation

|last1=Wetzels

|first1=W. Leo

|last2=Mascaró

|first2=Joan

|year=2001

|title=The Typology of Voicing and Devoicing

|journal=Language

|volume=77

|issue=2

|pages=207–244

|doi=10.1353/lan.2001.0123

|s2cid=28948663

|url=http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/~prince/hold/wetzels-mascaro.pdf

}}

{{citation

|last=Wheeler

|first=Max W

|year=2005

|title=The Phonology Of Catalan

|place=Oxford

|publisher=Oxford University Press

|isbn=0-19-925814-7

}}

External links

{{phoible|ɣ}}

Category:Fricative consonants

Category:Pulmonic consonants

Category:Voiced oral consonants

Category:Velar consonants

Category:Central consonants

class="wikitable sortable" \|+ ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
colspan="2" \| Abaza	{{lang\|abq\|бгъьы}}/{{lang\|abq-Latn\|bğë}}	{{IPA\|[bɣʲə]}}	'leaf'
colspan="2" \| Adyghe	{{lang\|ady\|чъыгы}}/{{lang\|ady-Latn\|čëğë}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Ady-чъыгы.oga\|[t͡ʂəɣə]}}	'tree'
Albanian \|Arbëresh Moresian (Pelloponesian) dialects of Arvanitika \|gliata \|{{IPA\|[ɣliɑtɑ]}} \|'tall'
colspan="2" \| Alekano	{{lang\|gah\|gamó\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ɣɑmɤʔ]}}	'cucumber'
colspan="2" \| Aleut	{{lang\|ale\|agiitalix}}	{{IPA\|[aɣiːtalix]}}	'with'
colspan="2" \| Angor	{{lang\|agg\|ranihı\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ɾɑniɣə]}}	'brother'
colspan="2" \| Angas	{{lang\|anc\|γür}}	{{IPA\|[ɣyr]}}	'to pick up'
Arabic	Modern Standard{{sfnp\|Watson\|2002\|pp=17 and 19-20}}	{{lang\|ar\|غريب\|rtl=yes}}/{{lang\|ar-Latn\|ğarīb}}	{{Audio-IPA\|نطق كلمة (غريب).wav\|[ɣæˈriːb]}}	'strange'	May be velar, post-velar or uvular, depending on dialect.{{sfnp\|Watson\|2002\|pp=17, 19-20, 35-36 and 38}} See Arabic phonology
colspan="2" \| Aragonese	{{lang\|rup\|augua}}	{{IPA\|[ˈawɣwa]}}	'water'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}
colspan="2" \| Aromanian	{{lang\|rup\|ghini}}	{{IPA\|[ˈɣi.ni]}}	'well'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}
rowspan="2" \| Aramaic	Eastern	rowspan="2" \| {{lang\|aii-Syrc\| ܦܓ̣ܪܐ\|rtl=yes}} {{lang\|aii-Latn\|paġrā}}	{{IPA\|[pʌɣrɑ]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'body'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/x/}} before voiced consonants.
Western	{{IPA\|[fʌɣrɔ]}}
colspan="2" \| Asturian	gadañu	{{IPA\|[ɣaˈd̪ãɲʊ]}}	'scythe'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} in almost all positions
rowspan="2" \| Azerbaijani \| Northern \| {{lang\|az-Latn\|oğul\|italic=yes}} \| rowspan="2" \|{{IPA\|[oɣul]}} \| rowspan="2" \|'son' \| rowspan="2" \|
Southern \|{{lang\|azb\|اوغول\|rtl=yes}}/oğul
colspan="2" \| Basque{{sfnp\|Hualde\|1991\|pp=99–100}}	{{lang\|bas\|hego\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[heɣo]}}	'wing'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}
colspan="2" \| Belarusian	{{lang\|be\|галава/ğalava\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ɣalaˈva]}}	'head'
colspan="2" \| Catalan{{sfnp\|Wheeler\|2005\|p=10}}	{{lang\|ca\|agrat\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[əˈɣɾat]}}	'liking'	Fricative or approximant. Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}. See Catalan phonology
