Gabriel's Revelation

Gabriel's Revelation is a gray{{sfn|Knohl|2009|p=xiv}} micritic limestone{{sfn|Goren|2008|p=224}} tablet with 87 lines of Hebrew text{{sfn|Knohl|2009|p=xiv}} written in ink.{{sfn|Novenson|2017|p=176}} It measures 37 centimeters{{sfn|Knohl|2009|p=xiv}}{{sfn|Yardeni|Elizur|2011|p=11}} (width) by 93{{sfn|Knohl|2009|p=xiv}} or 96{{sfn|Yardeni|Elizur|2011|p=11}} centimeters (height). While the front of the stone is polished, the back is rough, suggesting it was mounted in a wall.{{sfn|Yardeni|Elizur|2011|p=12}}

The writing is a collection of short prophecies written in the first person by someone identifying as Gabriel to someone else in the second person singular.{{sfn|Yardeni|Elizur|2011|p=17}}

The writing has been dated to the 1st century BCE or the early 1st century CE by its script and language.{{sfn|Novenson|2017|p=176f}}{{sfn|Yardeni|2008|p=60}}{{sfn|Henze|2011a|p=xii}}{{sfn|Yardeni|Elizur|2011}} David Hamidovic's analysis instead suggests a date after {{CE|50}}.{{sfn|Hamidovic|2012}}{{sfn|Elgvin|2014|p=16}} A physical analysis of the stone found no evidence of modern treatment of the surface, and found the attached soil most consistent with the area east of the Lisan Peninsula of the Dead Sea.{{sfn|Goren|2008|p=228f}}

The text as a whole is unknown from other sources;{{sfn|Yardeni|Elizur|2011|p=11}} it is fragmentary, so the meaning is quite uncertain.{{sfn|Novenson|2017|p=177}}{{sfn|Witherington|2010|p=211}}{{sfn|Collins|2015}} It is considered very similar to the Dead Sea scrolls.{{sfn|Yardeni|2008|p=60}} The artifact is relatively rare in its use of ink on stone.{{sfn|Novenson|2017|p=176}}{{sfn|Yardeni|2008|p=60}}{{sfn|Bronner|2008}}

Scholars have characterized the genre of Gabriel's Revelation as prophetic,{{sfn|Yardeni|Elizur|2011|p=12}} although biblical Hebrew scholar{{sfn|Schniedewind|2005|loc=Section 3.8}}{{sfn|Gaines|2015|p=68}}{{sfn|Byun|2017|p=7}} Ian Young expresses surprise that it does not use Hebrew language characteristic of biblical prophetic texts.{{sfn|Young|2013}} Other scholars describe its genre as a revelatory dialogue similar to 4 Ezra or 2 Baruch{{sfn|Henze|2011b}} or even as an apocalypse.{{sfn|Henze|2011b|p=129}}{{sfn|Collins|2015}}

The unprovenanced tablet was reportedly found by a Bedouin man in Jordan on the eastern banks of the Dead Sea around the year 2000.{{sfn|Estrin|2013}} It was owned by Ghassan Rihani, a Jordanian antiquities dealer working in Jordan and London, who sold it to David Jeselsohn, a Swiss–Israeli collector.{{sfn|Estrin|2013}}{{sfn|Jeselsohn|2011}} At the time of his purchase, Jeselsohn says that he was unaware of its significance.{{sfn|Jeselsohn|2011}}{{ Cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1820685,00.html | title=Was Jesus' Resurrection a Sequel? | last=van Biema | first=David |author2=Tim McGirk | date=7 July 2008 | magazine=Time | access-date=7 July 2008}} Lenny Wolfe, an antiquities dealer in Jerusalem, reports having seen it prior to Rihani obtaining possession of it.{{sfn|Estrin|2013}} Expert Hebrew paleographer and epigrapher{{sfn|Dimant|Kottsieper|2012|p=239}}{{sfn|Terry|2013|p=551}}{{sfn|Evans|2003|p=116}} Ada Yardeni reports that she first saw photographs of the tablet in 2003.{{sfn|Yardeni|Elizur|2011|p=11}}

