Gallaecian language

As with the Illyrian, Ligurian and Thracian languages, the surviving corpus of Gallaecian is composed of isolated words and short sentences contained in local Latin inscriptions or glossed by classical authors, together with a number of names – anthroponyms, ethnonyms, theonyms, toponyms – contained in inscriptions, or surviving as the names of places, rivers or mountains. In addition, some isolated words of Celtic origin preserved in the present-day Romance languages of north-west Iberia, including Galician, Portuguese, Asturian and Leonese are likely to have been inherited from ancient Gallaecian.Galician words such as crica ('vulva, ribbon'), from proto-Celtic *kīkwā ('furrow'), laxe ('stone slab') from proto-Celtic *φlagēnā ('broad spearhead'), leira ('patch, field') from proto-Celtic *φlāryo- ('floor'), and alboio ('shed, pen') from proto-Celtic *φare-bowyo- ('around-cows').

Classical authors Pomponius Mela and Pliny the Elder wrote about the existence of Celtic{{Cite book |last=Pomponius |first=Mela |url=https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/pomponius3.html |title=Chorographia, III.7–9 |pages=7, 9 |language=Latin |quote=Among them the Praestamarci, Supertamarci, Nerii, Artabri, and in general all people living by the seashore except for the Grovi of southern Galicia and northern Portugal: 'Totam Celtici colunt, sed a Durio ad flexum Grovi, fluuntque per eos Avo, Celadus, Nebis, Minius et cui oblivionis cognomen est Limia. Flexus ipse Lambriacam urbem amplexus recipit fluvios Laeron et Ullam. Partem quae prominet Praesamarchi habitant, perque eos Tamaris et Sars flumina non longe orta decurrunt, Tamaris secundum Ebora portum, Sars iuxta turrem Augusti titulo memorabilem. Cetera super Tamarici Nerique incolunt in eo tractu ultimi. Hactenus enim ad occidentem versa litora pertinent. Deinde ad septentriones toto latere terra convertitur a Celtico promunturio ad Pyrenaeum usque. Perpetua eius ora, nisi ubi modici recessus ac parva promunturia sunt, ad Cantabros paene recta est. In ea primum Artabri sunt etiamnum Celticae gentis, deinde Astyres.}} and non-Celtic populations in Gallaecia and Lusitania, but several modern scholars have postulated Lusitanian and Gallaecian as a single archaic Celtic language.cf. Wodtko 2010: 355–362 Others point to major unresolved problems for this hypothesis, such as the mutually incompatible phonetic features, most notably the proposed preservation of Indo-European *p and the loss of *d in Lusitanian and the inconsistent outcome of the vocalic liquid consonants, which has led them to the conclusion that Lusitanian is a non-Celtic language and is not closely related to Gallaecian.[https://redib.org/Record/oai_articulo474796-indo-european-origin-two-lusitanian-theonyms-laebo-reve Krzysztof Tomasz Witczak, On the Indo-European origin of two Lusitanian theonyms ("Laebo" and "Reve"), 1999, p.67]Prósper 2002: 422 and 430Prósper 2005: 336–338Prósper 2012: 53–55 Some linguists also believe that ancient Gallaecian was related to the Goidelic languages.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ancient Celtic Europe |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Anthropology |quote=Galego, the language of Spanish Galicia, is a Romance language closely related to Portuguese, the indigenous Celtic language having been lost, although it is believed to have been Goidelic. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eRF5CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT908 |date=December 8, 2005 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-1-5063-2003-8 |editor=H. James Birx |id=1506320031 |access-date=August 24, 2024}}

• Indo-European *-ps- and *-ks- became *-xs- and were then reduced to -s-: place name AVILIOBRIS from *Awil-yo-brix-s < Proto-Celtic *Awil-yo-brig-s 'Windy hill (fort)',Curchin 2008: 117Prósper 2002: 357–358 modern place name Osmo (Cenlle, Osamo 928 AD) from *Uχsamo- 'the highest one'.Prósper 2005: 282
• Original PIE *p has disappeared, having become a *φ sound before being lost completely:Prósper 2005: 336Prósper 2002: 422