colspan="2" \| Central Alaskan Yup'ik	{{lang\|esu\|auga\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈauːɣa]}}	'his/her/its blood'	Never occurs in word-initial positions.
colspan="2" \| Chechen	гӀала / {{lang\|ce\|ğala\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ɣaːla]}}	'town'
colspan="2" \| Czech	bych byl	{{IPA\|[bɪɣ bɪl]}}	'I would be'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/x/}} before voiced consonants. See Czech phonology. Occurs only in few Moravian dialects and even there it is rather {{IPA\|/ɦ/}}
colspan="2" \|Dàgáárè \| colspan="2" \|[{{IPA\|pɔ́ɣ̆ɔ́}}] \|'woman' \|May be a velar with strong tap-like features.{{cite journal \|last1=Angsongna \|first1=Alexander \|last2=Akinbo \|first2=Samuel \|year=2022 \|title=Dàgáárè (Central) \|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association \|volume=52 \|issue=2 \|pages=341–367 \|doi=10.1017/S0025100320000225 \|s2cid=243402135}}
colspan="2" \| Dinka	ɣo	{{IPA\|[ɣo]}}	'us'
colspan="2" \| Dogrib	{{lang\|dgr\|weqa\|italic=yes}}{{Clarify\|reasin=This spelling does not correspond to orthography in e.g. https://www.tlicho.ca/sites/default/files/A_Dogrib_Dictionary.pdf, which gives wegha meaning for.\|date=May 2024}}	{{IPA\|[weɣa]}}	'for'
rowspan="2" \| Dutch	Standard Belgian{{Harvcoltxt\|Verhoeven\|2005\|p=243}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=191}}	rowspan="2" \| {{lang\|nl\|gaan}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[ɣaːn]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'to go'	rowspan="2" \| May be post-palatal {{IPAblink\|ʝ̠}} instead. See Dutch phonology
Southern accents
rowspan="2" \|English \|Scouse \|{{Lang\|en\|grass}} \|[ɣrɑ:s] \|'grass' \|Allophone of {{IPA\|/g/}}. See British English phonology{{Cite book \|last=Watson \|first=Kevin \|title=Illustrations of the IPA: Liverpool English \|publisher=Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 \|year=2007 \|edition=Cambridge University Press \|pages=351–360}}
Northumbrian \|{{example needed\|date=August 2016}} \| \| \|Burr{{Cite book \|last=Wells \|first=John C. \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a3-ElL71fikC \|title=Accents of English 2: The British Isles \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|year=1982 \|isbn=0-521-24224-X \|location=Cambridge \|page=368 \|author-link=John C. Wells}}
colspan="2" \| Georgian{{sfnp\|Shosted\|Chikovani\|2006\|p=255}}	{{lang\|ka\|ღარიბი}}/ğaribi	{{IPA\|[ɣɑribi]}}	'poor'	May actually be post-velar or uvular
German{{Harvcoltxt\|Krech et al.\|2009\|p=108}}{{cite web\|author=Sylvia Moosmüller\|year=2007\|title=Vowels in Standard Austrian German: An Acoustic-Phonetic and Phonological Analysis\|url=http://www.kfs.oeaw.ac.at/publications/habil_2007may28_tableofcontents_zus_final.pdf\|access-date=March 9, 2013\|page=6}}	Austrian	{{lang\|de\|damalige}}	{{IPA\|[ˈdaːmaːlɪɣə]}}	'former'	Intervocalic allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} or {{IPA\|/r/}} in casual speech.{{cite journal \|last1=Ulbrich \|first1=Christiane \|last2=Ulbrich \|first2=Horst \|title=The Realisation of /r/ in Swiss German and Austrian German \|journal=ICPhS XVI \|date=2007 \|access-date=17 April 2025 \|url=http://icphs2007.de/conference/Papers/1535/1535.pdf}} See Standard German phonology
colspan="2" \| Ghari	{{lang\|gri\|cheghe\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[tʃeɣe]}}	'five'