The first scholarly description of the find and the editio princeps of the text{{sfn|Novenson|2017|p=176}}{{sfn|Henze|2011a|p=xii}}{{sfn|Knohl|2008b}} was published in April 2007 in an article written by Yardeni in consultation with Binyamin Elizur.{{sfn|Yardeni|Elizur|2011|p=11}}{{efn|Elizur is a specialist on the {{CE|9th century}} Pesikta Rabbati {{harv|Septimus|2015|p=153}}.}} Yardeni gave the writing the name "Hazon Gabriel".{{sfn|Yardeni|2008|ps=

 "It was written in the first person, perhaps by someone named Gabriel ('I Gabriel', line 77), so I have named the text 'Gabriel's Vision{{'"}}}}

{{As of|2011}}, the stone was located in Zurich.{{sfn|Yardeni|Elizur|2011|p=12}} In 2013, the stone was loaned to the Israel Museum to be displayed in an exhibit there.{{sfn|Estrin|2013}}

The stone has received wide attention in the media{{sfn|Collins|2015|p=127}}{{sfn|Henze|2011a|p=6,99}} starting in July 2008, primarily due to Israel Knohl's interpretations.{{sfn|Halkin|2008}}

Most scholars have tentatively accepted it to be authentic,{{sfn|Hutchinson|2015|p=117}}{{sfn|Bronner|2008}} although Årstein Justnes, a biblical studies professor,{{cite web |title=Årstein Justnes CV |url=https://arsteinjustnes.academia.edu/cv |language=no}}{{cite web|url=https://www.uia.no/en/kk/profile/arsteinj|title = Årstein Justnes}} has published a refutation of its authenticity.{{sfn|Justnes|2015}}{{sfn|Justnes|Rasmussen|2020}} Doubts have further been expressed by Kenneth Atkinson{{sfn|Atkinson|2018}} and Jonathan Klawans.{{sfn | Klawans | 2018 | pp=489–501}}

Hillel Halkin in his blog in The New York Sun wrote that it "would seem to be in many ways a typical late-Second-Temple-period eschatological text" and expressed doubts that it provided anything "sensationally new" on Christianity's origins in Judaism.{{sfn|Halkin|2008}}

{{quote box|width=40em|align=right|title=Translations of line 80 |content={{Bulleted list|

|"In three days, live, I Gabriel com[mand] yo[u]" ({{harvnb|Knohl|2008c}})

|"In three days the sign will be [given]. I am Gabriel ..." ({{harvnb|Qimron|Yuditsky|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GWgc2zexTIIC&pg=PA36 36]}})

|"In three days ..., I, Gabriel ... [?]" ({{harvnb|Yardeni|Elizur|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GWgc2zexTIIC&lpg=PA11&pg=PA17 17]}} )

|"By three days, the sign. I Gabriel ..." ({{harvnb|Knohl|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GWgc2zexTIIC&pg=PA59 59]}})

}}}}

The finding has caused controversy among scholars.{{sfn|Collins|2015|p=128}} Israel Knohl, an expert in Talmudic and biblical language at Jerusalem's Hebrew University, translated line 80 of the inscription as "In three days, live, I Gabriel com[mand] yo[u]".{{sfn|Knohl|2008c}}{{sfn|Knohl|2007}} He interpreted this as a command from the angel Gabriel to rise from the dead within three days, and understood the recipient of this command to be Simon of Peraea, a Jewish rebel who was killed by the Romans in {{BCE|4}}.{{sfn|Knohl|2007}} Knohl asserted that the finding "calls for a complete reassessment of all previous scholarship on the subject of messianism, Jewish and Christian alike".{{sfn|Knohl|2007}} In 2008, Ada Yardeni was reported to have agreed with Knohl's reading.https://web.archive.org/web/20080820180906/http://www.bib-arch.org/news/dss-in-stone-news.asp Note: compare with archive from the day prior. Ben Witherington noted that the word Knohl translated as "rise" could alternately mean "show up".

