Ganoderma lucidum
{{Short description|Species of fungus}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Ganoderma.lucidum.shanofee.png
| image_caption = Ganoderma growing under oak in California{{cite journal |last1=Loyd |first1=AL |last2=Barnes |first2=CW |last3=Held |first3=BW |last4=Schink |first4=MJ |last5=Smith |first5=ME |last6=Smith |first6=JA |last7=Blanchette |first7=RA |title=Elucidating 'lucidum': Distinguishing the diverse laccate Ganoderma species of the United States |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2018 |volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=e0199738 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0199738 |pmid=30020945 |pmc=6051579 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1399738L |doi-access=free }}
| genus = Ganoderma
| species = lucidum
| authority = Karst (1881)
| synonyms = Boletus lucidus (Curtis)
Polyporus lucidus (Murrill)
| synonyms_ref =
}}
{{Mycomorphbox
| name = {{PAGENAME}}{{italic title}}
| hymeniumType = pores
| capShape = no
| capShape2 = offset
| whichGills = no
| stipeCharacter = bare
| stipeCharacter2 = NA
| sporePrintColor = brown
| ecologicalType = parasitic
| howEdible = unpalatable
}}
Ganoderma lucidum, commonly known as the reishi, varnished conk, lacquered bracket,{{cite book |last1=Jarvis |first1=Peter J. |title=The Pelagic Dictionary of Natural History of the British Isles |date=2020 |publisher=Pelagic |location=Exeter |isbn=9781784271947}} or ling chih,{{cite book |last1=Arora |first1=David |title=Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi |date=1986 |publisher=Ten Speed Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-89815-169-5 |edition=Second}} is a red-colored species of Ganoderma with a limited distribution in Europe and parts of China, where it grows on decaying hardwood trees.{{cite journal |last1=Loyd |first1=Andrew L. |last2=Richter |first2=Brantlee S. |last3=Jusino |first3=Michelle A. |last4=Truong |first4=Camille |last5=Smith |first5=Matthew E. |last6=Blanchette |first6=Robert A. |last7=Smith |first7=Jason A. |title=Identifying the 'Mushroom of Immortality': Assessing the Ganoderma Species Composition in Commercial Reishi Products |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |date=16 July 2018 |volume=9 |page=1557 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2018.01557 |pmid=30061872 |pmc=6055023 |doi-access=free }} Wild populations have been found in the United States in California and Utah but were likely introduced anthropogenically and naturalized.
Taxonomy
The history of the Ganoderma lucidum taxon is tied to the history of Ganoderma as a genus. Karsten first described the Ganoderma in 1881 and included only one species in the genus, G. lucidum (Curtis) Karst.{{cite journal |last1=Karsten |first1=P |title=Enumeratio Boletinarum et Polyporarum Fennicarum systemate novo dispositorum |journal=Revue de Mycologie |year=1881 |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=16–18 }} Previously, it was called Boletus lucidus Curtis (1781) and then Polyporus lucidus (Curtis) Fr. (1821). Patouillard revised Karsten's genus Ganoderma to include all species with pigmented spores, adhering tubes and laccate-crusted cuticles, which resulted in a total of 48 species classified under the genus Ganoderma in his 1889 monograph.{{cite journal |last1=Murrill |first1=William Alphonso |title=The Polyporaceae of North America. I. The Genus Ganoderma |journal=Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club |date=1902 |volume=29 |issue=10 |pages=599–608 |doi=10.2307/2478682 |jstor=2478682 }}{{cite journal |last1=Patouillard |first1=N |title=Le genre Ganoderma |trans-title=The genus Ganoderma |language=French |journal=Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France |date=1889 |volume=6 |pages=64–80 |id={{NAID|10029646237}} }}
Despite this recognition of additional species and subsequent discoveries of new Ganoderma species, such as 17 new North American species identified by Murrill North in 1902,{{cite journal |last1=Murrill |first1=WA |title=Agaricales (Polyporaceae) |journal=North American Flora |year=1908 |volume=9 |pages=1–131 |url=https://www.mykoweb.com/systematics/literature/NAF_Vol9Part1_7.pdf }} the taxonomy of Ganoderma species has remained chaotic, and the species name Ganoderma lucidum continues to be used for most Ganoderma species, including commonly misidentifying Ganoderma sichuanense (= Ganoderma lingzhi) (also known as reishi mushroom (Japan) or lingzhi/ling chih (China)), the sought-after red Ganoderma species used in traditional Asian medicine. It is important to note that G. lucidum is not a synonym for G. sichuanense (nor G. lingzhi) and is not in the same clade: based on molecular phylogenetic analyses, G. lucidum is more closely related to North American species Ganoderma tsugae and Ganoderma oregonense than to G. sichuanense, whose sister taxa include Ganoderma curtisii and Ganoderma ravenelii.