colspan="2" \| Greek	γάλα/gála	{{IPA\|[ˈɣala]}}	'milk'	See Modern Greek phonology
colspan="2" \| Gujarati	વાઘણ/vağaŕn	{{IPA\|[ʋɑ̤̈ɣəɽ̃]}}	'tigress'	See Gujarati phonology
colspan="2" \| Gweno	ndeghe \|{{IPA\|[ndeɣe]}}	'bird'
colspan="2" \| Gwich’in	{{lang\|gwi\|videeghàn\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[viteːɣân]}}	'his/her chest'
colspan="2" \| Haitian Creole	{{lang\|ht\|diri\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[diɣi]}}	'rice'
colspan="2" \| Hän	{{lang\|ath\|dëgëghor\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[təkəɣor]}}	'I am playing'
rowspan="2" \| Hebrew	Classical	{{lang\|he\|מִגְדָּל\|rtl=yes}}/miğdol	{{IPA\|[miɣdɔl]}}	'[a] tower'
Some Modern speakers (usually with a difficulty pronouncing {{IPA\|[ʁ]}}) \|{{lang\|he\|שׁוֹמֵר\|rtl=yes}}/shomer \|{{IPA\|[ʃo̞ˈme̞ɣ]}} \|'[a male] guard', '[he] guards' \|{{IPA\|[ʃo̞ˈme̞ʁ]}} by other Modern speakers
rowspan="2" \| Hindustani \| Hindi{{sfnp\|Kachru\|2006\|p=20}} \|{{lang\|hi\|ग़रीब/garib}} \| rowspan="2" \|{{Audio-IPA\|LL-Q1617 (urd)-Syamantak07-غريب.wav\|[ɣ̄əriːb]}} \| rowspan="2" \|'poor' \| rowspan="2" \| Post-velar,{{sfnp\|Kachru\|2006\|p=20}} conservative Hindi speakers usually replace it with {{IPA\|/g/}}. See Hindustani phonology
Urdu \|{{lang\|ur\|غریب/gharib\|rtl=yes}}
colspan="2" \| Icelandic	{{lang\|is\|saga\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈsaːɣa]}}	'saga'	See Icelandic phonology
colspan="2" \| Irish	{{lang\|ga\|a dhorn\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ə ɣoːɾˠn̪ˠ]}}	'his fist'	See Irish phonology
colspan="2" \| Istro-Romanian{{sfnp\|Pop\|1938\|p=30}}	{{lang\|ruo\|gură\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈɣurə]}}	'mouth'	Corresponds to {{IPAblink\|ɡ}}{{fix\|text=in which environments?}} in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
colspan="2" \| Iwaidja	colspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[mulaɣa]}}	'hermit crab'
colspan="2" \| Japanese{{sfnp\|Okada\|1999\|p=118}}	{{lang\|ja\|はげ}}/{{lang\|ja-Latn\|hage}}	{{IPA\|[haɣe]}}	'baldness'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}, especially in fast or casual speech. See Japanese phonology
rowspan="2" \| Judeo-Spanish \| \|gato \|[ˈɣ̞ato̪]{{Citation \|title=Manual of Romance Phonetics and Phonology \|date=2021-11-22 \|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110550283/html \|access-date=2023-12-17 \|publisher=De Gruyter \|language=en \|doi=10.1515/9783110550283 \|isbn=978-3-11-055028-3\|hdl=1983/44e3b3cd-164e-496b-a7a6-6b3a492e4c48 \|hdl-access=free \|editor-last1=Gabriel \|editor-last2=Gess \|editor-last3=Meisenburg \|editor-first1=Christoph \|editor-first2=Randall \|editor-first3=Trudel }} \|'cat' \|
Haketia \|gher \|[ɣeɾ] \|'only' \| appears as a phoneme in words from Arabic''{{Cite web \|title=Differential Impact of Arabic on Haketia and Turkish on Judezmo \|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301683640\|language=en}}
colspan="2" \| Kabardian	гын/gyn	{{Audio-IPA\|гын.ogg\|[ɣən]}}	'powder'
colspan="2" \| Komering	harong	{{IPA\|[haɣoŋ]}}	'charcoal'
colspan="2" \| Lezgian	{{lang\|lez\|гъел}}/ğel	{{IPA\|[ɣel]}}	'sleigh'
rowspan="2" \| Lhaovo	Dago’	{{lang\|mhx\|qid\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ɣìt]}} \| rowspan="2" \| 'water' \| rowspan="2" \|
