Galena, Illinois

{{more citations needed section|date=August 2022}}

File:Galena-pas-93b.jpg

The city is named for galena,{{cite web|author=Galena Historical Society|date=June 21, 2006|title=History Highlights|access-date=April 13, 2007|url=http://galenahistorymuseum.org}} the natural form of lead sulfide (PbS) and the most important lead ore.{{cite web|author=Mineral Information Institute|date=October 18, 2004|title=Lead|access-date=April 13, 2007|url=http://www.mii.org/Minerals/photolead.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070415151632/http://www.mii.org/Minerals/photolead.html|archive-date=April 15, 2007}} Native Americans mined the ore for use in burial rituals.{{sfn|Walthall|1981|p=3}} The Havana Hopewell first traded galena in the area during the Middle Woodland period (c. 1–400 CE). However, the use of galena in the Havana territory is uncertain; very little has been identified in burial mounds.{{sfn|Walthall|1981|pp=11–12}} During the Mississippian period (900–1500 CE), galena saw use as body paint.{{sfn|Walthall|1981|p=15}}

In 1658 French explorers, probably via contact with the Sioux, first noted lead deposits in the Upper Mississippi Valley. A 1703 French map identified the northwestern Illinois area as mines de plumb.{{sfn|Walthall|1981|p=18}} Northwestern Illinois was inhabited by the Sauk and Meskwaki when the French arrived. In the 1690s, French trappers discovered the area and began mining the lead.{{cite web|author=Galena Area Chamber of Commerce via CommunityLink|date=November 15, 2004|title=Lifestyle, Location & History|access-date=January 4, 2007|url=http://www.communitylink.com/us/il/galena/profile/location.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205225308/http://www.communitylink.com/us/il/galena/profile/location.htm|archive-date=December 5, 2006}}{{cite web|author=Destination 360|year=2007|title=Galena Illinois|access-date=April 13, 2007|url=http://www.destination360.com/north-america/us/illinois/galena.php}} However, conflicts with the Sioux prevented large-scale mining until Julien Dubuque's Mines opened across the river in 1788.{{sfn|Walthall|1981|p=18}}

The French named the settlement as La Pointe, and early American settlers adopted this name as "The Point" after the United States acquired the territory in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. Early documentation officially records the name as "Fever River" for the wild beans that grew there, an early name for the Galena River.

This name did not appear to be widely used.{{sfn|Kett|1878|p=448}} George Davenport, a retired colonel in the United States Army, successfully shipped Galena's first boatload of lead ore in 1816 down the Mississippi River. Three years later, Jesse W. Shull built a trading post. The Thomas H. January family, who arrived in 1821 from Maysville, Kentucky, are considered the first permanent American settlers. The next year, the US Department of War assumed control of the mines and leased the lands out to operators.{{sfn|Kett|1878|p=451}} A large group of colonists led by Dr. Moses Meeker and James Harris arrived in 1823.{{sfn|Kett|1878|p=452}} Steamboat trade began in 1824.

File:Galena Illinois Dowling House.jpg (1826–27) is the oldest building in Galena.]]

The first official lease of the mines on behalf of the US government was dated September 30, 1822, and made to James Johnson, brother of US Senator Richard Mentor Johnson. Martin Thomas, appointed by the government in 1824 to oversee mine leases, was commissioned to survey the mines in 1826.{{cite journal|title=Galena and Its Lead Mines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gLdQAQAAIAAJ|journal=Harper's New Monthly Magazine|volume=XXXII|number=CXCII|date=May 1866|page=686|isbn = 9780938214021|access-date=November 13, 2014}}

The name "Galena" was purportedly proposed during a town meeting that year; rejected names included Jackson, Harrison, and Jo Daviess. After Thomas platted the town, starting in June 1827, settlers could lease plots from the government. The land remained in government possession until the leasing system was eased out in 1836–37.{{sfn|Kett|1878|p=452}} When Jo Daviess County was founded in 1827, Galena was named its county seat. This established the first courts in Galena; previous legal proceedings were heard in front of the Superintendent of Lead Mines.{{sfn|Kett|1878|p=453}} 21 million pounds of lead were mined in Galena from 1825 to 1828, and the population skyrocketed in that time from 200 to 10,000.{{sfn|Walthall|1981|p=19}}

Local native tribes, then mostly Meskwaki and Ho-Chunk, permitted settlers to mine in established areas in Galena. However, the growth of the city led settlers to encroach on native land claims, as they sought new veins of lead.{{sfn|Kett|1878|p=274}} Following a murder of a pioneer family near Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, by the Winnebago, Galena closed its mines for safety and European-American residents prepared for war. They constructed forts at nearby Elizabeth and Apple River; although these were not used during the conflict, the forts provided residents with security and protection.{{sfn|Kett|1878|pp=275–277}} The ensuing Winnebago War was little more than a skirmish, but as a result, the US annexed more lands near the city in the resulting 1829 Treaty of Prairie du Chien which they forced on the Winnebago.