Other scholars, however, reconstructed the faint writing on the stone as a different word entirely, rejecting Knohl's reading.{{sfn|Bar-Asher|2008|p=500-502}}{{sfn|Henze|2011a}} Instead, Ronald Hendel's (#{{sfnref) reading of "In three days, the sign ..." has gained widespread support.{{sfn|Koller|2014}} In 2011, Knohl accepted that "sign" is a more probable reading than "live", although he maintains that "live" is a possible reading.{{sfn|Novenson|2017|p=178f}}{{sfn|Knohl|2011|p=43|loc=n. 12}}{{sfn|Hutchinson|2015|p=118}} However, the meaning of the phrase in the currently accepted reading is still unclear.{{sfn|Koller|2014}}

Knohl still maintains the historical background of the inscription to be as mentioned above. He now views Simon's death, according to the inscription, as "an essential part of the redemptive process. The blood of the slain messiah paves the way for the final salvation".{{sfn|Knohl|2011|p=47-48}}

David Hamidovic suggests it was written in the context of the Roman Emperor Titus’ siege of Jerusalem in {{CE|70}}.{{sfn|Hamidovic|2012}}{{sfn|Elgvin|2014|p=16}}

Gabriel's Revelation is considered important for broader scholarly discussion about Jewish messianic expectations in the Second Temple Period, specifically the themes of the suffering messiah and the Messiah ben Joseph, both of which are otherwise believed to be later developments.{{sfn|Aus|2015|p=90-91}}{{sfn|Hutchinson|2015|p=119f}} as well as the Davidic messiah.{{sfn|Collins|2015}}

The Hebrew text and translation are available in several editions: {{harvtxt|Yardeni|Elizur|2007}},{{efn|{{harvtxt|Yardeni|Elizur|2007}} includes only the Hebrew text. The English translation was first published in {{harvtxt|Yardeni|2008}}. The Hebrew and English were republished in {{harvtxt|Yardeni|Elizur|2011|pp=13–17}}, with a note from the authors that {{harvtxt|Qimron|Yuditsky|2009}} contained "important corrections ... to our reading", some of which were included in that edition {{harv|Yardeni|Elizur|2011|p=11}}.}} {{harvtxt|Knohl|2008c}}, {{harvtxt|Qimron|Yuditsky|2009}}, {{harvtxt|Knohl|2011}}, and {{harvtxt|Elgvin|2014}}. Photographs of the stone are printed in {{harvtxt|Henze|2011a|pp=189–194}}. Newer high resolution images are available from the InscriptiFact Digital Image Library.http://inscriptifact.com/ moved temporarily to https://digitallibrary.usc.edu/Archive/InscriptiFact----an-image-database-of-inscriptions-and-artifacts-2A3BF1OL6PW

Detailed linguistic studies have been performed by {{harvtxt|Bar-Asher|2008}}, {{harvtxt|Rendsburg|2011}}, and {{harvtxt|Young|2013}}.

