Gamma Doradus variable

Gamma Doradus variables are variable stars which display variations in luminosity due to non-radial pulsations of their surface. The stars are typically young, early F or late A type main sequence stars, and typical brightness fluctuations are 0.1 magnitudes with periods on the order of one day. This class of variable stars is relatively new, having been first characterized in the second half of the 1990s, and details on the underlying physical cause of the variations remains under investigation.

File:GammaDorLightCurve.png for Gamma Doradus, the class prototype, plotted from TESS data{{cite web |title=MAST: Barbara A. Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes |url=https://mast.stsci.edu/portal/Mashup/Clients/Mast/Portal.html |publisher=Space Telescope Science Institute |access-date=8 December 2021}}]]

The star 9 Aurigae was first noticed to be variable in 1990. However, none of the currently-accepted explanations were adequate: it pulsated too slowly and was outside of the Delta Scuti instability strip, and there was no evidence for any eclipsing material, although Gamma Doradus and HD 96008 were noted to be similar.{{cite journal|bibcode=1993MNRAS.263..781K|arxiv = astro-ph/9304008 |title = The 9-AURIGAE System |journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume = 263 |issue = 3 |pages = 781 |last1 = Krisciunas |first1 = K. |last2 = Aspin |first2 = C. |last3 = Geballe |first3 = T. R. |last4 = Akazawa |first4 = H. |last5 = Claver |first5 = C. F. |last6 = Guinan |first6 = E. F. |last7 = Landis |first7 = H. J. |last8 = Luedeke |first8 = K. D. |last9 = Ohkura |first9 = N. |last10 = Ohshima |first10 = O. |last11 = Skillman |first11 = D. R. |year = 1993 |doi = 10.1093/mnras/263.3.781 |doi-access = free }} These three stars, as well as HD 224638, were soon hypothesized to belong to a new class of variable stars in which variability was produced by g-mode pulsations rather than the p-mode pulsations of Delta Scuti variables.{{cite journal|bibcode=1993AAS...183.8402K|title=A new class of pulsating stars|journal=American Astronomical Society|volume=183|pages=#84.02|last1=Krisciunas|first1=K.|year=1993}} HD 224945 and HD 164615 were noticed to be similar as well, while HD 96008 was ruled out on the basis of its more regular period.{{cite journal|bibcode=1994MNRAS.270..439M|title=Unusual Variability among Early F-Type Stars - HD224638 and HD224945|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=270|issue=2|pages=439|last1=Mantegazza|first1=L.|last2=Poretti|first2=E.|last3=Zerbi|first3=F. M.|year=1994|doi=10.1093/mnras/270.2.439|doi-access=free}} Eclipses and starspots were soon ruled out as the cause of the Gamma Doradus' variability,{{cite journal|bibcode=1994MNRAS.270..905B|title=Gamma-Doradus - Evidence for a New Class of Pulsating Star|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=270|issue=4|pages=905|last1=Balona|first1=L. A.|last2=Krisciunas|first2=K.|last3=Cousins|first3=A. W. J.|year=1994|doi=10.1093/mnras/270.4.905|doi-access=free}} and the variability of 9 Aurigae was confirmed to be caused by g-mode pulsations a year later, thus confirming the stars as the prototypes of a new class of variable stars.{{cite journal|bibcode=1995MNRAS.273..662K|arxiv = astro-ph/9407094 |title = 9 Aurigae: Strong evidence for non-radial pulsations |journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume = 273 |issue = 3 |pages = 662 |last1 = Krisciunas |first1 = K. |last2 = Griffin |first2 = R. F. |last3 = Guinan |first3 = E. F. |last4 = Luedeke |first4 = K. D. |last5 = McCook |first5 = G. P. |year = 1995 |doi = 10.1093/mnras/273.3.662 |doi-access = free }} Over ten more candidates were quickly found,{{cite journal|bibcode=1995IBVS.4195....1K|title=A List of Variable Stars Similar to gamma Dor|journal=Information Bulletin on Variable Stars|volume=4195|pages=1|last1=Krisciunas|first1=K.|last2=Handler|first2=G.|year=1995}} and the discoverers dubbed the group the Gamma Doradus stars, after the brightest member and the first member found to be variable.{{cite journal|bibcode=1995DSSN....9...17K|title=What is known and not known about Gamma Doradus stars|journal=Delta Scuti Star Newsletter|volume=9|pages=17|last1=Krisciunas|first1=K.|year=1995}}