These genetic analyses tested species concept hypotheses to determine how the Ganoderma taxa are related. One such study{{cite journal |last1=Moncalvo |first1=Jean-Marc |last2=Wang |first2=Huei-Fang |last3=Hseu |first3=Ruey-Shyang |title=Gene phylogeny of the Ganoderma lucidum complex based on ribosomal DNA sequences. Comparison with traditional taxonomic characters |journal=Mycological Research |date=December 1995 |volume=99 |issue=12 |pages=1489–1499 |doi=10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80798-3 |url=http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/162549 |url-access=subscription }} found six major clades among the 29 samples studied. Samples labeled as G. lucidum were found in five of the six clades, showing the extent of the confusion around species identification. Another study{{cite journal |last1=Hong |first1=Soon Gyu |last2=Jung |first2=Hack Sung |title=Phylogenetic analysis of Ganoderma based on nearly complete mitochondrial small-subunit ribosomal DNA sequences |journal=Mycologia |date=30 January 2017 |volume=96 |issue=4 |pages=742–755 |doi=10.1080/15572536.2005.11832922 |pmid=21148895 }} found similar results, and also showed that Ganoderma resinaceum from Europe and the North American sample wrongly labeled G. lucidum were sister taxa and were also more closely related to each other than the European G. lucidum.
A 2015 phylogeny study revealed that the global diversity of the Ganoderma species included three supported major lineages.{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Li-Wei |last2=Cao |first2=Yun |last3=Wu |first3=Sheng-Hua |last4=Vlasák |first4=Josef |last5=Li |first5=De-Wei |last6=Li |first6=Meng-Jie |last7=Dai |first7=Yu-Cheng |title=Global diversity of the Ganoderma lucidum complex (Ganodermataceae, Polyporales) inferred from morphology and multilocus phylogeny |journal=Phytochemistry |date=June 2015 |volume=114 |pages=7–15 |doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.09.023 |pmid=25453909 |bibcode=2015PChem.114....7Z }} These results agree with several of the earlier works focusing mostly on morphology, geography and host preference, but with evidence separating the European and North American taxa.{{cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=John W. |last2=Jacobson |first2=David J. |last3=Kroken |first3=Scott |last4=Kasuga |first4=Takao |last5=Geiser |first5=David M. |last6=Hibbett |first6=David S. |last7=Fisher |first7=Matthew C. |title=Phylogenetic Species Recognition and Species Concepts in Fungi |journal=Fungal Genetics and Biology |date=October 2000 |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=21–32 |doi=10.1006/fgbi.2000.1228 |pmid=11118132 }}
= Etymology =
The scientific name, Ganoderma lucidum, uses the genus name, Ganoderma (derived from Greek ganos/γάνος 'brightness, sheen', hence 'shining' and derma/δέρμα 'skin') combined with lucidum from Latin lucidus 'light, bright, clear'.{{cite web |date=2022 |title=Lucida |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=lucida |access-date=16 September 2022 |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary}}
Description
The fruiting body almost always has a stipe present, which is tawny to russet colored and 1.5 times the diameter of the cap. Context tissue (sterile tissue inside the fruiting body between the pileus crust and the initiation of the tubes) is pink-buff to cinnamon-buff and corky, showing concentric growth zones and no resinous or melanoid deposits.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} The hymenium displays 4–5 pores per millimetre. Chlamydospores are absent. Basidiospores are 8.2–12.1 μm (average 10.7 μm) long and 4.8–8.9 μm (average 7.1 μm) wide, with a spore shape index of 66.2.