;Examples

:*place names C(ASTELLO) OLCA from *φolkā- 'Overturned', C(ASTELLO) ERITAECO from *φerito- 'surrounded, enclosed'

:*personal name ARCELTIUS, from *φari-kelt-y-os

:*place name C(ASTELLO) ERCORIOBRI, from *φeri-kor-y-o-brig-s 'Overshooting hillfort'

:*place name C(ASTELLO) LETIOBRI,Curchin 2008: 123 from *φle-tyo-brig-s 'wide hillfort', or *φlei-to-brig-s 'grey hillfort';Prósper 2005: 269

:*place name Iria Flavia, from *φīweryā- (nominative *φīwerī) 'fertile' (feminine form, cf. Sanskrit feminine pīvari- "fat");Delamarre 2012: 165

:*place name ONTONIA, from *φont-on- 'path';Delamarre 2012: 2011

:*personal name LATRONIUS,Vallejo 2005: 326 to *φlā-tro- 'place; trousers'

:*personal name ROTAMUS, to *φro-tamo- 'foremost';Koch 2011:34

:*modern place names Bama (Touro, Vama 912) to *uφamā-Cf. Koch 2011: 76 'the lowest one, the bottom' (feminine form), Iñobre (Rianxo) to *φenyo-brix-sPrósper 2002: 377 'Hill (fort) by the water', Bendrade (Oza dos Ríos) to *Vindo-φrātem 'White fortress', and Baiordo (Coristanco) to *Bagyo-φritu-, where the second element is proto-Celtic for 'ford'.Búa 2007: 38–39 Galician-Portuguese appellative words leira 'flat patch of land' from *φlāryā,cf. DCECH s.v. lera lavego 'plough' from *φlāw-aiko-,cf. DCECH s.v. llaviegu laxe/lage 'flagstone', from medieval lagena, from *φlagĭnā,cf. DCECH s.v. laja rega and rego 'furrow' from *φrikā.cf. DCECH s.v. regar

:The frequent instances of preserved PIE /p/ are assigned by some authors, namely Carlos BúaBúa 2007 and Jürgen Untermann, to a single and archaic Celtic language spoken in Gallaecia, Asturia and Lusitania, while others (Francisco Villar, Blanca María Prósper, Patrizia de Bernado Stempel, Jordán Colera) consider that they belong to a Lusitanian or Lusitanian-like dialect or group of dialects spoken in northern Iberia along with (but different from) Western Hispano-Celtic:{{cite journal|last=Prósper|first=Blanca M.|title=Shifting the evidence: new interpretation of Celtic and non-Celtic personal names of Western Hispania|pages=1|url=https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31550329/download_file?st=MTM5NDc0NjkyNiw3Ny4yNy40My4xOTQ%3D&ct=MTM5NDc0NjkzMg%3D%3D|access-date=13 March 2014}}

:* in Galicia: divinity names and epithets PARALIOMEGO, PARAMAECO, POEMANAE, PROENETIAEGO, PROINETIE, PEMANEIECO, PAMUDENO; place names Lapatia, Paramo, Pantiñobre if from *palanti-nyo-brig-s (Búa); Galician-Portuguese appellative words lapa 'stone, rock' (cfr. Lat. lapis) and pala 'stone cavity', from *palla from *plh-sa (cfr. Germ. fels, O.Ir. All).

:* in Asturias the ethnic name Paesici; personal names PENTIUS, PROGENEI; divinity name PECE PARAMECO; in León and Bragança place names PAEMEIOBRIGENSE, Campo Paramo, Petavonium.

:* in other northwestern areas: place names Pallantia, Pintia, Segontia Paramica; ethnic name Pelendones.