List

class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;"

style="background:#efefef;"

! style="width:10%;"|Designation (name){{cite journal|last1=Henry|first1=Gregory W.|last2=Fekel|first2=Francis C.|last3=Henry|first3=Stephen M.|title=A VOLUME-LIMITED PHOTOMETRIC SURVEY OF 114 γ DORADUS CANDIDATES|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=142|issue=2|date=2011|pages=39|bibcode=2011AJ....142...39H|doi=10.1088/0004-6256/142/2/39|arxiv = 1105.4161 }}

! style="width:10%;"|Constellation

! style="width:15%;"|Discovery

! style="width:10%;"|Maximum Apparent magnitude (m_V)

! style="width:10%;"|Minimum Apparent magnitude (m_V){{cite journal|bibcode=2009yCat....102025S|title=VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+ 2007-2013)|journal=VizieR On-line Data Catalog: B/GCVS. Originally Published in: 2009yCat....102025S|volume=1|pages=02025|last1=Samus|first1=N. N.|last2=Durlevich|first2=O. V.|year=2009|display-authors=etal}}

! style="width:10%;"|Period (days)

! style="width:10%;"|Spectral class

! style="width:25%;"|Comment

HD 8801 A
(V529 And)

| Andromeda

| Henry & Fekel (2005){{cite journal|last1=Henry|first1=Gregory W.|last2=Fekel|first2=Francis C.|title=HD 8801: A Unique Single Am Star with γ Doradus and δ Scuti Pulsations|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=129|issue=4|date=2005|pages=2026–2033|bibcode=2005AJ....129.2026H|doi=10.1086/428373|doi-access=free}}

| 6^m.48
(Hipparcos)

| 6^m.51
(Hipparcos)

| 0.40331

| A7Vm

| First discovered hybrid Gamma Doradus/Delta Scuti variable

V872 Ara{{cite journal|bibcode=1998A&A...337..790A|title=The discovery of new gamma Doradus stars from the HIPPARCOS mission|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=337|pages=790|last1=Aerts|first1=C.|last2=Eyer|first2=L.|last3=Kestens|first3=E.|year=1998}}

| Ara

| Aerts et al. (1998)

| 6^m.37
(Hipparcos)

| 6^m.39
(Hipparcos)

| 0.4266

| A9V

9 Aur A

| Auriga

| Krisciunas (1993)

| 4^m.93

| 5^m.50

| 1.2582

| F2V

| One of the original stars classified

17 CVn

| Canes Venatici

| Henry et al. (2011)

| 5^m.91

| 0.8862

| F0:V

| Spectroscopic binary; unclear which component is variable

HD 108100
(DD CVn)

| Canes Venatici

| Breger et al. (1996){{cite journal|bibcode=1996DSSN...10...24B|title=A new Gamma Doradus star, HD 108100|journal=Delta Scuti Star Newsletter|volume=10|pages=24|last1=Breger|first1=M.|last2=Handler|first2=G.|last3=Garrido|first3=R.|last4=Audard|first4=N.|last5=Beichbuchner|first5=F.|last6=Zima|first6=W.|last7=Paparo|first7=M.|last8=Li|first8=Z.|last9=Jiang|first9=S.|last10=Liu|first10=Z.|last11=Zhou|first11=A.|last12=Pikall|first12=H.|last13=Stankov|first13=A.|last14=Guzik|first14=J. A.|last15=Sperl|first15=M.|last16=Krzesinski|first16=J.|last17=Ogloza|first17=W.|last18=Pajdosz|first18=G.|last19=Zola|first19=S.|last20=Serkowitsch|first20=E.|last21=Reegen|first21=P.|last22=Rumpf|first22=T.|last23=Schmalwieser|first23=A.|year=1996}}

| 7^m.15

| 0.7541

| F2V

V350 CMa A

| Canis Major

| Eyer & Aerts (2000){{cite journal|bibcode=2000A&A...361..201E|arxiv = astro-ph/0011061 |title = A search for new gamma Doradus stars in the Geneva photometric database |journal = Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume = 361 |pages = 201 |last1 = Eyer |first1 = L. |last2 = Aerts |first2 = C. |year = 2000 }}

| 6^m.18

| 6^m.27

| 0.7750
10.959

| F2V

| Has two distinct periods

V1026 Cen

| Centaurus

| Aerts et al. (1998)