Yunnan		{{IPA\|[ɣək˧˩]}}
colspan="2" \| Limburgish{{Harvcoltxt\|Gussenhoven\|Aarts\|1999\|p=159}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Peters\|2006\|p=119}}	{{lang\|li\|gaw}}	{{IPA\|[ɣɑ̟β̞]}}	'quick'	The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Lishan Didan \|Urmi Dialect \|עוטג/otogh \|{{IPA\|[ˠotʰoɣ]}} \|'room' \|Generally post-velar
colspan="2" \| Lithuanian	humoras	{{IPA\|[ˈɣʊmɔrɐs̪]}}	'humor'	Preferred over [ɦ]. See Lithuanian phonology
colspan="2" \| Low GermanR.E. Keller, German Dialects. Phonology and Morphology, Manchester 1960	gaan	{{IPA\|[ˈɣɔ̃ːn]}}	'to go'	Increasingly replaced with High German {{IPA\|[ɡ]}}
rowspan="2" \| Macedonian	Berovo accent	{{lang\|mk\|дувна\|italic=yes}}/duvna	{{IPA\|[ˈduɣna]}}	'it blew'	Corresponds to etymological {{IPA\|/x/}} of other dialects, before sonorants. See Maleševo-Pirin dialect and Macedonian phonology
Bukovo accent	{{lang\|mk\|глава\|italic=yes}}/glava	{{IPA\|[ˈɡɣa(v)a]}}	'head'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/l/}} instead of usual {{IPAblink\|ɫ}}. See Prilep-Bitola dialect
rowspan="7" \| Malay	Standard	{{lang\|ms\|ghaib}}	{{IPA\|[ɣai̯b]}}	'unseen'	Mostly in loanwords from Arabic. Indonesians tend to replace the sound with {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}.
Johor-Riau \| rowspan="6" \|{{lang\|ms\|ramai\|italic=yes}} \|{{IPA\|[ɣamai̯]}} \| rowspan="6" \|'crowded (with people)' \|/r/ before a vowel was traditionally a [{{IPA\|ɣ}}] but now the alveolar tap [{{IPA link\|ɾ}}] is quite common amongst younger speakers possibly due to influence by Standard Malay. See Malay phonology
Kelantan-Pattani	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[ɣamaː]}}	rowspan="5" \| {{IPAslink\|r}} in Standard Malay is barely articulated in almost all of the Malay dialects in Malaysia. Usually it is uttered as guttural R at initial and medial position of a word. See Malay phonology
Terengganu
Negeri Sembilan	{{IPA\|[ɣamai̯]}}
Pahang	{{IPA\|[ɣamɛ̃ː]}}
Sarawak	{{IPA\|[ɣamɛː]}}
Mandarin Chinese	Central Mandarin (Dongping dialect)	{{lang\|zh\|俺}}/ngǎn	{{IPA\|[ɣän˥]}}	'I'
colspan="2" \| Mi'kmaq	{{lang\|mic\|nisaqan}}	{{IPA\|[nisaɣan]}}	'weir'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/x/}} between sonorants. See {{Section link\|Mi'kmaq language\|Phonology}}.
colspan="2" \| Navajo	{{lang\|nv\|’aghá\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ʔaɣa]}}	'best'
Neapolitan \|Central Lucanian (Accettura dialect) \|chiahäte \|{{IPA\|[kjaˈɣɜ tə]}}{{Cite book \|last=Volpi \|first=Luigi \|title=La lingua dei Masciaioli - Dizionario del dialetto di Accettua cittadina lucana in Prov. di Matera \|publisher=EditricErmes \|year=2011 \|isbn= \|location=Potenza (Italy) \|pages=92 \|language=IT}}{{ISBN?}} \|'wounded' \|Corresponds to /g/ in Standard Italian. The example "chiahäte" translates to "piagato" in Italian.
colspan="2" \|Nepali \|{{Lang\|ne\|कागज/kağdz}} \|{{IPA\|[käɣʌ(d)z]}} \|'paper' \|Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} and {{IPA\|/ɡʱ/}} in intervocalic positions. See Nepali phonology
Ngwe	Mmockngie dialect		{{IPA\|[nøɣə̀]}}	'sun'
colspan="2" \| Northern Qiang	hhnesh	{{IPA\|[ɣnəʂ]}}	'February'