A meeting of townspeople on February 1, 1830, established the first fire department.{{sfn|Kett|1878|p=456}} At a town meeting at the county courthouse on September 7, 1835, sixty-five residents approved a motion for incorporation as a town. Eight days later, five individuals were elected as the first trustees. Incorporation was approved by the county board of trustees on October 2, and the first meeting of trustees occurred the next day.{{sfn|Kett|1878|pp=458–461}} The 15th Illinois General Assembly (1836–37) codified the trustee election process.{{sfn|Kett|1878|p=464}} A steamboat was selected as the town seal on May 22, 1837.{{sfn|Kett|1878|p=465}}

A state law governing local jurisdictions resulted in the town holding its first elections for mayor and aldermen on May 24, 1841, to replace the board of trustees. Charles S. Hempstead was elected the first mayor, with 185 of the 356 votes cast. The first US census of the town was also held that year, recording 1,900 inhabitants. Hempstead would serve until 1845.{{sfn|Kett|1878|p=474–475}}

File:USGS map of Galena mines.jpg of Galena area with the location of key mines noted]]

Indigenous peoples of the Americas traded galena with French traders as early as 1692. Julien Dubuque mined the ore in Iowa from 1788 until 1810. From 1807 until 1834, the United States government controlled leases, after which the lands were put up for sale. In 1839, David Dale Owen made a geologic survey of the region. The Ordovician Galena limestone contained most of the galena ore, and peak productivity occurred between 1840 and 1850. By 1845 Galena was producing nearly 27,000 tons of lead ore annually, and Jo Daviess County was producing 80 percent of the lead in the United States. In 1852, the region produced 87 percent of the American output, and 10 percent of the world's,{{cite journal |last1=Bain |first1=Harry |title=Zinc and lead deposits of northwestern Illinois |url=https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/b246 |website=USGS Publications Warehouse |publisher=USGS |access-date=August 25, 2021 |pages=10–11, 18–20 |date=1905|doi=10.3133/b246 }} with pollutants from Galena's industry found as far away as Lake Matoaka in Tidewater Virginia.{{cite web|url=https://wydaily.com/local/2019/07/02/decoding-lake-matoakas-sedimental-history-of-the-anthropocene/|title=Decoding Lake Matoaka's sedimental history of the anthropocene|last=McClain|first=Joseph|date=July 2, 2019|access-date=February 15, 2022|location=Williamsburg, VA|work=Williamsburg-Yorktown Daily}}

Once one of the most important cities in the state, Galena was a hub on the Mississippi River between St. Louis and St. Paul. Due to erosion, the Galena River is now inaccessible to steamboats. The first railroad built in Chicago, the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, was intended to join the two cities but construction ended in 1853 at Freeport. Trackage between Freeport and Galena was completed by the Illinois Central Railroad in 1854, and later extended west to Dubuque, Sioux City, and Council Bluffs. Galena received national attention in the 1860s as the home of Ulysses S. Grant.

Following a sharp decline in the demand for lead (which had been the city's chief income source during the early 19th century), Galena's population has dropped from 14,000 in the mid-19th century, to 3,396 in the early 21st century.{{cite web|author=United States Census Bureau|title=2005 population estimate for Galena city|access-date=April 13, 2007|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFPopulation?_event=&geo_id=16000US1728300&_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US17%7C16000US1728300&_street=&_county=Galena&_cityTown=Galena&_state=04000US17&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=160&_submenuId=population_0&ds_name=DEC_2000_SAFF&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null®=null%3Anull&_keyword=&_industry=|archive-date=February 16, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216113024/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFPopulation?_event=&geo_id=16000US1728300&_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US17%7C16000US1728300&_street=&_county=Galena&_cityTown=Galena&_state=04000US17&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=160&_submenuId=population_0&ds_name=DEC_2000_SAFF&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null®=null%3Anull&_keyword=&_industry=|url-status=dead}}

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File:Galena Illinois skyline.JPG