| 9^m.33
(Hipparcos)

| 9^m.38
(Hipparcos)

| 1.1857

| A3:m

HD 17163

| Cetus

| Henry et al. (2011)

| 6^m.04

| 0.42351

| F1V

HD 14940
(EP Cet)

| Cetus

| Aerts et al. (1998)

| 6^m.74

| 6^m.77

| 0.5004

| F0IV/V

43 Cyg

| Cygnus

| Henry et al. (2005){{cite journal|last1=Henry|first1=Gregory W.|last2=Fekel|first2=Francis C.|last3=Henry|first3=Stephen M.|title=Eleven New γ Doradus Stars|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=129|issue=6|date=2005|pages=2815–2830|bibcode=2005AJ....129.2815H|doi=10.1086/429876|doi-access=free}}

| 5^m.75
(Hipparcos)

| 5^m.84
(Hipparcos)

| 0.79955

| F0V

γ Dor

| Dorado

| Krisciunas (1993)

| 4^m.23

| 4^m.27

| 0.7570

| F1V

| One of the original stars classified

8 Dra

| Draco

| Aerts et al. (1998)

| 5^m.26
(Hipparcos)

| 5^m.34
(Hipparcos)

| 0.42450

| F1VmA7(n)

DI Gru

| Grus

| Aerts et al. (1998)

| 8^m.68

| 8^m.76

| 0.8668

| F3IV

V1325 Her

| Hercules

| Kaye et al. (1998){{cite conference|bibcode=1998ASPC..135..497K|title=Recent Periodic Variations in Three Gamma Doradus Variables|book-title=A Half Century of Stellar Pulsation Interpretation: A Tribute to Arthur N. Cox|conference=Conference held in Los Alamos, NM 16-20 June 1997|series=ASP Conference Series|volume=135|pages=497–501|last1=Kaye|first1=A. B.|last2=Bagnuolo|first2=W. G.|last3=Hall|first3=D. S.|last4=Henry|first4=G. W. |editor1-last=Bradley |editor1-first=P. A. |editor2-last=Guzik |editor2-first=J. A.|year=1998}}

| 6^m.38

| 0.4210

| F0V

80 Leo

| Leo

| Henry & Fekel (2002){{cite journal|last1=Henry|first1=Gregory W.|last2=Fekel|first2=Francis C.|title=Six New γ Doradus Stars|journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific|volume=114|issue=799|date=2002|pages=988–998|bibcode=2002PASP..114..988H|doi=10.1086/341785|doi-access=}}

| 6^m.34

| 6^m.37

| 0.45286

| F3IV

HD 40745
(AC Lep)

| Lepus

| Aerts et al. (1998)

| 6^m.28
(Hipparcos)

| 6^m.30
(Hipparcos)

| 0.82427

| F2IV

HD 69682

| Lynx

| Henry et al. (2011)

| 6^m.50

| 0.53189

| A9V

DO Lyn

| Lynx

| Kaye et al. (1999){{cite journal|last1=Kaye|first1=Anthony B.|last2=Henry|first2=Gregory W.|last3=Fekel|first3=Francis C.|last4=Gray|first4=Richard O.|last5=Rodríguez|first5=Eloy|last6=Martín|first6=Susana|last7=Gies|first7=Douglas R.|last8=Bagnuolo|first8=William G.|last9=Hall|first9=Douglas S.|title=HD 62454 and HD 68192: Two New γ Doradus Variables|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=118|issue=6|date=1999|pages=2997–3005|bibcode=1999AJ....118.2997K|doi=10.1086/301136|doi-access=free}}

| 7^m.17

| 0.62447

| F0V

HD 50747{{cite journal|last1=Dolez|first1=N.|last2=Vauclair|first2=S.|last3=Michel|first3=E.|last4=Hui-Bon-Hoa|first4=A.|last5=Vauclair|first5=G.|last6=Le Contel|first6=D.|last7=Mathias|first7=P.|last8=Poretti|first8=E.|last9=Amado|first9=P. J.|last10=Rainer|first10=M.|last11=Samadi|first11=R.|last12=Baglin|first12=A.|last13=Catala|first13=C.|last14=Auvergne|first14=M.|last15=Uytterhoeven|first15=K.|last16=Valtier|first16=J.-C.|title=HD 51106 and HD 50747: an ellipsoidal binary and a triple system observed with CoRoT|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=506|issue=1|year=2009|pages=159–165|bibcode=2009A&A...506..159D|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/200911903|arxiv = 0909.5135 }}