{{notelist}}

{{reflist}}

{{refbegin|40em}}

• {{cite journal |last=Atkinson |first=Kenneth |date=2018 |title=The Gabriel Revelation (Hazon Gabriel): A Reused Masseba Forgery? |journal=Qumran Chronicle |location=Moligany, Poland |publisher=The Enigma Press |issn=0867-8715 |volume=26 |number=3 |pages=113–127 |url=https://www.academia.edu/40999787 }}
• {{cite book |last=Aus |first=Roger D. |chapter=Jesus as a Nazirite in Mark 14:25 par., and Joseph's reunion meal in Judaic tradition |editor-last=Evans |editor-first=Craig A. |editor-last2=Johnston |editor-first2=J.J. |title=Searching the Scriptures: Studies in Context and Intertextuality |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |series=The Library of New Testament Studies |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-567-66383-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9O-ECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |page=81ff }}
• {{cite journal |last=Bar-Asher |first=Moshe |title=On the Language of 'The Vision of Gabriel' |journal=Revue de Qumran |volume=23 |number=4 |year=2008 |pages=491–524 |jstor=24663069 }}
• {{cite news |last=Bronner |first=Ethan |author-link=Ethan Bronner |date=6 July 2008 |title=Ancient Tablet Ignites Debate on Messiah and Resurrection |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/06/world/middleeast/06stone.html |access-date=29 September 2017 }}
• {{cite book |last=Byun |first=Seulgi L. |title=The Influence of Post-Biblical Hebrew and Aramaic on the Translator of Septuagint Isaiah |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |series=The Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-567-67239-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zpmqDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 }}
• {{cite book |last=Collins |first=J.J. |chapter=Gabriel and David: Some reflections on an enigmatic text |title=Apocalypse, Prophecy, and Pseudepigraphy: On Jewish Apocalyptic Literature |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4674-4383-8 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wdofCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA127 |page=127ff }}
• {{cite book |last1=Dimant |first1=D. |last2=Kottsieper |first2=I. |title=The Dead Sea Scrolls in Scholarly Perspective: A History of Research |publisher=Brill |series=Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah |year=2012 |isbn=978-90-04-20806-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i6AQwnnEi6wC&pg=PA239 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Elgvin |first=Torleif |year=2014 |title=Eschatology and Messianism in the Gabriel Inscription |journal=Journal of the Jesus Movement in Its Jewish Setting from the First to the Seventh Century |volume=1 |pages=5–25 |url=http://www.jjmjs.org/uploads/1/1/9/0/11908749/elgvin_gabriel_inscription.pdf |access-date=29 September 2017 }} {{small|This paper reworks and combines Elgvin's prior work on the Gabriel Revelation.}}
• {{cite news |first=Daniel |last=Estrin |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/jerusalem-unveils-mysterious-hebrew-stone |title=Mysterious Hebrew stone displayed in Jerusalem |agency=Associated Press |date=30 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503093324/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/jerusalem-unveils-mysterious-hebrew-stone |archive-date=3 May 2013}}
• {{cite book |last=Evans |first=Craig A. |author-link=Craig A. Evans |title=Jesus and the Ossuaries |publisher=Baylor University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-918954-88-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=beoorz4Jk3sC&pg=PA116 }}
• {{cite book |last=Gaines |first=J.M.H. |title=The Poetic Priestly Source |publisher=Augsburg Fortress, Publishers |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-5064-0046-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pnHhCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Goren |first=Yuval |year=2008 |title=Micromorphologic Examination of the 'Gabriel Revelation' Stone |journal=Israel Exploration Journal |volume=58 |number=2 |pages=220–229 |jstor=27927206}}