Distribution and habitat
G. lucidum is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical rainforest regions in Asia, Africa, and America.{{Cite web |date=2022-12-02 |title=NẤM LINH CHI VÀ CÁCH SỬ DỤNG, PHÒNG TRÁNH NGỘ ĐỘC |url=https://viennongnghiepthanhhoa.gov.vn/nam-linh-chi-va-cach-su-dung-phong-tranh-ngo-doc/ |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=VIỆN NÔNG NGHIỆP TỈNH THANH HÓA |language=vi}}{{Cite web |date=2022-12-02 |title=NẤM LINH CHI |url=http://hocvienquany.edu.vn/Web_SVB/DASinhVatBien/BT145-N%E1%BA%A4M_LINH_CHI.html#:~:text=%E1%BB%9E%20Nam%20b%E1%BB%99%20c%E1%BB%A7a%20Vi%E1%BB%87t,lim%20t%E1%BA%A1i%20%C4%91%E1%BA%A3o%20Ph%C3%BA%20Qu%E1%BB%91c.&text=N%E1%BA%A5m%20Linh%20Chi%20%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c%20s%E1%BB%AD,quan%20tr%E1%BB%8Dng%20v%E1%BB%81%20kinh%20t%E1%BA%BF. |access-date=2024-03-14 |language=vi}} It has been used for the longest time in China, Vietnam, and India.{{Cite web |last=Trí |first=Dân |date=2013-08-29 |title=Nhập nhèm nấm linh chi |url=https://dantri.com.vn/kinh-doanh/nhap-nhem-nam-linh-chi-1378208856.htm |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=Báo điện tử Dân Trí |language=vi}}{{Cite web |last=VnExpress |title=Cách phân biệt và chọn nấm linh chi tốt |url=https://vnexpress.net/cach-phan-biet-va-chon-nam-linh-chi-tot-3145571.html |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=vnexpress.net |language=vi}} It is currently cultivated using intensive cultivation technology in Japan, Korea, China, and is starting to be cultivated in some Southeast Asian and South American countries.{{Cite web |last=Trí |first=Dân |date=2018-08-21 |title=Nấm lim xanh và những tác dụng nhiều mặt cần biết |url=https://dantri.com.vn/tu-van/nam-lim-xanh-va-nhung-thanh-phan-hoat-tinh-gia-tri-nhieu-mat-can-biet-20180820145147565.htm |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=Báo điện tử Dân Trí |language=vi}}{{Cite web |last=Trí |first=Dân |date=2018-08-21 |title=NGHIÊN CỨU KỸ THUẬT NUÔI TRỒNG NẤM LINH CHI ĐỎ (GANODERMA LUCIUM) TẠI KHU VỰC XUÂN MAI |url=https://elib.vnuf.edu.vn/bitstream/123456789/8524/1/LV09006735.pdf |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=Báo điện tử Dân Trí |language=vi}} In the southern region of Vietnam, G. lucidum can be seen growing on dầu lim trees on Phu Quoc Island.{{Cite web |title=Nấm linh chi to như chiếc thúng giữa rừng già Phú Quốc |url=https://vietnamnet.vn/nam-linh-chi-to-nhu-chiec-thung-giua-rung-gia-phu-quoc-256560.html |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=VietNamNet News |language=vietnamese}}{{Cite web |title=Nấm linh chi |url=https://kgin.com.vn/nam-linh-chi-han-quoc/ |access-date=2024-03-14 |language=vi}}{{Cite web |last=thanhnien.vn |date=2010-11-27 |title=Vào rừng tìm nấm linh chi |url=https://thanhnien.vn/vao-rung-tim-nam-linh-chi-185112669.htm |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=thanhnien.vn |language=vi}}
Uses
= Folklore=
The species is inedible, and rock-hard when dried, but is used to make a bitter-tasting tea, purported to have health effects by some cultures, although there is no reliable scientific evidence for such effects.{{cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Mike |last2=Sommer |first2=Robert |last3=Menge |first3=John |chapter=Ganoderma lucidum |page=349 |chapter-url={{GBurl|obp7jddvjt4C|p=349}} |title=Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America |date=2012 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-95360-4 |oclc=797915861 }}
=Products=
File:ซินซิงชาสมุนไพรเห็ดหลินจือ.jpg]]
The confusion surrounding the taxonomy of Ganoderma species has persisted, causing confusion and inaccuracies when labeling folklore products containing Ganoderma species, as well as "grow your own" (GYO) kits and other tissue samples sold for cultivation of Ganoderma species. Products typically carry a label of G. lucidum, using the words "reishi" and "lingzhi/ling chih" (which most typically refer to Asian Ganoderma species used in traditional medicine, such as G. sichuanense and Ganoderma sinense) merely because they contain a laccate Ganoderma species.
