Gaza envelope

The border between Israel and the Gaza Strip was established in the 1949 Armistice Agreement between Israel and Egypt, signed at the end of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and was further defined in the agreement of February 1950. Many settlements on the Israeli side of the border (such as Sa'ad and Nirim) were established even before that, while others (such as Sderot and Nahal Oz) were founded not long after the demarcation of the border. However, the term "Gaza envelope" has been applied to these communities only in the 21st century.

Following Israel's unilateral disengagement from the Gaza Strip in 2005, there was an increase in cross-border shelling and rocket attacks into Israel. Data collected by the Israeli Security Agency showed an increase in shelling from 401 shells in 2005 rising year-on-year to 2,048 in 2008 before falling back to 569 in 2009.{{cite journal|last1=Shechory Bitton|first1=Mally|last2=Laufer|first2=Avital|year=2018|title=Children's emotional and behavioral problems in the shadow of terrorism: The case of Israel|journal=Children and Youth Services Review|volume=86 |publisher=Elsevier Ltd|number=86|pages=302–307|doi=10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.01.042}} In response to the increase in shelling, in 2007 the Knesset passed the "Assistance to Sderot and the Western Negev (Temporary Provision) Law, 2007",{{cite web |url=http://knesset.gov.il/Laws/Data/law/2109/2109.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-02-02 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011180820/http://www.knesset.gov.il/Laws/Data/law/2109/2109.pdf |archivedate=2012-10-11 }} which recognized these communities (and additional communities in the area designated by the Minister of Finance's order{{cite web |url=http://www.justice.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/61650A2E-749E-4951-8CBF-7E5A96B8DF83/8703/6615.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-02-02 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207054922/http://www.justice.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/61650A2E-749E-4951-8CBF-7E5A96B8DF83/8703/6615.pdf |archivedate=2008-12-07 }}) as "Confrontation-line Communities" and gave them special privileges (temporarily, until the end of 2008). Additional legislative measures extended the validity of some of the benefits, with certain changes, until the end of 2014.{{cite web|url=https://www.hilan.co.il/calc/Legislation.aspx?type=law&id=c0|title=הדף המבוקש אינו קיים|website=Hilan.co.il|accessdate=11 August 2017|archive-date=30 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930060540/http://www.hilan.co.il/calc/Legislation.aspx?type=law&id=c0|url-status=dead}} This area came to be known colloquially as the "Gaza envelope."

In June 2014, it was reported that the Home Front Command decided to cut the budget of the Coordinators of Comprehensive Security ("Ravshatzim") in communities in the Gaza envelope. Leaders of the authorities in the Gaza envelope turned to the Minister of Defense, Moshe Ya'alon, in a letter to cancel this decision.{{Cite news |last=חדשות |date=2014-06-19 |title=ראשי הרשויות בעוטף עזה: לבטל החלטת הקיצוץ ברכזי ביטחון |language=he |work=Ynet |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4532292,00.html |access-date=2023-12-02}} Shortly thereafter, the 2014 Gaza War began, during which the communities in the Gaza envelope were subjected to rocket and mortar attacks. In addition, combat tunnels were exposed, penetrating from the Gaza Strip into Israel, and there were several incidents where militants entered through the tunnels and attacked IDF soldiers. As a result of the fighting, many residents evacuated their homes.{{Cite news |date=August 3, 2014 |title=תושבי עוטף עזה עזבו בגלל המנהרות - והמדינה לא הפעילה את תוכנית הפינוי |work=TheMarker |url=https://www.themarker.com/career/2014-08-03/ty-article/0000017f-db6d-db22-a17f-fffdce340000 |access-date=}}

In the 2014 Gaza War, impacts to residents in the Gaza envelope was greater than that of other Israeli citizens, due to their exposure to short-range rocket fire, extensive mortar shelling, and several casualties. Another threat to the residents of the Gaza periphery was the underground tunnels from the Gaza Strip into Israel. Many such tunnels were destroyed in the 2014 Gaza War, and the excavation and destruction continued in the years that followed.

After several years of calm following the 2014 Gaza War, during which plans were made for the emergency evacuation of communities in the Gaza envelope,{{Cite web |date=2016-07-10 |title=N12 - בעימות הבא: "24 שעות לפינוי" |url=https://www.mako.co.il/news-military/security-q3_2016/Article-b519bfcb926d551004.htm |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=N12}} on March 30, 2018, clashes began at the Gaza–Israel barrier – a series of mass protests in the Gaza Strip.

File:Demege caused by palestinian fire-kites 2.jpg

As part of the protests, Palestinian activists and militants clashed with the Israel Defense Forces near the system fence around the Gaza Strip. Thousands of Palestinians approached the fence, with some throwing stones and Molotov cocktail and explosive devices. The events continued since then,{{when|date=December 2023}} including the launching of incendiary kites from the Gaza Strip into Israel with the aim of igniting areas beyond the fence. As a result hundreds of fires occurred in the Gaza envelope, burning hundreds of hectares of fields and forests, as well as agricultural facilities.