• {{cite magazine |last=Halkin |first=Hillel |date=8 July 2008 |title=Blurry 'Vision of Gabriel' |magazine=The New York Sun |url=https://www.nysun.com/opinion/blurry-vision-of-gabriel/81384/ |access-date=14 October 2021 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Hamidovic |first=David |year=2012 |title=An Eschatological Drama in Hazon Gabriel: Fantasy or Historical Background? |journal=Semitica |volume=54 |pages=233–250 |id=oai:serval.unil.ch:BIB_11BDA2887951 |issn=0373-630X }}
• {{cite magazine |last=Hendel |first=Ronald |year=2009 |title=The messiah son of Joseph: Simply sign |url=https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/scholars-study/the-messiah-son-of-joseph/ |magazine=Biblical Archaeology Review |volume=35 |issue=1 |page=8 }}
• {{cite book |editor-last=Henze |editor-first=Matthias |title=Hazon Gabriel: New readings of the Gabriel Revelation |publisher=Brill |series=Early Judaism and its literature |year=2011a |isbn=978-1-58983-541-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWgc2zexTIIC }} [https://www.sbl-site.org/assets/pdfs/pubs/063529P.front.pdf Table of contents and preface]
• {{cite book |last=Henze |first=Matthias |chapter=Some Observations on the Hazon Gabriel |pages=113–29 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/download/36222284/Henze.Hazon_Gabriel.PDF |access-date=29 September 2017 |editor-last=Henze |editor-first=Matthias |title=Hazon Gabriel: New readings of the Gabriel Revelation |publisher=Brill |series=Early Judaism and its literature |year=2011b |isbn=978-1-58983-541-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWgc2zexTIIC&pg=PA113 }}
• {{cite book |last=Hutchinson |first=R.J. |title=Searching for Jesus: New Discoveries in the Quest for Jesus of Nazareth—and How They Confirm the Gospel Accounts |publisher=Thomas Nelson |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-7180-1849-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=09dhCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA117 }}
• {{cite book |last=Jeselsohn |first=David |chapter=The Jeselsohn Stone: Discovery and Publication |pages=1–10 |editor-last=Henze |editor-first=Matthias |title=Hazon Gabriel: New readings of the Gabriel Revelation |publisher=Brill |series=Early Judaism and its literature |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-58983-541-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWgc2zexTIIC&pg=PA1 }}
• {{cite book |last=Justnes |first=Årstein |date=16 January 2015 |chapter=Hazon Gabriel: A Modern Forgery? |title=Material Philology in the Dead Sea Scrolls: New Approaches for New Text Editions: Proceedings of the International Conference at the University of Copenhagen, 3–5 April, 2014 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/24056084 |access-date=29 September 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Also published as {{cite speech |last=Justnes |first=Årstein |date=16 January 2015 |title=Hazon Gabriel: A Modern Forgery? |event=Holy Scriptures Forum |location=Norway |publisher=University of Agder |url=http://scriptures.typepad.com/nytestamentlig-fagforum/2014/12/ |access-date=29 September 2017 |ref=none }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Justnes |first1=Årstein |last2=Rasmussen |first2=Josephine Munch |year=2020 |title=Hazon Gabriel: A Display of Negligence |journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |volume=384 |pages=69–76 |s2cid=225553689 |doi=10.1086/709464}}
• {{cite journal | last=Klawans | first=Jonathan | title=Deceptive Intentions: Forgeries, Falsehoods and the Study of Ancient Judaism | journal=Jewish Quarterly Review | publisher=Project Muse | volume=108 | issue=4 | year=2018 | issn=1553-0604 | doi=10.1353/jqr.2018.0030 | pages=489–501| s2cid=165452745 | doi-access=free }}
• {{cite news |last=Knohl |first=Israel |author-link=Israel Knohl |title=In three days, you shall live |work=Haaretz |date=19 April 2007 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.4816749 |access-date=7 February 2018 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Knohl |first=Israel |year=2008a |title="By Three Days, Live": Messiahs, Resurrection, and Ascent to Heaven in Hazon Gabriel |journal=The Journal of Religion |publisher=University of Chicago Press |volume=88 |issue=2 |issn=0022-4189 |doi=10.1086/525562 |pages=147–158 |s2cid=170794593 }}