Galena's official flag was adopted in 1976 to symbolize mining, agriculture, steamboats, and the nine American Civil War generals who lived in the city. Until the late 1980s, Galena was a small rural farming community.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

In 1990, local industries included a Kraft Foods cheese plant, Lemfco Foundry, John Westwick's foundry, and Microswitch, Inc. In the 1980s, Galena Mayor Frank Einsweiler initiated a tourist campaign.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} Since that time Galena's business district has emphasized its historic assets in the face of suburban development. Such long-standing businesses in the downtown area, including Stair's Grocery, Sullivan's Grocery, Clingman's Pharmacy, the oldest continuously operating pharmacy in Illinois, and Hartig Drug, closed their downtown locations. Clingman's and Hartig's relocated to the outskirts of Galena, while Stair's and Sullivan's closed their doors permanently because of competition. In late 2010, Clingman's joined the Hartig's family and moved their pharmacy to Hartig's Drugs location along Highway 20.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

The Country Fair in Grant Park has been an attraction that has helped increase tourist traffic to Galena as a destination. It is a craft show that attracts thousands of visitors to the area.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} The once boarded-up Main Street buildings have been renovated since the late 20th century. In 2010, Galena started a campaign called Vision2020, modeled after neighbor Dubuque, Iowa's Vision 2010. A committee worked on outreach efforts with the community to form a vision of what residents wanted Galena to focus on for the next decade: five major concepts have been supported.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} In 2010, the 32nd annual Halloween Parade attendance was estimated at 15,000. In 2011, TripAdvisor listed Galena among its top-ten "Charming Small Towns".{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

Image:US20-IL84Galena.JPG/IL 84 bridge over the Galena River]]

Galena is located at {{Coord|42|25|5|N|90|25|53|W|type:city_region:US-IL}} (42.418171, −90.431472){{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=April 23, 2011|date=February 12, 2011|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}} along the Galena River, which is one of many tributaries of the Mississippi River.{{cite web|author=QuincyNet |date=August 2, 2005 |title=Galena |access-date=April 13, 2007 |url=http://www.quincynet.com/daytrips/galena/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061120202350/http://www.quincynet.com/daytrips/galena/index.htm |archive-date=November 20, 2006 }}

According to the 2021 census gazetteer files, Galena has a total area of {{convert|4.51|sqmi|km2|2}}, of which {{convert|4.50|sqmi|km2|2}} (or 99.82%) is land and {{convert|0.01|sqmi|km2|2}} (or 0.18%) is water.{{Cite web |author=US Census Bureau |title=Gazetteer Files |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=Census.gov}}

Galena is located in the Driftless Zone, an area that was not covered by glaciers during the recent ice ages.{{cite web|author=City of Galena|title=History|access-date=April 13, 2007|url=http://www.cityofgalena.org/history.cfm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205042551/http://www.cityofgalena.org/history.cfm|archive-date=February 5, 2007}} This area, which includes the far northwestern corner of Illinois, escaped glaciation, while almost the entire state was glaciated, nearly to its southern tip.{{cite web|author=Illinois Department of Natural Resources|year=2007|title=Illinois' Natural Divisions|access-date=April 13, 2007|url=http://dnr.state.il.us/lands/education/biodiversity/glaciation.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113125412/http://dnr.state.il.us/lands/education/biodiversity/glaciation.htm|archive-date=January 13, 2008}} Because it escaped glaciation, this area is known for its hills, valleys, bluffs and considerable exposed rock.

Horseshoe Mound is a hill located outside Galena that U.S. 20 winds around before entering Galena. The view from Horseshoe Mound is one of the most photographed spots in the city. It stands at {{convert|1063|ft}} above sea level.

{{Geographic Location

| title = Neighboring places

| Northwest = Menominee

| North = Hazel Green, Wisconsin

| Northeast = Scales Mound

| West = Mississippi River

| Center = Galena

| East = The Galena Territory

| Southwest = Mississippi River

| South = Hanover

| Southeast = Elizabeth

}}

Galena has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfa), with cold winters and hot summers.{{cite web|last1=Peel|first1=M. C.|last2=Finlayson|first2=B. L.|last3=McMahon|first3=T. A.|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Koppen_World_Map_%28retouched_version%29.png|title=World Map of Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification|publisher=The University of Melbourne|access-date=November 26, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113015116/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Koppen_World_Map_%28retouched_version%29.png|archive-date=January 13, 2015}} Annual precipitation is about 36 inches, with a distinct peak in summer.