• Indo-European sonorants between vowels, *n̥, and *m̥ have become an, am; *r̥, and *l̥ have become ri, li:Prósper 2005: 342. place name Brigantia from *brig-ant-yā < Proto-Celtic *br̥g-n̥t-y-ā < post-Proto-Indo-European (post-PIE) *bʰr̥gʰ-n̥t-y-ā 'The towering one, the high one'; modern place names in Portugal and Galicia Braga, Bragança, Berganzo, Berganciños, Bergaña;Moralejo 2010: 105 ancient place names AOBRIGA, CALIABRIGA, CALAMBRIGA, CONIMBRIGA, CORUMBRIGA, MIROBRIGA, NEMETOBRIGA, COELIOBRIGA, TALABRIGA with second element *brigā < Proto-Celtic *br̥g-ā < post-PIE *bʰr̥gʰ-ā 'high place',Luján 2006: 727–729 and AVILIOBRIS, MIOBRI, AGUBRI with second element *bris < *brix-s < Proto-Celtic *brig-s < *br̥g-s < PIE *bʰr̥gʰ-s 'hill (fort)';Prósper 2002: 357–382 cf. English cognate borough < Old English burg "fort" < Proto-Germanic *burg-s < PIE *bʰr̥gʰ-s.
• Reduction of diphthong *ei to ē: theonym DEVORI, from *dēwo-rīg-ē < Proto-Celtic *deiwo-rēg-ei 'To the king of the gods'.Prósper 2005: 338; Jordán Cólera 2007: 754.
• Lenition of *m in the group *-mnV- to -unV-:Prósper 2002: 425–426.Prósper 2005: 336. ARIOUNIS MINCOSEGAECIS, dative form from *ar-yo-uno- *menekko-seg-āk-yo- 'To the (deities of the) fields of the many crops' < Proto-Celtic *ar-yo-mno- ... .Prósper 2002: 205–215.
• Assimilation *p .. kʷ > *kʷ .. kʷ: tribe name Querquerni from *kʷerkʷ- < PIE *perkʷ- 'oak, tree'.Luján 2006: 724 Although this name has also been interpreted as Lusitanian by B. M. Prósper,Prósper 2002: 397 she proposed recently for that language a *p .. kʷ > *kʷ .. kʷ > *p .. p assimilation.{{cite journal|last=Prósper|first=B. M.|author2=Francisco Villar|title=NUEVA INSCRIPCIÓN LUSITANA PROCEDENTE DE PORTALEGRE|journal=EMERITA, Revista de Lingüística y Filología Clásica (EM)|year=2009|volume=LXXVII|issue=1|pages=1–32|url=http://emerita.revistas.csic.es/index.php/emerita/article/view/304/313|access-date=11 June 2012}}
• Reduction of diphthong *ew to *ow, and eventually to ō:Prósper 2002: 423. personal names TOUTONUS / TOTONUS 'of the people' from *tout- 'nation, tribe' < PIE *teut-; personal names CLOUTIUS 'famous', but VESUCLOTI 'having good fame' < Proto-Celtic *Kleut-y-os, *Wesu-kleut(-y)-os;Prósper 2002: 211 CASTELLO LOUCIOCELO < PIE *leuk- 'bright'.{{cite book|last=González García|first=Francisco Javier|title=Los pueblos de la Galicia céltica|date=2007|publisher=Ediciones Akal|location=Madrid|isbn=9788446036210|page=409}} In Celtiberian the forms toutinikum/totinikum show the same process.Jordán Cólera 2007: 755
• Superlatives in -is(s)amo:Wodtko 2010: 356 place names BERISAMO < *Berg-isamo- 'The highest one',Prósper 2005: 266, 278 SESMACA < *Seg-isamā-kā 'The strongest one, the most victorious one'.Prósper 2002: 423 The same etymology has been proposed for the modern place names Sésamo (Culleredo) and Sísamo (Carballo), from *Segisamo-;Prósper 2005: 282. modern place name Méixamo from Magisamo- 'the largest one'.Moralejo 2010: 107
• Syncope (loss) of unstressed vowels in the vicinity of liquid consonants: CASTELLO DURBEDE, if from *dūro-bedo-.{{cite journal|last=Prósper|first=Blanca M.|title=Shifting the evidence: new interpretation of Celtic and non-Celtic personal names of Western Hispania|pages=6–8|url=https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31550329/download_file?st=MTM5NDc0NjkyNiw3Ny4yNy40My4xOTQ%3D&ct=MTM5NDc0NjkzMg%3D%3D|access-date=13 March 2014}}
• Reduction of Proto-Celtic *χt cluster to Hispano-Celtic *t: personal names AMBATUS, from Celtic *ambi-aχtos, PENTIUS < *k^wenχto- 'fifth'.

