Gafsa

File:Vue de la ville de Gafsa, Tunisie juin 2013.jpg

Gafsa is the capital of Gafsa Governorate, in southwestern Tunisia and is both a historical oasis and the home to the mining industry of Tunisia. The city had 111,170 inhabitants at the 2014 census, under the rule of the mayor, Helmi Belhani.{{cite web|url=http://www.ins.nat.tn/fr/rgph2.1.commune.php?code_modalite=24451&Code_indicateur=0301007&Submit3=Envoyer|title=Recensement de 2004 (Institut National de la Statistique – Tunisie)|publisher=ins.nat.tn|access-date=27 March 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924035422/http://www.ins.nat.tn/fr/rgph2.1.commune.php?code_modalite=24451&Code_indicateur=0301007&Submit3=Envoyer|archive-date=24 September 2015}} Lying {{convert|369|km|0|abbr=on}} by road southwest of the country's capital, Tunis, Gafsa has its geographical coordinates {{coord|34|25|N|8|47|E}}.

{{See also|Kingdom of Capsus}}

File:Fossatum.png.]] File:Roman Pool in Gafsa.jpg.]]

Excavations at prehistoric sites in the Gafsa area have yielded artefacts and skeletal remains associated with the Capsian culture. This Mesolithic civilisation has been radiocarbon dated to between 10,000 and 6,000 BCE. The associated ancient population, known as the Snail eaters, are known for their extensive middens of snail shells. They are believed to be the ancestors of the modern Berbers.Paul Lachlan MacKendrick, The North African Stones Speak (UNC Press Books, 1 December 2000).

The city was originally called Capsa in Latin. Gafsa lends its Latin name of Capsa to the Mesolithic Capsian culture. It belonged to King Jugurtha, who deposited his treasures there. It was captured by Gaius Marius in 106 BC and destroyed, later becoming reestablished under the Punic-style magistracy of sufetes before being granted the status of a Roman colonia.[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03314b.htm Siméon Vailhé, "Capsa"] in Catholic Encyclopedia (New York 1908){{cite journal |last1=Ilẹvbare |first1=J.A. |title=The Impact of the Carthaginians and the Romans on the Administrative System of the Maghreb Part I |journal=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria |date=June 1974 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=187–197 |jstor=41857007 }} Capsa was an important city of Roman Africa near the Fossatum Africae.Trudy Ring, Robert M. Salkin, Sharon La Boda International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa, Volume 4 (Taylor & Francis, 1994) p312. Roman cisterns are still evident in the city ruins.

The Vandals conquered the Roman city and ruled it until the death of Genseric (477). The Berbers then occupied it, making it the capital of a Romano-Berber kingdom until subjected to Byzantium under Justinian I (527–565) and the era of Byzantine North Africa. He made Capsa the capital of the province of Byzacena. The Duke of Byzacena resided there. In 540, the Byzantine governor general Solomon built a new city wall, naming the city Justiniana Capsa.

The Arab army of Uqba ibn Nafi conquered Gafsa in 688, in spite of resistance from the Berbers.[http://www.asmgafsa.org.tn/historique.htm History of Gafsa (in French)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515010916/http://www.asmgafsa.org.tn/historique.htm |date=15 May 2014 }} After the Arab conquest, Capsa started to lose importance, replaced by Muslim-founded Kairouan.

Historians such as Camps and Laverde consider Gafsa the place in North Africa where African Romance last survived, until the 13th century, as a spoken language. Al Yacoubi reports that this time its inhabitants were considered Romanized Berber and Al-Idrissi says they continued to speak an African Latin and part of them remained faithful to the Christian religion.

Al-Idrisi described the city in the 12th century:[https://ar.wikisource.org/wiki/نزهة_المشتاق_في_اختراق_الآفاق/الإقليم_الثالث/الجزء_الثاني نزهة المشتاق في اختراق الآفاق - الإقليم الثالث، الجزء الثاني] Muhammad al-Idrisi

The city of Gafsa is a fine city, surrounded by a wall, with a flowing river whose water is purer than that of Castile. At its center lies the spring known as al-Tarmīdh. It has bustling markets, abundant trade, and thriving industries. The city is encircled by numerous date palms, bearing remarkable varieties of dates. Gafsa is also adorned with beautiful gardens, orchards, and well-maintained palaces. Various crops are cultivated there, including henna and cotton. Its inhabitants are largely Berbers, and most of them speak the Latin-African tongue.

Phosphate mines were discovered in 1886, and Gafsa today is home to one of the largest mines of phosphate in the world.