{{Weather box

| location = Galena (1991–2020 normals)

| single line = Y

| Jan record high F = 59

| Feb record high F = 69

| Mar record high F = 85

| Apr record high F = 88

| May record high F = 92

| Jun record high F = 101

| Jul record high F = 101

| Aug record high F = 102

| Sep record high F = 94

| Oct record high F = 91

| Nov record high F = 77

| Dec record high F = 68

| year record high F =

| Jan high F = 26.9

| Feb high F = 31.4

| Mar high F = 44.5

| Apr high F = 57.4

| May high F = 68.9

| Jun high F = 78.2

| Jul high F = 82.0

| Aug high F = 80.3

| Sep high F = 74.1

| Oct high F = 60.9

| Nov high F = 45.6

| Dec high F = 32.6

| year high F = 56.9

| Jan mean F = 18.5

| Feb mean F = 22.5

| Mar mean F = 34.5

| Apr mean F = 46.8

| May mean F = 58.2

| Jun mean F = 68.3

| Jul mean F = 71.9

| Aug mean F = 69.9

| Sep mean F = 62.3

| Oct mean F = 50.1

| Nov mean F = 36.7

| Dec mean F = 24.7

| year mean F = 47.0

| Jan low F = 10.0

| Feb low F = 13.6

| Mar low F = 24.4

| Apr low F = 36.2

| May low F = 47.4

| Jun low F = 58.3

| Jul low F = 61.7

| Aug low F = 59.5

| Sep low F = 50.5

| Oct low F = 39.3

| Nov low F = 27.7

| Dec low F = 16.8

| year low F = 37.1

| Jan record low F = −33

| Feb record low F = −35

| Mar record low F = -14

| Apr record low F = 12

| May record low F = 21

| Jun record low F = 33

| Jul record low F = 39

| Aug record low F = 37

| Sep record low F = 19

| Oct record low F = 10

| Nov record low F = -2

| Dec record low F = −29

| year record low F = -35

| precipitation color = green

| Jan precipitation inch = 1.23

| Feb precipitation inch = 1.53

| Mar precipitation inch = 2.25

| Apr precipitation inch = 3.89

| May precipitation inch = 4.38

| Jun precipitation inch = 6.02

| Jul precipitation inch = 4.93

| Aug precipitation inch = 4.19

| Sep precipitation inch = 3.86

| Oct precipitation inch = 3.02

| Nov precipitation inch = 2.48

| Dec precipitation inch = 1.82

| year precipitation inch = 39.60

| Jan snow inch = 10.3

| Feb snow inch = 9.0

| Mar snow inch = 5.1

| Apr snow inch = 1.3

| May snow inch = 0.3

| Jun snow inch = 0.0

| Jul snow inch = 0.0

| Aug snow inch = 0.0

| Sep snow inch = 0.0

| Oct snow inch = 0.4

| Nov snow inch = 2.0

| Dec snow inch = 9.5

| year snow inch = 37.9

| unit precipitation days = 0.01 in

| Jan precipitation days = 8.5

| Feb precipitation days = 7.6

| Mar precipitation days = 8.9

| Apr precipitation days = 11.0

| May precipitation days = 13.0

| Jun precipitation days = 11.8

| Jul precipitation days = 9.3

| Aug precipitation days = 9.8

| Sep precipitation days = 9.1

| Oct precipitation days = 9.4

| Nov precipitation days = 8.4

| Dec precipitation days = 9.2

| year precipitation days = 116.0

| unit snow days = 0.1 in

| Jan snow days = 7.2

| Feb snow days = 5.9

| Mar snow days = 3.6

| Apr snow days = 0.7

| May snow days = 0.0

| Jun snow days = 0.0

| Jul snow days = 0.0

| Aug snow days = 0.0

| Sep snow days = 0.0

| Oct snow days = 0.1

| Nov snow days = 1.5

| Dec snow days = 5.8

| year snow days = 24.8

| source 1 = NOAA

{{cite web

| url = https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=dvn

| title = NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data

| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

| access-date = July 11, 2021}}

{{cite web

| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USC00113312&format=pdf

| title = Station: Galena, IL

| work = U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020)

| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

| access-date = July 11, 2021}}

| source 2 = The Weather Channel (records){{cite web|url=http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/61036|title=Average Weather for Galena, IL (61036)|access-date=November 13, 2014|publisher=The Weather Channel, LLC}}

| date= November 2014

}}

Image:Galena IL Floodgates downtown.JPG in downtown Galena]] File:Galena Illinois Old High School 411 S. Prospect.jpg

