Gastrodia elata

{{Speciesbox

| image = Gastrodia elata 1.JPG

| image_caption = Fukushima pref., Japan

| status = VU

| status_system = IUCN3.1

| status_ref = {{cite iucn |author=China Plant Specialist Group |date=2004 |title=Gastrodia elata |volume=2004 |page=e.T46671A11069069 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T46671A11069069.en |access-date=6 October 2021}}

| status2 = CITES_A2

| status2_system = CITES

| status2_ref = {{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=14 January 2022|website=cites.org}}{{NoteTag|Subject to [https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/app/2023/E-Appendices-2023-02-23.pdf CITES Annotation #4]}}

| genus = Gastrodia

| species = elata

| authority = Blume

| subdivision =

G. e. f. alba
G. e. f. elata
G. e. f. flavida
G. e. f. glauca
G. e. f. viridis

| synonyms =

Gastrodia viridis Makino (1902)
Gastrodia mairei Schltr. (1913)
Gastrodia elata var. gracilis Pamp. (1915)
Gastrodia elata f. pilifera Tuyama (1941)

|synonyms_ref =

}}

Gastrodia elata is a mycoheterotrophic perennial herb in the family Orchidaceae. It is found in Nepal, Bhutan, India, Japan,{{cite journal|author=芦笛|year=2009|script-title=zh:天麻、赤箭、徐长卿、鬼督邮名实考|journal=中医文献杂志|volume=27|issue=4|url=http://qikan.shouxi.net/html/qikan/zgyx/zywxzz/20098264/wxyj/20091029095523588_496141.html|issn=1006-4737|access-date=2010-01-25|language=zh|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724063021/http://qikan.shouxi.net/html/qikan/zgyx/zywxzz/20098264/wxyj/20091029095523588_496141.html|archive-date=2011-07-24}} Korea, Siberia, Taiwan, and China.

Description

The orchid has an 8–12 centimeters long elliptical underground rhizome with a diameter of 3–5 centimeters but may grow up to 7 centimeters. The stem is erect with a height of 0.3–1 meter up to 2 meters, the orange yellow, tan, cylinder, and leafless.

The flowered pale olivine or the orange red, the scape is length 5–30 centimeters, longest may be 50 centimeters. Floral Bracts are long lanceolate, length 1-1.5 centimeters; Pedicel and ovary of branch 0.7–1.2 centimeter, slightly short in colored bract; The sepal and the petal produce a slanting pot shape perianth tube, the perianth tube long the approximately 1 centimeter, the diameter 5–7 millimeters. The labellum is white, circular, with a length of 6–7 millimeters and width of 3–4 millimeters, the tip 3 cracks, the base pastes the tight pistil column full terminal, has a pair of pulp callus, in the callus connection perianth tube. The pistil column length 5–7 millimeters, have the short pistil column foot.

Capsule each approximately 30, oval or but actually oval, length 1.2–1.8 centimeters, width 8–9 millimeters. The seed are most, 2 – 40,000 grains of each fruit, minimum, powdery. Flowering season June to July, fruit time July to August.{{cite book|editor=陈心启、吉占和、郎楷永等|script-title=zh:中国植物志第18卷|url=http://www.cvh.org.cn/zhiwuzhi/page/18/031a.pdf|date=October 1999|publisher=科学出版社|location=北京|language=zh|isbn=978-7-03-007322-8|pages=31－33|access-date=2010-01-24}}{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

Growth

Gastrodia elata grows in symbiosis with the fungus Armillaria mellea on rotting wood, depending on the hypha of the fungus to invade the root system so that the plant can absorb nutrients from A. mellea.

Distribution and habitat

It is found in Nepal, Bhutan, India, Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyuushu), Korea, Siberia, Taiwan, and China (in the provinces of Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shanxi, Shanxi, Gansu, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Henan, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, and Tibet). It grows at elevations of {{cvt|400–3200|m}}, at the edge of forests.{{cite web| url =http://www.bioinfo.cn/db05/KmzwSpecies.php?action=view&id=14911| script-title =zh:天麻| work =《中国高等植物数据库全库》| publisher =中国科学院微生物研究所| author =昆明植物研究所| access-date =2010-01-25| language =zh| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20131005030232/http://www.bioinfo.cn/db05/KmzwSpecies.php?action=view&id=14911| archive-date =2013-10-05}}

Chemical properties

4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde and gastrodin can be found in the orchid G. elata.4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde from Gastrodia elata B1. is active in the antioxidation and GABAergic neuromodulation of the rat brain. Jeoung-Hee Ha, Dong-Ung Lee, Jae-Tae Lee, Jin-Sook Kim, Chul-Soon Yong, Jung-Ae Kim, Jung-Sang Ha and Keun- Huh, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 73, Issues 1–2, November 2000, Pages 329–333, {{doi|10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00313-5}} It also produces 2,4-Bis(4-hydroxybenzyl) phenol,2,4-Bis(4-hydroxybenzyl) phenol from Gastrodia elata. Naoki Noda, Yukio Kobayashi, Kazumoto Miyahara and Saeko Fukahori, {{doi|10.1016/0031-9422(95)00051-8}} gastrol, gastrodigenin and other related compounds.Phenolic compounds from Gastrodia rhizome and relaxant effects of related compounds on isolated smooth muscle preparation. Junko Hayashi, Toshikazu Sekine, Shigeyoshi Deguchi, Qing Lin, Syunji Horie, Shizuko Tsuchiya, Shingo Yano, Kazuo Watanabe and Fumio Ikegami, Phytochemistry, Volume 59, Issue 5, March 2002, Pages 513–519, {{doi|10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00008-0}}

Traditional use

The herb, specifically the rhizome, is used in traditional Chinese medicine and Sichuan cuisine as tian-ma. It is one of the three orchids listed in the earliest known Chinese Materia Medica (Shennong Bencaojing) (c. 100 AD). Medicinally, it is used for 'calming the liver' and for treating headaches, dizziness, tetanus, and epilepsy.Chung-Fen Tsaia, 1, Chuen-Lin Huangb, c, 1, Yun-Lian Lind, Yi-Chao Leee, Ying-Chen Yangf, Nai-Kuei Huangd, g, "The neuroprotective effects of an extract of Gastrodia elata", Journal of Ethnopharmacology Volume 138, Issue 1, 31 October 2011, Pages 119–125 According to "Nutrition Review," "Gastrodia root has been shown to exert novel pain relief and inflammatory-mediating activities, as well as in vivo and in vitro inhibitory activity on nitric oxide (NO) production."{{cite journal|author=Jim English|year=2013|title=Traditional Chinese Herbs for Arthritis|journal=Nutrition Review|volume=5|issue=2|url=https://nutritionreview.org/2013/04/traditional-chinese-herbs-arthritis/|access-date=2022-07-17}}

Gastrodin and gastrodigenin are thought to be the two signature compounds of this herb. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia requires medicinal rhizomes to contain, at minimum, 0.25% gastrodin + gastrodigenin by dry weight.{{cite book |title=中国药典 |volume=1 |date=2020|language=zh |isbn=978-7-5067-7337-9 |url=https://db.ouryao.com/yd2020/view.php?id=f73d551fe4 |page=59 |chapter=天麻 / GASTRODIAE RHIZOMA|author1=国家药典委员会 }}