• In contact with *e or *i, intervocalic consonant *-g- tends to disappear: theonym DEVORI from *dēworīgē 'To the king of the gods'; adjective derived of a place name SESMACAE < *Seg-isamā-kā 'The strongest one, the most victorious one'; personal names MEIDUENUS < *Medu-genos 'Born of mead', CATUENUS < *Katu-genos 'Born of the fight';Prósper 2005: 266 inscription NIMIDI FIDUENEARUM HIC < *widu-gen-yā. But Celtiberian place name SEGISAMA and personal name mezukenos show preservation of /g/.Jordán Cólera 2007: 763–764.
• *-lw- and *-rw- become -lβ-, -rβ- (as in Irish): MARTI TARBUCELI < *tarwo-okel- 'To Mars of the Hill of the Bull', but Celtiberian TARVODURESCA.
• Late preservation of *(-)φl- which becomes (-)βl- and only later is reduced to a simple (-)l- sound:Prósper 2002: 422, 427Prósper 2005: 345 place names BLETISAM(AM), BLETIS(AMA),Prósper, Blanca María. "El topónimo hispano–celta Bletisama: Una aproximación desde la lingüística". In: I. Sastre y F. J. Sánchez Palencia (eds.). El bronce de Pino del Oro Valladolid. 2010. pp. 217–23. modern Ledesma (Boqueixón) < *φlet-isamā 'widest'; BLANIOBRENSI,Sometimes it has been read ELANIOBRENSI medieval Laniobre < *φlān-yo-brigs 'hillfort on the plain'.Luján 2006: 727 But Celtiberian place name Letaisama.Jordán Cólera 2007: 757.
• *wl- is maintained:Prósper 2002: 426 VLANA < PIE *wl̥Hn-eh₂ 'wool', while Celtiberian has l-: launi < PIE *wl̥H-mn-ih₂ 'woolly' (?).
• Sometimes *wo- appears as wa-:Prósper 2005: 346 VACORIA < *(d)wo-kor-yo- 'who has two armies', VAGABROBENDAM < *uφo-gabro-bendā 'lower goat mountain' (see above).
• Dative plural ending -bo < PIE *bʰo, while Celtiberian had -bos: LUGOUBU/LUCUBO 'To (the three gods) Lug'.

Under the P/Q Celtic hypothesis, Gallaecian appears to be a Q-Celtic language, as evidenced by the following occurrences in local inscriptions: ARQVI, ARCVIVS, ARQVIENOBO, ARQVIENI[S], ARQVIVS, all probably from IE Paleo-Hispanic *arkʷios 'archer, bowman', retaining proto-Celtic *kʷ.{{cite book|last=Koch|first=John T|title=Tartessian 2: The Inscription of Mesas do Castelinho ro and the Verbal Complex. Preliminaries to Historical Phonology|year=2011|url=http://www.oxbowbooks.com/bookinfo.cfm/ID/91450//Location/Oxbow|publisher=Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK|isbn=978-1-907029-07-3|pages=53–54,144–145|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723195518/http://www.oxbowbooks.com/bookinfo.cfm/ID/91450//Location/Oxbow|archive-date=2011-07-23}}Abad, Rubén Abad. (2008). "La divinidad celeste/solar en el panteón céltico peninsular". In: Espacio, Tiempo y Forma. Serie II, Historia Antigua, 21: 101. It is also noteworthy the ethnonyms Equaesi ( < PIE *ek̂wos 'horse'), a people from southern Gallaecia,Cf. Vallejo 2005: 321, who wrongly assign them to the Astures. and the Querquerni ( < *perkʷ- 'oak'). Nevertheless, some old toponyms and ethnonyms, and some modern toponyms, have been interpreted as showing kw / kʷ > p: Pantiñobre (Arzúa, composite of *kʷantin-yo- '(of the) valley' and *brix-s 'hill(fort)') and Pezobre (Santiso, from *kweityo-bris),Prósper 2002: 422, 378–379 ethnonym COPORI "the Bakers" from *pok^wero- 'to cook',{{cite journal|last=Prósper|first=Blanca M.|title=Shifting the evidence: new interpretation of Celtic and non-Celtic personal names of Western Hispania|pages=10|url=https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31550329/download_file?st=MTM5NDc0NjkyNiw3Ny4yNy40My4xOTQ%3D&ct=MTM5NDc0NjkzMg%3D%3D|access-date=13 March 2014}} old place names Pintia, in Galicia and among the Vaccei, from PIE *penk^wtó- > Celtic *k^wenχto- 'fifth'.{{cite journal|last1=John T.|first1=Koch|title=Some Palaeohispanic Implications of the Gaulish Inscription of Rezé (Ratiatum)|journal=Mélanges en l'honneur de Pierre-Yves Lambert|date=2015|pages=333–46|url=https://www.academia.edu/12949702|access-date=16 July 2015}}{{cite journal|last=de Bernardo Stempel|first=Patrizia|title=El nombre -¿céltico?- de la "Pintia vaccea"|journal=BSAA Arqueología: Boletín del Seminario de Estudios de Arqueología|date=2009|issue=75|url=http://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/3627410.pdf|access-date=14 March 2014}}