These products and GYO kits sold as Ganoderma lucidum may not contain G. lucidum: one study showed through DNA analysis that 93% of GYO kits and half of the dried mushroom products studied that were labeled "G. lucidum" contained G. sichuanense in actuality, an inaccurate labeling. The study also found that no manufactured reishi product and only one GYO kit actually contained G. lucidum. Other species present in these products included Ganoderma applanatum, Ganoderma australe (potentially a species complex), Ganoderma gibbosum, Ganoderma sessile, and G. sinense.
Cultivation
Due to its medicinal properties and other mentioned benefits, the cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum is currently under study in Europe, although it remains in the early stages. Current research aims to cultivate it in different types of side-streams and waste,{{cite journal |last1=Atila |first1=Funda |title=Comparative study on the mycelial growth and yield of Ganoderma lucidum (Curt.: Fr.) Karst. on different lignocellulosic wastes |journal=Acta Ecologica Sinica |date=April 2020 |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=153–157 |doi=10.1016/j.chnaes.2018.11.007 |bibcode=2020AcEcS..40..153A }}{{cite journal |last1=Cortina-Escribano |first1=Marta |last2=Pihlava |first2=Juha-Matti |last3=Miina |first3=Jari |last4=Veteli |first4=Pyry |last5=Linnakoski |first5=Riikka |last6=Vanhanen |first6=Henri |title=Effect of Strain, Wood Substrate and Cold Treatment on the Yield and β-Glucan Content of Ganoderma lucidum Fruiting Bodies |journal=Molecules |date=15 October 2020 |volume=25 |issue=20 |pages=4732 |doi=10.3390/molecules25204732 |doi-access=free |pmid=33076396 |pmc=7587577 }} but this species are not usually cultivated in pine wood as it does not usually produce fruiting bodies as well as in other woods, such as aspen probably because softwoods contain compounds which are toxic to several fungi, including Ganoderma spp.{{cite journal |last1=Mata |first1=Gerardo |last2=Pérez-Torres |first2=José Antonio |last3=Medel |first3=Rosario |last4=Pérez-Merlo |first4=Rosalía |last5=Salmones |first5=Dulce |title=Culture of Pleurotus ostreatus in pine shavings: isolation of strains and evaluation of their productivity |journal=Madera y Bosques |date=25 September 2019 |volume=25 |issue=2 |doi=10.21829/myb.2019.2521715 |doi-access=free }} However, recent studies found that Ganoderma lucidum is still able to degrade Pinus sylvestris wood, causing a wood delignification but keeping proportion of carbohydrates high,{{cite journal |last1=Cortina-Escribano |first1=Marta |last2=Barbero-López |first2=Aitor |last3=Kilpeläinen |first3=Petri |last4=Vanhanen |first4=Henri |last5=Haapala |first5=Antti |title=Degradation of Pinus sylvestris and Populus tremula by laccate Ganoderma species |journal=Holzforschung |date=28 October 2024 |volume=78 |issue=10 |pages=581–585 |doi=10.1515/hf-2024-0052 }} opening new doors to softwoods in their utilization in Ganoderma lucidum cultivation.
Phytochemicals composition
Garnoderma lucidiums active components include Ganoderic acid, alkaloids, flavonoids and saponin which is used for antimicrobial and anti Malaria treatment{{fact|date=March 2025}}
References
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