• {{cite book |last=Knohl |first=Israel |year=2008b |chapter=The Gabriel Revelation and the Birth of Christianity |pages=435–476 |editor-last=Schiffman |editor-first=Lawrence H. |editor-last2=Roitman |editor-first2=Adolfo D. |editor-last3=Tzoref |editor-first3=Shani |title=The Dead Sea Scrolls and Contemporary Culture: Proceedings of the International Conference held at the Israel Museum, Jerusalem (July 6-8, 2008) |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-18593-7 |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004185937.i-770 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20080710052556/http://www.imj.org.il/DSS_conference_2008/abstracts.html#Knohl abstract]
• {{cite magazine |last=Knohl |first=Israel |year=2008c |title=The Messiah son of Joseph: 'Gabriel's revelation' and the Birth of a New Messianic Model |magazine=Biblical Archaeology Review |volume=34 |number=5 |pages=58–62 |url=https://c795631.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com/gabriels_revelation.pdf#page=8 |access-date=29 September 2017 |archive-date=29 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929233022/https://c795631.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com/gabriels_revelation.pdf#page=8 |url-status=dead }} The translation from this document has been republished and is available online at {{cite web |last=Knohl |first=Israel |date=15 July 2008 |title='Gabriel's Revelation' Tablet Translation Now Available on Hartman Website |website=Shalom Hartman Institute |url=https://hartman.org.il/SHINews_View.asp?Article_Id=162 |access-date=31 January 2018 |archive-date=1 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201192931/https://hartman.org.il/SHINews_View.asp?Article_Id=162 |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite book |last=Knohl |first=I. |title=Messiahs and Resurrection in 'The Gabriel Revelation' |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |series=The Robert and Arlene Kogod Library of Judaic Studies |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4411-1486-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m2fOBAAAQBAJ }}
• {{cite book | last=Knohl | first=Israel | chapter=The Apocalyptic and Messianic Dimensions of the Gabriel Revelation in Their Historical Gontext | editor-last=Henze | editor-first=Matthias | title=Hazon Gabriel: New readings of the Gabriel Revelation | publisher=Brill | series=Early Judaism and its literature | year=2011 | isbn=978-1-58983-541-2 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWgc2zexTIIC&pg=PA39 | pages=39–60 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Koller |first=Aaron |title=Book Review: Henze, Matthias, ed. Hazon Gabriel |journal=Review of Biblical Literature |year=2014 |volume=16 |pages=74–78 |url=http://fontes.lstc.edu/~rklein/Doc15/koller.pdf |access-date=29 September 2017 |archive-date=29 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929232338/http://fontes.lstc.edu/~rklein/Doc15/koller.pdf |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite book |last=Novenson |first=M.V. |title=The Grammar of Messianism: An Ancient Jewish Political Idiom and Its Users |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-19-025502-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VPdKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA176 |page=176ff }}
• {{cite book |last=O'Connell |first=J.H. |title=Jesus' Resurrection and Apparitions: A Bayesian Analysis |publisher=Wipf & Stock Publishers |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4982-2559-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aLlyDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA214 }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Qimron |first1=Elisha |last2=Yuditsky |first2=Alexey (Eliyahu) |year=2009 |title=Notes on the So-called 'Vision of Gabriel' Inscription |journal=Cathedra: For the History of Eretz Israel and Its Yishuv |volume=123 |pages=133–144 |language=he |jstor=23408340 }}. An abbreviated version{{sfn|Koller|2014}} was published as {{cite book |last1=Qimron |first1=Elisha |last2=Yuditsky |first2=Alexey (Eliyahu) |chapter=Notes on the So-Called Gabriel Vision Inscription |editor-last=Henze |editor-first=Matthias |title=Hazon Gabriel: New readings of the Gabriel Revelation |publisher=Brill |series=Early Judaism and its literature |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-58983-541-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWgc2zexTIIC&pg=PA31 |pages=31–38 }}
