Galela language

{{Infobox language

|name=Galela

|states=Indonesia

|region=North Halmahera

|speakers=79,000

|date=1990

|ref = e25

|familycolor=Papuan

|fam1=West Papuan?

|fam2=North Halmahera

|fam3=Galela–Tobelo

|iso3=gbi

|glotto=gale1259

|glottorefname=Galela

}}

Galela is the second most populous Papuan language spoken west of New Guinea, with some 80,000 speakers. Its dialects are Kadai (41,000), Morotai (24,000), Kadina (10,000), and Sopi (4,000). Its closest relative is the Loloda language.

Galela is spoken on the eastern side of the northern tip of Halmahera island (in the Galela districts and in neighbouring villages in the Tobelo and Loloda districts), on Morotai Island to the north, on the Bacan and Obi islands to the south of Halmahera, and in scattered settlements along the southwest coast. All are in North Maluku province of Indonesia.

Phonology

The following sound inventory is based on Shelden (1998).{{cite journal |last=Shelden |first=Howard |year=1998 |title=Transitivity and Galela pronominal reference |journal=SIL Electronic Working Papers |volume=1998-005}}

=Vowels =

Galela has a simple five vowel system: {{IPAslink|a}}, {{IPAslink|i}}, {{IPAslink|u}}, {{IPAslink|e}}, {{IPAslink|o}}.

= Consonants =

Galela orthography largely follows Indonesian spelling conventions. If orthography differs from IPA, the orthography is in {{grapheme|brackets}}.

class=wikitable style=text-align:center
colspan=2 rowspan=2 \| ! rowspan=2 \|Labial ! colspan=2 \|Alveolar ! rowspan=2 \| Palato-alveolar/ Palatal ! rowspan=2 \| Velar ! rowspan=2 \| Glottal
Laminal ! Apical
colspan=2 \| Nasal \| {{IPA link\|m}} \| colspan=2\| {{IPA link\|n}} \| {{IPA link\|ɲ}} {{grapheme\|ny}} \| {{IPA link\|ŋ}} {{grapheme\|ng}} \|
rowspan=2 \| Plosive/ Affricate ! {{small\|voiceless}} \| {{IPA link\|p}} \| colspan=2\| {{IPA link\|t}} \| {{IPA link\|t͡ʃ}} {{grapheme\|c}} \| {{IPA link\|k}} \|
{{small\|voiced}} \| {{IPA link\|b}} \| {{IPA link\|d̻}} {{grapheme\|ḋ}} \| {{IPA link\|d̺}} {{grapheme\|d}} \| {{IPA link\|d͡ʒ}} {{grapheme\|j}} \| {{IPA link\|g}} \|
colspan=2 \| Fricative \| {{IPA link\|ɸ}} {{grapheme\|f}} \| colspan=2\| {{IPA link\|s}} \| \| \| {{IPA link\|h}}
colspan=2 \| Flap \| \| colspan=2\| {{IPA link\|ɾ}} \| \| \|
colspan=2 \| Lateral \| \| colspan=2\| {{IPA link\|l}} \| \| \|
colspan=2 \| Semivowel \| {{IPA link\|w}} \| colspan=2\| \| {{IPA link\|j}} {{grapheme\|y}} \| \|

class=wikitable style=text-align:center

colspan=2 rowspan=2 |

! rowspan=2 |Labial

! colspan=2 |Alveolar

! rowspan=2 | Palato-alveolar/
Palatal

! rowspan=2 | Velar

! rowspan=2 | Glottal

Laminal

! Apical

colspan=2 | Nasal

| {{IPA link|m}}

| colspan=2| {{IPA link|n}}

| {{IPA link|ɲ}} {{grapheme|ny}}

| {{IPA link|ŋ}} {{grapheme|ng}}

rowspan=2 | Plosive/
Affricate

! {{small|voiceless}}

| {{IPA link|p}}

| colspan=2| {{IPA link|t}}

| {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} {{grapheme|c}}

| {{IPA link|k}}

| {{IPA link|b}}

| {{IPA link|d̻}} {{grapheme|ḋ}}

| {{IPA link|d̺}} {{grapheme|d}}

| {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}} {{grapheme|j}}

| {{IPA link|g}}

colspan=2 | Fricative

| {{IPA link|ɸ}} {{grapheme|f}}

| colspan=2| {{IPA link|s}}

| {{IPA link|h}}

colspan=2 | Flap

| colspan=2| {{IPA link|ɾ}}

colspan=2 | Lateral

| colspan=2| {{IPA link|l}}

colspan=2 | Semivowel

| {{IPA link|w}}

| colspan=2|

| {{IPA link|j}} {{grapheme|y}}

Grammar

= Pronouns =

Galela has two free pronoun sets, and two sets of bound pronominal prefixes.{{Cite journal |last=van Baarda |first=M. J. |year=1904 |title=Het Lòda'sch, in vergelijking met het Galela'sch dialect op Halmaheira |trans-title=Lòda'sch, compared to the Galela'sch dialect on Halmaheira |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië |language=Dutch |volume=56 |issue=3/4 |pages=317–496 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90002009 |doi-access=free}}{{cite book |last=Holton |first=Gary |year=2008 |chapter=The rise and fall of semantic alignment in North Halmahera, Indonesia |editor1-last=Donohue |editor1-first=Mark |editor2-last=Wichmann |editor2-first=Søren |title=The Typology of Semantic Alignment |url=https://archive.org/details/typologysemantic00dono |url-access=limited |pages=[https://archive.org/details/typologysemantic00dono/page/n268 252]–276 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press}} The use of the pronominal prefixes is governed by semantic alignment: actor prefixes are used to index the S-argument of active intransitive verbs and the A-argument of transitive verbs, while undergoer prefixes index the S-argument of stative intransitive verbs and the P-argument of transitive verbs.

class="wikitable"
colspan="3" \| ! independent ! possessive ! actor ! undergoer
rowspan="3" \| 1st person ! colspan="2" \| singular \| ngohi \| ai \| to- \| i-
rowspan="2" \| plural ! exclusive \| ngomi \| mia \| mi- \| mi-
inclusive \| ngone \| nanga \| po- \| na-
rowspan="2" \| 2nd person ! colspan="2" \| singular \| ngona \| ani \| no- \| ni-
colspan="2" \| plural \| ngini \| nia \| ni- \| ni-
rowspan="4" \| 3rd person ! rowspan="2" \| singular ! masc \| una \| awi \| wo- \| wi-
fem \| muna \| ami \| mo- \| mi-
plural ! human \| ona \| manga \| yo- \| ya-
colspan="2" \| non-human \| i \| ma \| i- \| ḋa-

class="wikitable"

colspan="3" |

! independent

! possessive

! actor

! undergoer

rowspan="3" | 1st
person

! colspan="2" | singular

| ngohi

| ai

| to-

| i-

rowspan="2" | plural

! exclusive

| ngomi

| mia

| mi-

inclusive

| ngone

| nanga

| po-

| na-

rowspan="2" | 2nd
person

! colspan="2" | singular

| ngona

| ani

| no-

| ni-

colspan="2" | plural

| ngini

| nia

| ni-

rowspan="4" | 3rd
person

! rowspan="2" | singular

! masc

| una

| awi

| wo-

| wi-

fem

| muna

| ami

| mo-

| mi-

plural

! human

| ona

| manga

| yo-

| ya-

colspan="2" | non-human

| i

| ma

| i-

| ḋa-

External links

Materials on Galela are included in the open access Arthur Capell collection ([http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/AC2 AC2]) held by Paradisec.

References

Category:Languages of Indonesia

Category:North Halmahera languages