Because of the city's proximity to the Galena River, buildings have been threatened on numerous occasions by flooding. Eventually the Army Corps of Engineers built a dike to prevent city flooding.{{cite web |author=Galena Historical Society |date=June 21, 2006 |title=A Timeline of Galena History |access-date=April 13, 2007 |url=http://www.galenahistorymuseum.org/timeline.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311065032/http://www.galenahistorymuseum.org/timeline.htm |archive-date=March 11, 2007 }} Galena's Congressman, Leo E. Allen, helped acquire funding for city floodgates which were added in 1951 to connect to the river levee system. Significant recorded floods include:

• 1828 – In Galena's first recorded flood, the water was high enough to allow steamboats to travel on city streets.
• 1937 – A flood inundated Main Street with up to five feet of water, causing serious damage to downtown buildings.
• 1972 – A storm upstream caused the flood gates to be closed but the river flooded the sewage treatment plant and backed up sanitary and storm sewers. Sandbags were placed around storm manholes to keep water from flooding the downtown with three feet of water.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}
• 1993 – Almost eight feet of water threatened downtown Galena, but was stopped by the city's floodgates. Late spring season rainfall led the Mississippi and Galena Rivers to their highest recorded levels.{{cite web|last=Maier |first=David |date=April 17, 1998 |title=Wisconsin Journal, Number 26 |access-date=April 13, 2007 |url=http://www.cse.ogi.edu/~maier/wisc-journal/j26.txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903010008/http://www.cse.ogi.edu/~maier/wisc-journal/j26.txt |archive-date=September 3, 2006 }}
• 2010 – On July 22, eight inches of rainfall in one night caused the river to swell to twice its usual level. The flood gates were closed, protecting downtown, but many businesses and homes reported damages to basements and lower levels. Had the flood gates not been in place, it was estimated that six feet of water would have covered Main Street. Damages were estimated between $7–8 million. President Obama declared the county a federal disaster area on August 19.{{cite web |url=https://www.fema.gov/pdf/news/pda/1935.pdf |title=Illinois – Severe Storms and Flooding FEMA-1935-DR Declared August 19, 2010 |access-date=December 19, 2016}}
• 2011 – In a 12-hour period between July 27 and 28, Galena received between 10 and 15 inches of rain. The Galena River rose to more than twice its normal height and possibly its highest recorded level since the floodgates were erected. The Grant Park sign, built in the 19th century, was washed away and there were major damages to downtown businesses, the city's trail system and roads. Initial damage estimates were around $16 million.{{cite web|last=Speck |first=Addison |title=Galena Faces Flood Damage After 13.5 Inches Of Rainfall |url=https://www.kcrg.com/news/local/Galena-Faces-Flood-Damage-After-135-Inches-Of-Rainfall-126378593.html|website=KCRG.com |access-date=July 3, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829171210/http://www.kcrg.com/news/local/Galena-Faces-Flood-Damage-After-135-Inches-Of-Rainfall-126378593.html |archive-date=August 29, 2014 }}

{{US Census population

|1850= 6004

|1860= 8196

|1870= 7019

|1880= 6451

|1890= 5635

|1900= 5005

|1910= 4835

|1920= 4742

|1930= 3878

|1940= 4126

|1950= 4648

|1960= 4410

|1970= 3930

|1980= 3876

|1990= 3647

|2000= 3460

|2010= 3429

|2020= 3308

|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|website=Census.gov|access-date=June 4, 2015}}

}}As of the 2020 census{{Cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US1728300 |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=data.census.gov}} there were 3,308 people, 1,656 households, and 883 families residing in the city. The population density was {{Convert|734.13|PD/sqmi|PD/km2}}. There were 2,008 housing units at an average density of {{Convert|445.63|/sqmi|/km2}}. The racial makeup of the city was 87.55% White, 0.76% African American, 0.51% Native American, 0.63% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 4.35% from other races, and 6.20% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.49% of the population.

There were 1,656 households, out of which 18.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.41% were married couples living together, 7.31% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.68% were non-families. 40.10% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.96% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 1.86.

The city's age distribution consisted of 17.5% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 19.7% from 25 to 44, 25% from 45 to 64, and 30.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 53.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 80.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 72.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $57,558, and the median income for a family was $73,309. Males had a median income of $32,321 versus $27,975 for females. The per capita income for the city was $40,456. About 1.9% of families and 7.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.0% of those under age 18 and 12.8% of those age 65 or over.