In August 2018, hundreds of rockets and mortar shells were fired towards communities in the Gaza envelope.{{Cite news |title=בין מס רכוש לבין המחשבות על פינוי: יום הלחימה של תושבי עוטף עזה |language=he |work=הארץ |url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/politics/2018-08-09/ty-article/.premium/0000017f-f85b-ddde-abff-fc7f62480000 |access-date=2023-12-02}}

In the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel on October 7, 2023, militants from the Gaza Strip infiltrated many communities in the Gaza envelope, killing and assaulting thousands of people, as well as kidnapping hundreds including the elderly, children, babies, and pregnant women, and causing extensive damage.{{Cite web |last=Newman |first=Rachel Wilson, Rosa deAcostaNoya, Alex Leeds Matthews, Alexandra |date=2023-11-07 |title=One month's death toll in the Israel-Hamas war, in charts |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/07/middleeast/palestinian-israeli-deaths-gaza-dg/index.html |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=CNN |language=en}} Over 1,200 rockets were fired at the city of Ashkelon as of October 24. Therefore Ashkelon was designated as a community whose residents and business owners are entitled to compensation from the state also for indirect war damage caused to them for one year.

File:Fires in Israel and the Gaza strip - 7 October 2023 (53245908850).jpg

The attack by Hamas initiated the Gaza war. Most residents were evacuated to various locations throughout Israel, while there was also a gradual reopening of operations in the different communities.{{Cite news |last=זומר |first=נווית |date=2023-11-08 |title=חודש אחרי האסון: מפעל כפרית בכפר עזה חזר לפעול |language=he |work=Ynet |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/economy/article/hycfajyxa |access-date=2023-12-02}} The attack solidified a breakdown in trust between Gaza envelope residents and the Israeli state, as residents blame the state for failing to protect them from years of rocket fire and ultimately, infiltration by Palestinian armed militants. Many residents expressed unwillingness to return to their homes until full security was ensured by the Israeli state.{{cite news |last1=Keller-Lynn |first1=Carrie |title=Government sets up NIS 1 billion fund to rehab shattered Gaza border region |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/government-sets-up-nis-1-billion-fund-to-rehab-shattered-gaza-border-region/ |access-date=16 February 2024 |work=Times of Israel |date=2023-10-19}}

The Israeli government on October 19 created a new agency called the Tekuma (Revival) Administration to rebuild the communities devastated by the October 7 attacks. The agency had a 5-year mandate and was headed by Moshe Edri, chairman of the Israel Atomic Energy Commission, who reported directly to Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu. The agency's focus was the regional councils within 7 kilometers of Gaza: Eshkol, Hof Ashkelon, Sdot Negev, and Sha’ar HaNegev. The government allocated $308 million to the agency, charged with physically rebuilding the destroyed areas, improve trust in the government, and serve as a "unified central response."

The Israeli government subsequently approved a 5-year $4.9 billion plan to rehabilitate and develop the Gaza envelope area. Returning residents who receive up to $275,000, depending on how close to the border they live, and new residents would be eligible for up to $137,000. The plan called for a discount on the municipal property tax, a temporary corporate tax cut, and preferential treatment for local vendors.{{cite news |last1=Sokol |first1=Sam |title=Gaza border reconstruction proposal wins backing from coalition, opposition MKs |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/gaza-border-reconstruction-proposal-wins-bipartisan-knesset-backing/ |access-date=16 February 2024 |work=Times of Israel |date=2023-12-27}}

The following communities were included in the list of communities in southern confrontation line area, published by the Israel Tax Authority:{{cite web|url=http://taxes.gov.il/IncomeTax/Documents/HovrotNikuim/2012/2012NikuyY_5.pdf|title=Section A: A list of settlements whose residents are entitled to a tax break in the tax year 2012|publisher=Israel Tax Authority|accessdate=2017-08-11}}

{{div col|colwidth=12em}}

• Sderot city
• Alumim
• Ami'oz
• Avshalom
• Be'eri
• Bror Hayil
• Dekel
• Dorot
• Ein HaBesor
• Ein HaShlosha
• Erez
• Gevim
• Gvar'am
• Havat Shikmim
• Holit
• Ibim
• Karmia
• Kerem Shalom
• Kfar Aza
• Kfar Maimon
• Kissufim
• Magen
• Mavki'im
• Mefalsim
• Mivtahim
• Nahal Oz
• Netiv HaAsara
• Nir Am
• Nir Oz
• Nir Yitzhak
• Nirim
• Ohad
• Or HaNer
• Pri Gan
• Re'im
• Sa'ad
• Sde Nitzan
• Sdei Avraham
• Shlomit
• Shokeda
• Shuva
• Sufa
• Talmei Eliyahu
• Talmei Yosef
• Tkuma
• Tushia
• Tzohar
• Yad Mordechai
• Yakhini
• Yated
• Yesha
• Yevul
• Zikim
• Zimrat

{{div col end}}

• Gaza–Israel barrier
• Palestinian airborne arson attacks

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{{Commons category|Gaza envelope}}

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Category:Gaza–Israel conflict

Category:Regions of Israel