• {{cite book |last=Rendsburg |first=Gary |chapter=Hazon Gabriel: A Grammatical Sketch |editor-last=Henze |editor-first=Matthias |title=Hazon Gabriel: New readings of the Gabriel Revelation |publisher=Brill |series=Early Judaism and its literature |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-58983-541-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWgc2zexTIIC&pg=PA61 |pages=61–92 }}
• {{cite book | last=Septimus | first=Y. | title=On the Boundaries of Talmudic Prayer | publisher=Mohr Siebeck | series=Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism | year=2015 | isbn=978-3-16-153421-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bL0yh0aW95UC&pg=PA153 | access-date=8 February 2018 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Schniedewind |first=W. M. |year=2005 |title=Prolegomena for the Sociolinguistics of Classical Hebrew |journal=Journal of Hebrew Scriptures |volume=5 |doi=10.5508/jhs.2004.v5.a6 |url=https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/jhs/index.php/jhs/article/view/5757 |issn=1203-1542 |doi-access=free }}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
• {{cite book |last=Terry |first=M. |title=Reader's Guide to Judaism |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-135-94150-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aw5EAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA551 }}
• {{cite book |last=Witherington |first=B. |title=The Indelible Image: The Theological and Ethical Thought World of the New Testament: The Collective Witness |publisher=InterVarsity Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8308-3862-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LhmU7erHYHQC&pg=PA211 }} Republished in {{cite book |last=Witherington |first=B. |title=New Testament Theology and Ethics |publisher=InterVarsity Press |volume=2 |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-8308-9984-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OwYwDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA211 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Yardeni |first=Ada |year=2008 |title=A New Dead Sea Scroll in Stone? Bible-like Prophecy Was Mounted in a Wall 2,000 Years Ago |journal=Biblical Archaeology Review |volume=34 |number=1 |url=https://c795631.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com/gabriels_revelation.pdf#page=3 |access-date=29 September 2017 |archive-date=29 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929233022/https://c795631.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com/gabriels_revelation.pdf#page=3 |url-status=dead }} [https://members.bib-arch.org/biblical-archaeology-review/34/1/16 From BAR website] [https://web.archive.org/web/20130404024948/http://www.bib-arch.org/archive.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=34&Issue=1&ArticleID=16&extraID=14 HTML archive without sidebars]
• {{cite journal |last1=Yardeni |first1=Ada |last2=Elizur |first2=Binyamin |year=2007 |title=A First-Century BCE Prophetic Text Written on a Stone: First Publication |journal=Cathedra: For the History of Eretz Israel and Its Yishuv |volume=123 |pages=155–166 |language=he |jstor=23407585 }}, translated with minor additions{{sfn|Koller|2014}} in {{cite book |last1=Yardeni |first1=Ada |last2=Elizur |first2=Binyamin |chapter=A Hebrew Prophetic Text on Stone from the Early Herodian Period: A Preliminary Report |editor-last=Henze |editor-first=Matthias |title=Hazon Gabriel: New readings of the Gabriel Revelation |publisher=Brill |series=Early Judaism and its literature |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-58983-541-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWgc2zexTIIC&pg=PA11 |pages=11–29 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Young |first=Ian |year=2013 |title=Book Review: Hazon Gabriel: New Readings of the Gabriel Revelation |journal=Review of Biblical Literature |volume=15 |pages=211–215 |url=https://www.academia.edu/13584258 }}