File:Latronius Celtiati.JPG|Anthropomorphic stele with Latin inscription, and local anthroponyms (from Verín, Ourense, Galicia): LATRONIUS CELTIATI F(ilius) H(ic) S(itus) E(st)

File:Galician Celtic Stele - Estela Galaica .jpg|Stele with Latin inscription (from Mera town, Lugo, Galicia): APANA AMBOLLI F(ilia) CELTICA SVPERTAM(arica) [Castello] MIOBRI AN(norum) XXV H(ic) S(itus) E(st) APANVS FR(ater) F(aciendum) C(uravit).

File:Lucoubu arquien.jpg|Votive inscription to Lug (from Sinogas town, Lugo, Galicia): LUCOUBU ARQUIEN(obu) SILONIUS SILO EX VOTO

File:Cosou Daviniago.jpg|Votive inscription to the local deity Coso (from Meiras town, A Coruña, Galicia): COSOU DAVINIAGO Q(uintus) V() C() EX VOTO

File:Fonte do Ídolo Braga.jpg|Inscriptions in Braga, Portugal: [Ce]LICUS FRONTO ARCOBRIGENSIS AMBIMOGIDUS FECIT; and TONGOE NABIAGOI CELICUS FECIT FRONT[o]

File:VECIUS VEROBLII.JPG|Galician Latin inscription (from Lugo city, Galicia): VECIUS VEROBLII F(ilius) PRICE[ps ...] CIT(...) C(ASTELLO) CIRCINE AN(norum) LX [...]O VECI F(ilius) PRINCEPS CO[...]

{{More citations needed|section|date=January 2023}}

In the 19th century a group of Romantic and Nationalist writers and scholars, among them Eduardo Pondal and Manuel Murguía,{{cite book|last=González García|first=F. J. (coord.)|title=Los pueblos de la Galicia céltica|date=2007|publisher=Ediciones Akal|location=Madrid|isbn=9788446022602|pages=19–49}} led a Celtic revival initially based on the historical testimonies of ancient Roman and Greek authors (Pomponius Mela, Pliny the Elder, Strabo and Ptolemy), who wrote about the Celtic peoples who inhabited Galicia; {{Cite journal| volume = 6| pages = 74| last = García Quintela| first = Marco V| title = Celtic Elements in Northwestern Spain in Pre-Roman times| journal = E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies| date = 2005}} there is currently a revival movement within Galicia (Spain) which often extends into Asturias, northern Portugal and sometimes Cantabria funded by the Celtic League in Galicia,{{Cite web|url=https://gallaicrevivalmovement.page.tl/|title=Gallaic Language Revival Movement - GLEUSSAXTA ATEBIVOCANA TENGUA GALLAICA|website=gallaicrevivalmovement.page.tl|access-date=2022-11-28|archive-date=2022-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208062804/https://gallaicrevivalmovement.page.tl/|url-status=dead}} this movement is championed by people like Vincent F. Pintado, Founder of the Gallaecian Language Revival Movement, Member of the United Celtic Nations, Sponsor of the Gallaecian Celtic League, Author of the Old Celtic Dictionary.