Norwegian	Urban East{{sfnp\|Vanvik\|1979\|p=40}}	{{lang\|no\|å ha\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ɔ ˈɣɑː]}}	'to have'	Possible allophone of {{IPA\|/h/}} between two back vowels; can be voiceless {{IPAblink\|x}} instead.{{sfnp\|Vanvik\|1979\|p=40}} See Norwegian phonology
Occitan	Gascon	{{lang\|oc\|digoc\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[diˈɣuk]}}	'said' (3rd pers. sg.)
colspan="2" \| Okanagan	{{lang\|oka\|ɣəɣicɣc}}	{{IPA\|[ɣəɣitʃɣtʃ]}}	'Sparrow hawk'
colspan="2" \| Pashto	غاتر/ğatër	{{IPA\|[ɣɑtər]}}	'mule'
colspan="2" \| Pela	colspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[ɣɔ˥]}}	'to rain'
colspan="2" \| Persian	باغ/bāq	{{IPA\|[bɒːɣ]}}	'garden'
colspan="2" \| Polish	{{lang\|pl\|niechże\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈɲɛɣʐɛ]}}	'let' (imperative particle)	Allophone of {{IPA\|/x/}} before voiced consonants. See Polish phonology
rowspan="2" \| Portuguese	European{{sfnp\|Cruz-Ferreira\|1995\|p=92}}{{sfnp\|Mateus\|d'Andrade\|2000\|p=11}}	{{lang\|pt\|agora}}	{{IPA\|[ɐˈɣɔɾɐ]}}	'now'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}. See Portuguese phonology
Some Brazilian dialects{{sfnp\|Barbosa\|Albano\|2004\|p=228}}	mármore	{{IPA\|[ˈmaɣmuɾi]}}	'marble', 'sill'	Allophone of rhotic consonant (voiced equivalent to {{IPA\|[x]}}, itself allophone of {{IPA\|/ʁ/}}) between voiced sounds, most often as coda before voiced consonants.
rowspan="2" \| Punjabi \| Gurmukhi \| ਗ਼ਰੀਬ/*carib* \| rowspan="2" \|{{IPA\|[ɣ̄əriːb]}} \| rowspan="2" \|'poor' \| rowspan="2" \| Less frequent in Gurmukhi varieties where it may be replaced by {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}.
Shahmukhi \|{{lang\|pa\|غریب\|rtl=yes}}/*ġarrīb*
colspan="2" \| Romani	γoines	{{IPA\|[ɣoines]}}	'good'
rowspan="3" \| Russian	Southern	дорога/doroga	{{IPA\|[dɐˈro̞ɣə]}}	'road'	Corresponds to {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} in standard
rowspan="2" \| Standard	угу/ugu	{{IPA\|[ʊˈɣu]}}	'uh-huh'	Usually nasal, {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} is used when spoken. See Russian phonology
{{lang\|ru\|горох же}} / goroh že	{{IPA\|[ɡʌˈroɣ ʐe]}}	'the peas'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/x/}} before voiced consonants.Jones, Daniel & Ward, Dennis (1969) The Phonetics of Russian. Cambridge University Press.
colspan="2" \| Sakha	{{lang\|sah\|аҕа}}/ağa	{{IPA\|[aɣa]}}	'father'
Sardinian	Nuorese dialect	{{lang\|sc\|súghere}}	{{IPA\|[ˈsuɣɛrɛ]}}	'to suck'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}
colspan="2" \| Scottish Gaelic	{{lang\|gd\|laghail\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ɫ̪ɤɣal]}}	'lawful'	More advanced than other velars. See Scottish Gaelic phonology
colspan="2" \| Serbo-Croatian{{Harvcoltxt\|Landau\|Lončarić\|Horga\|Škarić\|1999\|p=67}}	{{lang\|sh-Latn\|ovih bi}}	{{IPA\|[ǒ̞ʋiɣ bi]}}	'of these would'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/x/}} before voiced consonants. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
colspan="2" \| S'gaw Karen	{{lang\|ksw\|ဂ့ၤ\|rtl=yes}}/ghei	{{IPA\|[ɣei]}}	'good'
colspan="2" \| Sindhi	{{lang\|sd\|غم\|rtl=yes}}/camu	{{IPA\|[ɣəmʊ]}}	'sadness'
rowspan="2" \|Slovene \|Standard \|{{lang\|sl\|h gori\|italic=yes}} \|{{IPA\|[ˈɣ‿ɡɔ̀ːɾí]}} \|'to the mountain' \|Allophone of {{IPA\|/x/}} before voiced obstruents. See Slovene phonology