| Monoceros

| Dolez et al. (2009)

| 5^m.45

| 4.865
0.956

| A4IV

| Triple star; unknown which component is variable

HD 49434

| Monoceros

| Bruntt et al. (2002){{cite journal|last1=Bruntt|first1=H.|last2=Catala|first2=C.|last3=Garrido|first3=R.|last4=Rodríguez|first4=E.|last5=Stütz|first5=C.|last6=Knoglinger|first6=P.|last7=Mittermayer|first7=P.|last8=Bouret|first8=J. C.|last9=Hua|first9=T.|last10=Lignières|first10=F.|last11=Charpinet|first11=S.|last12=Van't Veer-Menneret|first12=C.|last13=Ballereau|first13=D.|title=Abundance analysis of targets for the COROT/MONS asteroseismology missions|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=389|issue=1|date=2002|pages=345–354|bibcode=2002A&A...389..345B|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20020549|arxiv = astro-ph/0203305 }}

| 5^m.75

| 0.57644

| F1V

| Hybrid Gamma Doradus/Delta Scuti variable{{cite journal|last1=Uytterhoeven|first1=K.|last2=Mathias|first2=P.|last3=Poretti|first3=E.|last4=Rainer|first4=M.|last5=Martín-Ruiz|first5=S.|last6=Rodríguez|first6=E.|last7=Amado|first7=P. J.|last8=Le Contel|first8=D.|last9=Jankov|first9=S.|last10=Niemczura|first10=E.|last11=Pollard|first11=K. R.|last12=Brunsden|first12=E.|last13=Paparó|first13=M.|last14=Costa|first14=V.|last15=Valtier|first15=J.-C.|last16=Garrido|first16=R.|last17=Suárez|first17=J. C.|last18=Kilmartin|first18=P. M.|last19=Chapellier|first19=E.|last20=Rodríguez-López|first20=C.|last21=Marin|first21=A. J.|last22=Aceituno|first22=F. J.|last23=Casanova|first23=V.|last24=Rolland|first24=A.|last25=Olivares|first25=I.|title=The γ Doradus CoRoT target HD 49434|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=489|issue=3|date=2008|pages=1213–1224|bibcode=2008A&A...489.1213U|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200809992|arxiv = 0807.0904 }}

HD 41547 A

| Monoceros

| Henry et al. (2007){{cite journal|last1=Henry|first1=Gregory W.|last2=Fekel|first2=Francis C.|last3=Henry|first3=Stephen M.|title=Photometry and Spectroscopy of 11 γ Doradus Stars|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=133|issue=4|date=2007|pages=1421–1440|bibcode=2007AJ....133.1421H|doi=10.1086/511820|doi-access=free|citeseerx=10.1.1.145.6144}}

| 5^m.87

| 0.81123

| F4V

α Oph{{cite journal|last1=Monnier|first1=J. D.|last2=Townsend|first2=R. H. D.|last3=Che|first3=X.|last4=Zhao|first4=M.|last5=Kallinger|first5=T.|last6=Matthews|first6=J.|last7=Moffat|first7=A. F. J.|title=ROTATIONALLY MODULATEDg-MODES IN THE RAPIDLY ROTATING δ SCUTI STAR RASALHAGUE (α OPHIUCHI)|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=725|issue=1|pages=1192|date=2010|bibcode=2010ApJ...725.1192M|issn=0004-637X|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/725/1/1192|arxiv = 1012.0787 }}
(Rasalhague)

| Ophiuchus

| Monnier et al. (2010)

| 2^m.08

| 0.5850

| A5IV

| Hybrid Gamma Doradus/Delta Scuti variable

73 Oph A

| Ophiuchus

| Fekel & Henry (2003){{cite journal|last1=Fekel|first1=Francis C.|last2=Henry|first2=Gregory W.|title=The Orbit and Pulsation Periods of the γ Doradus Variable HR 6844 (V2502 Ophiuchi)|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=125|issue=4|date=2003|pages=2156–2162|bibcode=2003AJ....125.2156F|doi=10.1086/368121|citeseerx=10.1.1.8.4250}}

| 6^m.11 (B)

| 0.61439

| F0V+G1V

HD 164615
(V2118 Oph)

| Ophiuchus

| Mantegazza et al. (1994)