Galena is the home to the Galena Art Center and the Galena Arts and Recreation Center. Turner Hall, a 19th-century building on Bench St., has been restored to serve as a performance venue and a popular wedding site. Galena is also home to several historic sites owned by the State of Illinois including the Old Market House, the Ulysses S Grant Home, and the E.B. Washburn Home. The Galena/Jo Daviess County Historical Society also owns a number of historical sites including the Galena and U.S. Grant Museum and the Old Blacksmith Shop. They are building a new museum building at the site of the Stillman Mansion property.

Galena hosts dozens of major events a year, including the annual Halloween Parade which draws thousands of onlookers. {{Panorama

|image = File:Galena Illinois Hill from the Levee (lighter n cropped).jpg

|fullwidth = 2701

|fullheight = 553

|caption = Panorama of Galena from the levee, (left) Methodist Church steeple, (center right) Lutheran Church steeple, (right) Presbyterian Church steeple

|height = 220

}}

Galena is a popular tourist destination hosting well over one million visitors each year.[http://www.cityofgalena.org/forms/zoning/CompPlanCh2.pdf Economic Development] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703235312/http://www.cityofgalena.org/forms/zoning/CompPlanCh2.pdf |date=July 3, 2007 }}: Approved comprehensive plan, City of Galena, Illinois, (April 15, 2003). Galena is also popular with Chicagoans, many of whom keep second homes in the area.{{cite web|author=Road Trip America|date=November 1, 2005|title=Tritowns|access-date=April 13, 2007|url=http://www.hackwriters.com/tritowns.htm}}Solomon, A. (June 5, 2005). Back to Galena. Chicago Tribune, p. 1, Travel. Galena is largely popular as a result of its historic walkable urbanism, a rarity among American cities.{{Cite web|url=https://www.strongtowns.org/journal/2020/3/5/why-do-we-think-walkable-towns-are-only-for-tourists|title = Why do We Think Walkable Towns Are Only for Tourists?| date=March 5, 2020 }}

File:Old Market House (5978127155).jpg]]

85 percent of the structures in Galena are within the Galena Historic District, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and greatly contributes to the city's popularity. The Old Market House State Historic Site, built in 1845, is a museum of local social history. Main Street was one of the first in the state to require architectural review of exterior building modifications. Zoning restrictions against wood-structure buildings contributed to the prevalence of brick buildings. All along Main Street the architectural style and historic feel create a unique atmosphere.

Efforts to improve the existing infrastructure while preserving the character of this neighborhood continued in 2003 with the adoption of a comprehensive plan. The plan outlines details on burying utilities, replacing parking with bike lanes and several beautification initiatives. This historic district has garnered the attention of dozens of volunteer groups who work to beautify and increase the utility of the area.

As the premier street in the second most popular tourist destination in Illinois those planning Main Street must be focused on balancing new developments along the waterway, and the transition to commercial stores with the charm provided by natural areas and long standing businesses. Trolley Cars follow parade routes north and south on Main Street and connect shopping to parks and wineries.{{cite web|last=APA |title=Great Places in America |url=http://www.planning.org/greatplaces/streets/2011/index.htm#IL |publisher=APA |access-date=March 31, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315195421/http://www.planning.org/greatplaces/streets/2011/index.htm |archive-date=March 15, 2012 }} The town is home to several wineries in the Upper Mississippi River Valley AVA.{{Cite book|author=Maltman, Alex|title=Vineyards, rocks, and soils : the wine lover's guide to geology|date=March 2018|isbn=978-0-19-086329-6|location=New York, NY|oclc=1023575788}} In the area, there are 450 vineyards and 100 wineries available to visit.{{cite web|date=December 9, 2020|title=Galena {{!}} United States {{!}} Illinois {{!}} AFAR|url=https://www.afar.com/places/galena-galena|access-date=December 12, 2020|website=www.afar.com|archive-date=October 1, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001212505/http://www.afar.com/places/galena-galena|url-status=dead}} Main Street in downtown Galena has a large number of specialty shops, restaurants, a brewery,{{cite web|date=June 27, 2021|title=Galena Brewing Company|url=https://galenabrewery.com/|access-date=June 27, 2021|website=www.galenabrewery.com}} and multiple wineries.