The travel-book ‘Fountains in the Sand’ (1912) by British author Norman Douglas gives an in-depth account of life and work in Gafsa.

In the Second World War, Gafsa suffered heavy bombardment from both the German and Italian side and the Allies. Part of its Kasbah was destroyed.

On 27 January 1980, a group of dissidents armed and trained by Libya occupied the city to contest the régime of Habib Bourguiba. 48 people were killed in the battles.

The Gafsa region has had an active political voice throughout its history, and various events there have shaped its political developments in the various phases of modern Tunisia.

In 2008, Gafsa was the center of riots directed against the government of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. The government was swift and brutal in its suppression of the uprising, but this movement has since been credited with sowing the first seeds of the Jasmine Revolution that removed Zine El Abidine Ben Ali from power three years later, igniting the Arab Spring across much of North Africa and the Middle East.

In 2014, a lake suddenly appeared around 25 kilometers from the town. The cause of the lake's formation is currently unknown.{{cite web|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/gafsa-beach-mysterious-lake-discovered-drought-stricken-tunisia-090056170.html#w2JaxpQ|title=Gafsa Beach: Mysterious Lake Discovered in Drought-Stricken Tunisia Could be 'Radioactive'|publisher=uk.news.yahoo.com|access-date=27 March 2016}}

File:Tunisia Antica.jpg{{Main|Capsa (Roman colonia)}}

Extant documents give the names of a few of the bishops of Capsa.[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1096329/f84.image J. Mesnage, L'Afrique chrétienne], Paris 1912, pp. 69–70Pius Bonifacius Gams, [http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=65154&dirids=1 Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae], Leipzig 1931, p. 464Stefano Antonio Morcelli, [https://books.google.com/books?id=dO4-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA118 Africa christiana], Volume I, Brescia 1816, pp. 118–119

In the 3rd century, Donatulus took part in the council that Saint Cyprian convoked in Carthage in 256 to discuss the problem of the lapsi.

In the 4th century, at the Council of Carthage (349), Fortunatianus of Capsa was present, mentioned as the first among the bishops of Byzacena. A Donatist bishop of Capsa called Quintasius was at the council held at Cabarsussi in 393 by a breakaway group of Donatists led by Maximianus.

In the 5th century, at the joint Council of Carthage (411) attended by Catholics and Donatists, Gams and Morcelli say Capsa was represented by the Donatist Donatianus, and that it had no Catholic bishop. According to the more recent Mesnage, Donatianus was instead the Donatist bishop of Capsus in Numidia, and Capsa in Byzacena was represented by the Catholic Fortunatus and the Donatist Celer, whom the earlier sources attributed to Capsus. All three sources agree in attributing to Capsa the Vindemialis who was one of the Catholic bishops whom Huneric summoned to Carthage in 484 and then exiled. However, the latest editions of the Roman Martyrology, which commemorates Vindemialis on 2 May, call him bishop of Capsus in Numidia.Martyrologium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2001 {{ISBN|978-1274930071}})

Capsa still had resident bishops at the end of the 9th century, being mentioned in a Notitia Episcopatuum of Leo VI the Wise (886–912). but a community may have lasted until the early 12th century{{cite web|url=http://www.orthodoxengland.org.uk/maghreb.htm|title=The Last Christians Of North-West Africa: Some Lessons For Orthodox Today|publisher=orthodoxengland.org.uk|access-date=27 March 2016}}

No longer a residential bishopric, Capsa is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 {{ISBN|978-88-209-9070-1}}), p. 838

Gafsa has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh).

{{Weather box

|location = Gafsa (1991–2020, extremes 1950–2022)