• List of Celtic place names in Galicia
• List of Celtic place names in Portugal
• Celtiberian language
• Continental Celtic languages
• List of Galician words of Celtic origin
• Portuguese vocabulary
• Galician Institute for Celtic Studies

{{Reflist|2}}

• Búa, Carlos (2007) O Thesaurus Paleocallaecus, in {{cite book|editor-last=Kremer|editor-first=Dieter |title=Onomástica galega : con especial consideración da situación prerromana : actas do primeiro Coloquio de Trier 19 e 20 de maio de 2006|year=2007|publisher=Universidade de Santiago de Compostela|location=Santiago de Compostela|isbn=978-84-9750-794-3}}
• Curchin, Leonard A. (2008) [http://estudiosgallegos.revistas.csic.es/index.php/estudiosgallegos/article/view/41 Estudios GallegosThe toponyms of the Roman Galicia: New Study]. CUADERNOS DE ESTUDIOS GALLEGOS LV (121): 109-136.
• DCECH = Coromines, Joan (2012). Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico. Madrid: Gredos. {{ISBN|978-84-249-3654-9}}.
• {{cite book|last=Delamarre|first=Xavier|title=Noms de lieux celtiques de l'Europe ancienne (−500 / +500): dictionnaire|year=2012|publisher=Errance|location=Arles|isbn=978-2-87772-483-8}}
• {{cite journal|last=Jordán Cólera|first=Carlos|title=Celtiberian|journal=E-Keltoi|date=March 16, 2007|volume=6|url=http://www4.uwm.edu/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_17/jordan_6_17.pdf|access-date=16 June 2010|archive-date=24 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624081159/http://www4.uwm.edu/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_17/jordan_6_17.pdf|url-status=dead}}
• {{cite book|last=Koch|first=John T.|title=Tartessian 2 : The inscription of Mesas do Castelinho ro and the verbal complex preliminaries to historical phonology|year=2011|publisher=University of Wales, Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies|location=Aberystwyth|isbn=978-1-907029-07-3}}
• Luján Martínez, Eugenio R. (2006) [http://www4.uwm.edu/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_16/lujan_6_16.pdf The Language(s) of the Callaeci] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409155114/http://www4.uwm.edu/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_16/lujan_6_16.pdf |date=2014-04-09 }}. e-Keltoi 6: 715-748.
• {{cite journal|last=Moralejo|first=Juan José|title=TOPÓNIMOS CÉLTICOS EN GALICIA|journal=Paleohispánica|date=2010|volume=10|url=http://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/30/23/07moralejo.pdf|access-date=14 March 2014}}
• {{cite book|last=Prósper|first=Blanca María|title=Lenguas y religiones prerromanas del occidente de la península ibérica|year=2002|publisher=Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca|isbn=84-7800-818-7|pages=422–427}}
• Prósper, Blanca María and Francisco Villar (2005). Vascos, Celtas e Indoeuropeos: Genes y lenguas. Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. {{ISBN|978-84-7800-530-7}}.
• {{cite journal|last=Prósper|first=Blanca María|title=Indo-European Divinities that Protected Livestock and the Persistence of Cross-Linguistic Semantic Paradigms: Dea Oipaingia|journal=The Journal of Indo-European Studies|year=2012|volume=40|issue=1–2|pages=46–58|url=https://www.academia.edu/1417828|access-date=25 February 2013}}
• {{cite book|last=Vallejo Ruiz|first=José María|title=Antroponimia indígena de la Lusitania romana|year=2005|publisher=Univ. del País Vasco [u.a.]|location=Vitoria-Gasteiz|isbn=8483737469}}
• {{cite book |last=Wodtko |first=Dagmar S. |date=2010 |chapter=The Problem of Lusitanian |editor1-last=Cunliffe|editor1-first=Barry |editor2-first=John T. |editor2-last=Koch |title=Celtic from the West|publisher=Oxbow books|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=978-1-84217-475-3}}

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{{Celtic languages}}

{{Celts}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gallaecian language}}

Category:Continental Celtic languages

Category:Extinct Celtic languages

Celtic

Galician

Category:Extinct languages of Europe

Category:Extinct languages of Spain