Galena's Saint Michael's Church was founded by the pioneer priest Father Samuel Mazzuchelli. The church is named after one of the three Archangels. Opened in 1855, the downtown DeSoto House Hotel is the oldest operating hotel in Illinois.{{cite web|author=DeSoto House Hotel|title=DeSoto House Hotel History|access-date=January 4, 2007|url=http://www.desotohouse.com/history.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061030204443/http://desotohouse.com/history.php|archive-date=October 30, 2006}} Rooms 209 and 211 of the hotel were used as Ulysses S. Grant's campaign headquarters during his presidential campaign.{{cite web|url=https://desotohouse.com/hotel-history/|title=The DeSoto House Story – The Desoto House Hotel|website=Desotohouse.com|access-date=June 8, 2019}} Future president Abraham Lincoln gave a speech from the hotel's Main Street balcony on July 23, 1856, supporting John Fremont's bid for presidency. Two years later, on July 25, 1858, Senator Stephen Douglas spoke from the same balcony. Other famous guests include Theodore Roosevelt, Mark Twain, Susan B. Anthony, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Horace Greeley, Frances Willard, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Robert E. Lee, Chief Black Hawk, Millard Fillmore, and Zachary Taylor.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o1FkoLtaKrsC&q=Susan+B+Anthony+Galena+DeSoto+House|title=Room at the inn: guide to historic B&B and inns close to Galena and Dubuque. Galena Area|first=Laura|last=Zahn|date=June 1, 1990|publisher=Down to Earth Publications|isbn=9780939301614|access-date=June 8, 2019|via=Google Books}} General Winfield Scott Hancock stayed in Room 223 for an extended period of time. There are also several resorts and golf courses in the Galena area.{{cite web|author=Eagle Ridge Resort & Spa|title=About Eagle Ridge Resort & Spa|access-date=January 4, 2007|url=http://www.eagleridgeresortonline.com/AboutUs.cfm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718181317/http://www.eagleridgeresortonline.com/AboutUs.cfm|archive-date=July 18, 2006}}{{cite web|author=Chestnut Mountain Resort|title=About us|access-date= January 4, 2007 |url= http://www.chestnutmtn.com/winter/about.cfm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061005172714/http://www.chestnutmtn.com/winter/about.cfm|archive-date=October 5, 2006}}

In celebration of the 2018 Illinois Bicentennial, Galena Main Street was selected as one of the Illinois 200 Great Places {{cite news|last=Waldinger|first=Mike|title=The proud history of architecture in Illinois|url=https://springfieldbusinessjournal.com/2018/01/the-proud-history-of-architecture-in-illinois/|access-date=January 30, 2018|newspaper=Springfield Business Journal|date=January 30, 2018}} by the American Institute of Architects Illinois component (AIA Illinois) and was recognized by USA Today Travel magazine, as one of AIA Illinois' selections for Illinois 25 Must See Places.{{cite news|title=25 Must See Buildings in Illinois|url= https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/destinations/2017/08/09/25-must-see-buildings-illinois/551011001/|access-date=January 30, 2018|newspaper=USA Today|date=August 9, 2017}}

John O. Hancock opened the first school in September 1826.{{sfn|Kett|1878|p=453}} The Galena Academy followed in 1832.{{sfn|Kett|1878|p=457}} Galena is home to Galena High School.

{{Main|List of people from Galena, Illinois}}

Galena was the home to nine Civil War generals.{{cite news

| last1=Emery | first1=Tom | title=Galena sent nine generals to Union cause

| url=http://qconline.com/life/galena-sent-nine-generals-to-union-cause/article_36082706-9a50-5671-ac40-5270c703e547.html

| website=QConline.com | publisher=Dispatch / Argus | date=December 23, 2011 | access-date=April 6, 2018

}}

{{cite web

| title=Galena's Nine Generals

| url=http://www.galenahistory.org/research/nine-generals/

| work=galenahistory.org | publisher=Galena & U.S. Grant Museum | access-date=April 6, 2018

}}

Foremost among these is Ulysses S. Grant, who first came to Galena with his wife Julia and children in 1860 to work in the family tannery and leather-good shop. A veteran of the Mexican–American War, Grant was called upon to train a regiment of volunteers raised in Galena when the Civil War broke out in 1861. Through the support of local congressman Elihu B. Washburne, Grant became Galena's first general when promoted by Abraham Lincoln on May 17, 1861. Washburne later served a brief stint as Grant's Secretary of State and then as Minister to France. Victories at Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain prompted Lincoln to promote Grant to lieutenant general on March 3, 1864, giving him command of all Union Armies.

Grant returned victorious to Galena in 1865 and the citizens gave him an Italianate two-story brick house, today recognized as the Ulysses S. Grant Home State Historic Site.{{cite web|last1=Boser|first1=Ulrich|title=Galena, Illinois|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/galena-illinois-152942843/|website=Smithsonian.com|publisher=Smithsonian Magazine}} He was selected as the candidate of the Republican Party for the 1868 presidential election. Grant was elected and served two four-year terms. He did not return to Galena.