|single line = Yes

|metric first = Yes

|Jan record high C = 26.8

|Feb record high C = 32.0

|Mar record high C = 36.9

|Apr record high C = 38.0

|May record high C = 42.8

|Jun record high C = 46.1

|Jul record high C = 46.5

|Aug record high C = 45.7

|Sep record high C = 43.5

|Oct record high C = 39.5

|Nov record high C = 35.5

|Dec record high C = 29.0

|year record high C = 46.5

|Jan high C = 15.8

|Feb high C = 17.5

|Mar high C = 21.3

|Apr high C = 25.4

|May high C = 30.3

|Jun high C = 35.3

|Jul high C = 38.4

|Aug high C = 37.9

|Sep high C = 32.9

|Oct high C = 27.8

|Nov high C = 21.2

|Dec high C = 16.6

|year high C = 26.7

|Jan mean C = 10.0

|Feb mean C = 11.4

|Mar mean C = 14.9

|Apr mean C = 18.6

|May mean C = 23.2

|Jun mean C = 27.8

|Jul mean C = 30.7

|Aug mean C = 30.6

|Sep mean C = 26.7

|Oct mean C = 21.7

|Nov mean C = 15.4

|Dec mean C = 11.0

|year mean C = 20.2

|Jan low C = 4.1

|Feb low C = 5.3

|Mar low C = 8.4

|Apr low C = 11.8

|May low C = 16.1

|Jun low C = 20.2

|Jul low C = 23.0

|Aug low C = 23.3

|Sep low C = 20.4

|Oct low C = 15.6

|Nov low C = 9.5

|Dec low C = 5.5

|year low C = 13.6

|Jan record low C = -5.5

|Feb record low C = -4.3

|Mar record low C = -2.1

|Apr record low C = 1.8

|May record low C = 6.0

|Jun record low C = 9.1

|Jul record low C = 13.8

|Aug record low C = 15.1

|Sep record low C = 10.3

|Oct record low C = 2.6

|Nov record low C = -1.2

|Dec record low C = -4.9

|year record low C = -5.5

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 15.1

|Feb precipitation mm = 10.6

|Mar precipitation mm = 15.7

|Apr precipitation mm = 16.4

|May precipitation mm = 13.4

|Jun precipitation mm = 3.4

|Jul precipitation mm = 3.4

|Aug precipitation mm = 5.9

|Sep precipitation mm = 20.2

|Oct precipitation mm = 18.0

|Nov precipitation mm = 18.2

|Dec precipitation mm = 13.7

|year precipitation mm = 154.1

|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm

|Jan precipitation days = 2.2

|Feb precipitation days = 2.1

|Mar precipitation days = 2.4

|Apr precipitation days = 2.3

|May precipitation days = 2.1

|Jun precipitation days = 0.7

|Jul precipitation days = 0.5

|Aug precipitation days = 0.8

|Sep precipitation days = 2.5

|Oct precipitation days = 2.5

|Nov precipitation days = 2.0

|Dec precipitation days = 2.4

|year precipitation days =

|Jan humidity = 65

|Feb humidity = 61

|Mar humidity = 58

|Apr humidity = 55

|May humidity = 52

|Jun humidity = 47

|Jul humidity = 43

|Aug humidity = 48

|Sep humidity = 55

|Oct humidity = 61

|Nov humidity = 65

|Dec humidity = 68

|year humidity = 56

|Jan sun = 201.2

|Feb sun = 214.9

|Mar sun = 246.4

|Apr sun = 268.9

|May sun = 311.4

|Jun sun = 333.3

|Jul sun = 359.5

|Aug sun = 331.4

|Sep sun = 261.8

|Oct sun = 243.2

|Nov sun = 214.4

|Dec sun = 200.6

|year sun =

|Jand sun = 6.6

|Febd sun = 7.6

|Mard sun = 7.9

|Aprd sun = 8.9

|Mayd sun = 9.9

|Jund sun = 10.8

|Juld sun = 11.5

|Augd sun = 10.9

|Sepd sun = 9.4

|Octd sun = 8.2

|Novd sun = 7.4

|Decd sun = 6.7

|yeard sun = 8.8

|source 1 = Institut National de la Météorologie (humidity 1961-1990, sun 1981–2010){{cite web

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191219211209/http://data.transport.tn/dataset/9e1ed3a1-69f5-4ef9-a05e-daa8126fdb7c/resource/acf0d32e-92b3-4247-9281-1b3a1587d23f/download/normales_1981_2010.txt

| archive-date = 19 December 2019

| url = http://data.transport.tn/dataset/9e1ed3a1-69f5-4ef9-a05e-daa8126fdb7c/resource/acf0d32e-92b3-4247-9281-1b3a1587d23f

| title = Les normales climatiques en Tunisie entre 1981 2010

| publisher = Ministère du Transport

| language = fr

| access-date = 3 February 2020}}{{cite web

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191221032155/http://data.transport.tn/dataset/c8d4b465-056c-41e2-a666-05160d19784e/resource/3d38ac83-8a3c-4207-b327-9684131292b3/download/normales_1961_1990.txt

| archive-date = 21 December 2019

| url = http://data.transport.tn/dataset/normales-climatiques-en-tunisie-entre-1961-1990/resource/3d38ac83-8a3c-4207-b327-9684131292b3