{{refend}}

{{reflist}}

{{refbegin|40em}}

• {{cite book |last=Beskow |first=Per |chapter=Modern Mystifications of Jesus |editor-last=Burkett |editor-first=Delbert |title=The Blackwell Companion to Jesus |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |location=Oxford, UK |date=26 August 2010 |pages=458–473 |isbn=978-1-4443-2794-6 |doi=10.1002/9781444327946.ch28 }}
• {{cite book |last=Capes |first=David B. |chapter=’Jerusalem’ in The Gabriel Revelation and the Revelation of John |pages=173–186 |editor-last=Henze |editor-first=Matthias |title=Hazon Gabriel: New readings of the Gabriel Revelation |publisher=Brill |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-58983-541-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWgc2zexTIIC&pg=PA173 }}. An earlier draft of this chapter was published as {{cite book |last=David B. |first=Capes |date=24 January 2013 |title='Jerusalem' in The Gabriel Revelation and the Revelation of John |url=https://davidbcapes.com/articles/not-so-brief-articles/jerusalem-in-the-gabriel-revelation/ |access-date=29 September 2017 }}
• {{cite web |last=Cohen-Matlofsky |first=Claude |title=Hazon Gabriel: A Social Historian's Point of View |website=The Bible and Interpretation |url=http://bibleinterp.com/opeds/coh368019.shtml |access-date=8 February 2018 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729033457/http://www.bibleinterp.com/opeds/coh368019.shtml |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite conference |last=García |first=E. Macarena |year=2016 |title=Messianism and Resurrection in Jewish Apocalyptic Literature and the Dead Sea Scrolls |event=St. Andrews Symposium for Biblical and Early Christian Studies Son of God: Divine Sonship in Jewish and Christian Antiquity June 6–8, 2016 |url=https://www.academia.edu/26179848 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Hamidovic |first=David |year=2009 |title=La vision de Gabriel |journal=Revue d'Histoire et de Philosophie Religieuses |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=147–168 |doi=10.3406/rhpr.2009.1389 |id=oai:serval.unil.ch:BIB_46BAAA309892 |issn=0035-2403 |language=fr}}
• {{cite journal |last=Hazen |first=Craig |year=2009 |title=Gabriel's Revelation |journal=Christian Research Journal |volume=32 |number=2 |url=http://www.equip.org/article/gabriels-revelation/ |access-date=29 September 2017 }} [http://www.equip.org/PDF/JAF2322.pdf PDF]

• {{cite magazine |last=Tabor |first=James |author-link=James Tabor |year=2013 |title=The 'Gabriel Stone' on Display |magazine=Bible History Daily |url=https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-artifacts/inscriptions/the-gabriel-stone-on-display/ |access-date=8 February 2018 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Tripp |first=Jeffrey M. |title=A Revelation from Gabriel to Nathan? The Herodian Temple and the Ideology of the Davidic Covenant in the Hazon Gabriel |journal=Annali di Storia dell'Esegesi |volume=31 |number=1 |year=2014 |pages=7–27 |url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rfh&AN=ATLA0001988525 |url-access=subscription |via=EBSCO }} ([https://asejournal.files.wordpress.com/2014/06/ase-31-1-abstracts.pdf abstract])
• {{cite magazine |last=Tabor |first=James |date=13 May 2013 |author-link=James Tabor |title=The "Gabriel Stone" on Display |magazine=Bible History Daily |publisher=Biblical Archeology Society |url=https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-artifacts/inscriptions/the-gabriel-stone-on-display/ |access-date=29 September 2017 }}
• {{cite journal |author=원용국 |title=사해사본에 나타난 "요셉의 아들 그 메시야 |trans-title=The messiah, the son of Joseph |work=성경과 고고학 |volume=72 |year=2012 |pages=4–18 |url=http://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/ArticleDetail/NODE01804237 |language=Korean }}

{{refend}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20101224092040/http://www.bib-arch.org/news/dssinstone_english.pdf English translation] from {{harvnb|Yardeni|2008}}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20120515235133/http://www.bib-arch.org/images/DSS-stone-hebrew.jpg Hebrew text] from {{harvnb|Yardeni|2008}}
• {{cite web |last=Yardeni |first=Ada |title=Untitled [Drawing of Hebrew as it is written on the stone] |date=14 March 2007 |url=http://www.nfc.co.il/uploadFIles/848324000835419.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110201612/http://www.nfc.co.il/uploadFIles/848324000835419.pdf |archive-date=10 January 2008}}

{{Jewish Eschatology}}

Category:1st-century BC inscriptions

Category:1st-century inscriptions

Category:Ancient Hebrew texts

Revelation

Category:Hebrew inscriptions

Category:Jewish messianism

Category:Jewish texts

Category:Forgery controversies