Augustus Louis Chetlain, who captained the regiment that Grant trained, was later brevetted to major general.{{cite news

| title=Obituary Notes – Major General Augustus Louis Chetlain

| url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/03/17/101754974.pdf

| newspaper=The New York Times | date=March 17, 1914 | access-date=April 6, 2018

}}

Jeweler John E. Smith, who raised the 45th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment, was also brevetted a major general. Ely S. Parker drafted the Appomattox surrender terms of the Confederacy and was the only Native American general of the Union. President Grant appointed him Commissioner of Indian Affairs in 1869. John Aaron Rawlins, who served a term as city attorney in 1857, was brevetted in 1865 and briefly served as Grant's Secretary of War. Brevetted brigadier general John C. Smith later served as Illinois Treasurer, Lieutenant Governor, and Grand Master of the state Masonic order. Gunsmith Jasper A. Maltby was promoted to brigadier general at the Siege of Vicksburg. John Duerr was brevetted in 1865, and later was a successful merchant in Monticello, Iowa. William R. Rowley was brevetted in 1865, and later became a county judge.{{cite web |title=Nine Generals of Galena |url=https://www.historynet.com/nine-generals-galena.htm |website=HistoryNet |date=September 2017 |publisher=Historynet LLC |access-date=August 25, 2021}}

{{Gallery

| title = Galena cityscape and notable people

| width = 180

| height = 180

| align = center

|Main_Street's_eastview_of_Galena_Illinois.jpg|Looking east on Main Street

|Main_Street's_detail_of_Galena_Illinois.jpg|Galena Kandy Kitchen, corner of North Main Street and Hill Street

|Belvedere Mansion.jpg|Belvedere Mansion is the finest and largest mansion in Galena. Built in 1857 for Joseph Russell Jones, influential Civil War-era merchant.

|Galena IL Elihu B. Washburne House1.JPG|Elihu Benjamin Washburne House, on Third Street

|Nice house in Galena 1.jpg|A home in Galena

|Nice house in Galena 2.jpg|A home in Galena

|Park Avenue of Galena Illinois.jpg|Homes along Park Avenue

|Ulysses S. Grant statue in Grant Park.jpg|Ulysses S. Grant statue in Grant Park

|Ulysses S. Grant Home.jpg|Ulysses S. Grant Home, designed by William Dennison and constructed in 1859

|General U.S. Grant.tif|In April 1860, Grant (1822−1885) and his family moved to Galena, accepting a position in his father's leather goods business.

|Radio host DonMcNeill.jpg|Don McNeill (1907−1996) was an American radio personality, born in Galena.}}

{{commons}}

• Chestnut Mountain
• The Galena Territory

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book|title=The History of Jo Daviess County, Illinois|url=https://archive.org/details/historyjodavies00chicgoog|year=1878|publisher=H. F. Kett & Co.|place=Chicago |access-date=November 15, 2014|ref={{harvid|Kett|1878}}}}
• {{cite book |last=Walthall|first=John H. |title=Galena and Aboriginal Trade in Eastern North America|url=https://archive.org/details/galenaaboriginal0000walt/page/3 |year=1981 |publisher=Illinois State Museum |place=Springfield, Illinois |page=[https://archive.org/details/galenaaboriginal0000walt/page/3 3]|isbn=0-89792-090-2 |access-date=November 13, 2014 |url-access=registration}}

{{EB1911 poster|Galena (Illinois)}}

• {{wikivoyage inline|Galena (Illinois)|Galena, Illinois}}
• [http://www.cityofgalena.org/ City of Galena official website]
• [http://www.galenagazette.com/ Galena Gazette newspaper]
• [http://www.illinoisgreatplaces.com/#detail/galena_main_street-132/city=galena Galena Main Street]
• [http://sah-archipedia.org/buildings/IL-01-085-0033 Society of Architectural Historians SAH ARCHIPEDIA entry on Galena Main Street]
• [http://www.galenahistorymuseum.org Galena History Museum]

{{Black Hawk War (1832)}}

{{Jo Daviess County, Illinois}}

{{Illinois county seats}}

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Category:Cities in Illinois

Category:Cities in Jo Daviess County, Illinois

Category:County seats in Illinois

Category:Populated places established in 1826

Category:1826 establishments in Illinois