| title = Données normales climatiques 1961–1990

| publisher = Ministère du Transport

| language = fr

| access-date = 3 February 2020}}{{cite web

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191221032448/http://data.transport.tn/dataset/b19bf5d3-5f47-43a3-befc-80a4f4f1d267/resource/0f4ff280-9f86-4e4f-bc18-29df886c2a30/download/extremes.txt

| archive-date = 21 December 2019

| url = http://data.transport.tn/dataset/extremes-climatiques-en-tunisie/resource/0f4ff280-9f86-4e4f-bc18-29df886c2a30

| title = Les extrêmes climatiques en Tunisie

| publisher = Ministère du Transport

| language = fr

| access-date = 3 February 2020}}{{cite web | url = https://www.meteo.tn/index.php/donnees-climatiques | title = Période ensoleillée 1981-2010 climatiques en Tunisie | publisher = Ministère du Transport | language = fr | access-date = 26 December 2019}}{{refn|group=note|name=Station ID|The Station ID for Gafsa is 64545111.{{cite web |url=http://data.transport.tn/dataset/reseau-des-stations-meteorologiques-synoptiques/resource/9d68c101-4789-4e6a-bdff-8952d727c0c1 |title=Réseau des stations météorologiques synoptiques de la Tunisie |publisher=Ministère du Transport |language=fr |access-date=3 February 2020}}}}

|source 2 = NOAA(humidity and daily sun 1961–1990){{Cite FTP | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-I/TS/60745.TXT

| server = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

| title = Gafsa Climate Normals 1961–1990

| access-date = 24 January 2015}}

{{cite web

| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Tunisia/CSV/Gafsa_60745.csv

| title = Climate Normals 1991-2020

| website = NOAA.gov

| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

| access-date = 18 September 2018}}{{cite web |url=https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=60745&ano=2022&mes=7&day=2&hora=18&min=0&ndays=30|title= 60745: Gafsa (Tunisia)|author= |date= 1 July 2022|website=ogimet.com |publisher=OGIMET |access-date= 3 July 2022|quote=}}

|date=November 2011

}}

File:Compagnie des phosphates de Gafsa.jpg

Gafsa is developing thanks to the mining of phosphates, the deposit of which discovered in 1886 is one of the largest in the world. Tunisia extracted nearly five million tonnes of phosphates in 2011. Production fell after the revolution to reach 3,500,000 tonnes in 2016. Tunisia has thus fallen from seventh in the world to tenth. The Compagnie des phosphates de Gafsa had its own private railway line until 1966, on the basis of an agreement signed on 25 August 1896. Paradoxically, the city is quite poor and does not benefit from income from phosphate.[http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/phosphate_rock/mcs-2017-phosp.pdf : Phosphate Rock]

Gafsa – Ksar International Airport is located in the city.

File:El Gawafel Sportives de Gafsa.png

El Kawafel Sportives de Gafsa (EGSG) is the main football club of Gafsa.

Radio stations:

• Radio Gafsa (governmental) | Frequencies : 87.8 FM, 93.5 FM and 91.8 FM,
• Mines FM or Sawt Elmanajem (private) | Frequencies : 90.9 FM

and other government and private Tunisian radios broadcast in Gafsa as Shems FM, RTCI, Youth Radio, Culture Radio, Zitouna, and the National Radio.

{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Africa#Tunisia|l1=List of twin towns and sister cities in Tunisia}}

Gafsa is twinned with:

• {{flagicon|ITA}} Naples, Italy{{cite web|url=http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/5931|title= Comune di Napoli -Gemellaggi|access-date=8 August 2013|last=Vacca|first=Maria Luisa|work=Comune di Napoli|trans-title=Naples – Twin Towns|language= it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722204102/http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/5931|archive-date=22 July 2013 }}
• {{flagicon|ESP}} Palma de Mallorca, Spain

{{Portal|Africa}}

• African Romance
• Capsian culture

{{Reflist}}

{{reflist|group=note}}

{{commons category|Gafsa}}

• [http://lexicorient.com/tunisia/gafsa.htm Gafsa – The Historical Oasis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924060605/http://lexicorient.com/tunisia/gafsa.htm |date=24 September 2012 }}
• {{in lang|it}}[http://www.cassiciaco.it/navigazione/africa/siti_archeologici/capsa.html History of Roman Capsa (in Italian)]

{{Communes of Tunisia}}

{{Romano-Berber cities in Roman Africa}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Communes of Tunisia

Category:Cities in Tunisia

Category:Archaeological sites in Tunisia

Category:Oases of Tunisia

Capsa

Category:Populated places in Gafsa Governorate

Category:Phoenician colonies in Tunisia