Some dialects	{{lang\|sl\|gajba\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈɣáːjbà]}}	'crate'	Corresponds to {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} in Standard Slovene. See Slovene phonology
rowspan="2" \| Spanish \|	amigo	{{IPA\|[a̠ˈmiɣo̟]}}	'friend'	Ranges from close fricative to approximant.Phonetic studies such as {{Harvcoltxt\|Quilis\|1981}} have found that Spanish voiced stops may surface as spirants with various degrees of constriction. These allophones are not limited to regular fricative articulations, but range from articulations that involve a near complete oral closure to articulations involving a degree of aperture quite close to vocalization Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}, see Spanish phonology
Standard European{{sfnp\|Wetzels\|Mascaró\|2001\|p=224}} \|{{lang\|es\|Predrag}} \|{{IPA\|[ˈpɾe̞ð̞ɾäɣ̞̊]}} \|'Predrag' \|Also described as an approximant. Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} before a pause.{{sfnp\|Wetzels\|Mascaró\|2001\|p=224}} See Spanish phonology
colspan="2" \| Swahili	ghali	{{IPA\|[ɣali]}}	'expensive'
Swedish	Västerbotten Norrland dialects	{{lang\|sv\|meg\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[mɪːɣ]}}	'me'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɡ/}}. Occurs between vowels and in word-final positions.{{Cite web\|url=https://runeberg.org/nfaq/0347.html\|title = 685-686 (Nordisk familjebok / 1800-talsutgåvan. 17. V - Väring)\|year = 1893}} Here also {{IPA\|/∅/}} in Kalix.
colspan="2" \| Tadaksahak	zog	{{IPA\|[zoɣ]}}	'war'
colspan="2" \| Tajik	{{lang\|tg\|ғафс}}/cafs	{{IPA\|[ɣafs]}}	'thick'
colspan="2" \| Tamazight	aɣilas (aghilas)	{{IPA\|[aɣilas]}}	'leopard'
Tamil \|Brahmin Tamil (non-standard) \|முகம் \|{{IPA\|[muɣəm]}} \|'face' \|Not very common
Turkish	Non-standard	{{lang\|tr\|ağaç\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[aɣat͡ʃ]}}	'tree'	Deleted in most dialects. See Turkish phonology
rowspan="2" \| Tutchone	Northern	{{lang\|ttm\|ihghú\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ihɣǔ]}}	'tooth'
Southern	{{lang\|tce\|ghra\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ɣra]}}	'baby'
colspan="2" \| Tyap	{{lang\|kcg\|ghan\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈɣan]}}	'to hurry'
colspan="2" \|Ukrainian \|чахохбі́лі \|[tʃɐxoɣˈbil⁽ʲ⁾i] \|‘chakhokhbili’ \|Occurs in specific rare cases only.
colspan="2" \| Uzbek{{sfnp\|Sjoberg\|1963\|p=13}}	{{lang\|uz-Cyrl\|ёмғир}} / {{lang\|uz-Latn\|yomgʻir/yamğır}}	{{IPA\|[ʝɒ̜mˈʁ̟ɨɾ̪]}}	'rain'	Post-velar.{{sfnp\|Sjoberg\|1963\|p=13}}
colspan="2" \| Vietnamese{{sfnp\|Thompson\|1959\|pp=458–461}}	{{lang\|vi\|ghế\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ɣe˧˥]}}	'chair'	See Vietnamese phonology
colspan="2" \| West Frisian	{{lang\|fy\|drage\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈdraːɣə]}}	'to carry'	Never occurs in word-initial positions.
Wu Chinese	Northern Wu ({{ill\|Jinsha variety\|zh\|金沙話}})	{{lang\|zh\|合}}	{{IPA\|[ɣuoʔ˨˦]}}	'to join'
Xiang Chinese	Old Xiang ({{ill\|Loudi variety\|zh\|婁底話}})	{{lang\|zh\|湖南}}	{{IPA\|[ɣu˩˧nia˩˧]}}	'Hunan (province)'
colspan="2" \| Yi	{{lang\|ii\|ꊋ}}/{{lang\|ii-Latn\|we}}	{{IPA\|[ɣɤ˧]}}	'win'
colspan="2" \| Zhuang	{{lang\|za\|Lwg roegbit}}	{{IPA\|[lɯ˧ ɣo˧pi˥]}}	'Wild duckling'

voiced velar fricative

Features

Occurrence

See also

Notes

References

External links