| 7^m.02

| 7^m.09

| 0.8117

| F2IV

| One of the original stars classified

V2502 Oph

| Ophiuchus

| Aerts et al. (1998)

| 6^m.57

| 6^m.67

| 1.307

| F2V

HD 38309 Aa

| Orion

| Henry et al. (2011)

| 6^m.09

| 0.37703

| F0III:n

NZ Peg

| Pegasus

| Henry et al. (2001){{cite journal|last1=Henry|first1=Gregory W.|last2=Fekel|first2=Francis C.|last3=Kaye|first3=Anthony B.|last4=Kaul|first4=Ann|title=10 New γ Doradus and δ Scuti Stars|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=122|issue=6|year=2001|pages=3383–3395|bibcode=2001AJ....122.3383H|doi=10.1086/324228|doi-access=free}}

| 5^m.83
(Hipparcos)

| 5^m.86
(Hipparcos)

| 0.41113

| F2V

HR 8799
(V342 Peg)

| Pegasus

| Rodriguez & Zerbi (1995){{cite journal|bibcode=1995IBVS.4170....1R|title=A long period early F-type variable: HR8799|journal=Information Bulletin on Variable Stars|volume=4170|pages=1|last1=Rodriguez|first1=E.|last2=Zerbi|first2=F. M.|year=1995}}

| 6^m.00
(Hipparcos)

| 6^m.06
(Hipparcos)

| 0.5053

| A5V

| Lambda Boötis star and Vega-like star{{cite journal|last1=Gray|first1=Richard O.|last2=Kaye|first2=Anthony B.|title=HR 8799: A Link between γ Doradus Variables and λ Bootis Stars|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=118|issue=6|date=1999|pages=2993–2996|bibcode=1999AJ....118.2993G|doi=10.1086/301134|doi-access=free}}

V372 Peg

| Pegasus

| Kaye et al. (1998)

| 6^m.53 (B)

| 2.594821

| F3V

39 Peg

| Pegasus

| Henry et al. (2005)

| 6^m.43

| 6^m.53

| 0.75574

| F1V

HD 224638
(BT Psc)

| Pisces

| Krisciunas (1993)

| 7^m.8 (B)

| 1.2323

| F0V

| One of the original stars classified

HD 224945
(BU Psc)

| Pisces

| Mantegazza et al. (1994)

| 6^m.93

| 0.5432

| A9V

| One of the original stars classified

QW Pup

| Puppis

| Poretti et al. (1997){{cite journal|bibcode=1997MNRAS.292..621P|title=Discovery and analysis of Gamma Doradus type pulsations in the F0 IV star HR 2740=QW PUP|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=292|issue=3|pages=621|last1=Poretti|first1=E.|last2=Koen|first2=C.|last3=Martinez|first3=P.|last4=Breuer|first4=F.|last5=Haupt|first5=H.|last6=De Alwis|first6=D.|year=1997|doi=10.1093/mnras/292.3.621|doi-access=free}}

| 4^m.47

| 4^m.50

| 0.9584

| F0IV/V

ι TrA A

| Triangulum Australe

| Aerts et al. (1998)

| 5^m.30
(Hipparcos)

| 5^m.42
(Hipparcos)

| 1.4556

| F4IV

EE Tuc

| Tucana

| Aerts et al. (1998)

| 6^m.72
(Hipparcos)

| 6^m.82
(Hipparcos)

| 0.6935

| F2IV

V349 Tel

| Telescopium

| Aerts et al. (1998)

| 7^m.60
(Hipparcos)

| 7^m.73
(Hipparcos)

| 0.6953

| F0V

KO UMa

| Ursa Major

| Kaye et al. (1999)

| 7^m.18

| 0.7691

| F2V

UY UMi

| Ursa Minor

| Aerts et al. (1998)

| 6^m.30
(Hipparcos)

| 6^m.38
(Hipparcos)

| 0.7237

| F2V

VX UMi

| Ursa Minor

| Henry et al. (2001)

| 6^m.48 (B)

| 0.34510

| A9V

ε¹ Lyr B

| Lyrae

| Peretto I., Lora S., Peretto G., Furlato G., Barbieri M. - MarSEC (2022)Peretto I., Lora S., Peretto G., Furlato G., Barbieri M. - MarSEC (2022) - https://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=2227434

| 6^m.00 V (0.032) TESS

| 0.415

| F0V

Gamma Doradus variable

List

References