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Gemmula

{{Short description|Genus of gastropods}}

{{Automatic taxobox

|taxon = Gemmula

|image = Gemmula gemmulina 001.jpg

|image_caption = shells of Gemmula gemmulina

|authority = Weinkauff, 1875Weinkauff (1875). Jahrb. dtsch. malak. Ges. 2: 285.

|type_species = Pleurotoma gemmata

|type_species_authority = Hinds, 1843

|synonyms_ref =

|synonyms =

  • Eugemmula Iredale, 1931
  • Gemmula (Gemmula) Weinkauf, 1875
  • Pleurotoma (Gemmula) Weinkauff, 1875 (original rank)
  • Turris (Gemmula) Weinkauf, 1875

|subdivision_ranks = Species

|subdivision = See text

|display_parents = 3

}}

Gemmula, common name the gem turrids, is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.{{WRMS species|204110|Gemmula Weinkauff, 1875||3 October 2010}}

These snails have been recorded as fossils from the Paleocene to the Quaternary (from 66.043 to 0.012 Ma). Fossils have been found all over the world.[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=11149 Paleobiology Database]

This genus is still regarded as paraphyletic and should be revised.Puillandre N, Modica MV, Zhang Y, Sirovich L, Boisselier MC, Cruaud C, Holford M, Samadi S. 2012. Large-scale species delimitation method for hyperdiverse groups. Molecular Ecology 21: 2671–2691 A high number of undescribed species are estimated to belong to Gemmula. Since independent “Gemmula-like” lineages are distributed all over the turrid tree, a revision of Gemmula would entail again a complete revision of the family Turridae.* [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02559713/document Zaharias P., Kantor Y.I., Fedosov A.E., Criscione F., Hallan A., Kano Y., Bardin J. & Puillandre N. (2020). Just the once will not hurt: DNA suggests species lumping over two oceans in deep-sea snails (Cryptogemma). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa010/5802562]

File: Turridae - Gemmula rotata.JPG

They are venomous with disulfide-rich polypeptides in their venom ducts.{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.12.022|last=Heralde III|first=Francisco M. |author2=Julita Imperial |author3=Pradip K. Bandyopadhyay |author4=Baldomero M. Olivera |author5=Gisela P. Concepcion |author6=Ameurfina D. Santo|title=A rapidly diverging superfamily of peptide toxins in venomous Gemmula species|journal=Toxicon|date=April 2008|volume=51|issue=5|pages=890–897|pmid=18272193|pmc=2582027}}

These bioactive peptides are likely to become a resource for novel pharmacologically active compounds [http://www.philsciletters.org/October%202008/Gemmula%20ambara/Gemmula%20ambara%20PSL%202008%20Olivera.pdf Baldomero M. Olivera, David R. Hillyard and Maren Watkins, A new species of Gemmula, Weinkauff 1875; Evidence of two clades of Philippine species in the genus Gemmula, Philippine Science letters, vol. 1 (1)]

Habitat and feeding habits

The snails in this genus occur mostly in deeper tropical waters at depths between 50 and 500m. Because of these deep habitats, little is known about their feeding habits.

Taxonomy

The Gemmula clade is more closely related to the clades Xenuroturris, Turris and Lophiotoma than to the other clades in the former subfamily Turrinae.

Description

The fusiform shell resembles Drillia, but with a thin and simple outer lip without an anterior sulcus, and the inner lip usually simple, hardly callous. The protoconch is polygyrate and axially costate. There are three or four embryonal whorls, the two upper ones smooth, upright, the others longitudinally ribbed. The sculpture is most emphasized in a spiral direction, often with a prominent beaded keel at or in front of the anal fasciole.The rather long siphonal canal is narrow and tapering, sometimes curved. The sinus is straight, more or less narrow and long, terminating in a nodulous peripheral keel that is gemmate throughout. Type species : Pleurotoma gemmata Hinds, 1843 [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003646038 W.H. Dall (1908) Reports on the Mollusca and Brachiopoda, Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. vol. 43][https://archive.org/details/manualconch06tryorich G.W. Tryon (1884) Manual of Conchology, structural and systematic, with illustrations of the species, vol. VI; Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences] {{PD-notice}}

The bead-row of the fasciole readily distinguishes this genus from related forms. Between the smooth protoconch and the adult whorls two or three whorls intervene with descrepant sculpture of fine arcuate longitudinal riblets.[https://archive.org/details/revisionofaustri00hedl Hedley, C. 1922. A revision of the Australian Turridae. Records of the Australian Museum 13(6): 213-359, pls 42-56] {{PD-notice}}

As expected from venomous species, these species have a toxoglosson radula (formula 1 + 0 +1 + 0 + 1) with a central tooth that characterizes this genus.[http://www.philsciletters.org/pdf/20105.pdf Francisco M. Heralde III et al., The Indo-Pacific Gemmula species in the subfamily Turrinae: Aspects of field distribution, molecular phylogeny, radular anatomy and feeding ecology, Philippine Science Letters, vol. 3 (1), 2010]

Species

The genus Gemmula is the largest genus in the former subfamily Turrinae. Species within the genus Gemmula include:

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}

{{div col end}}

;Species brought into synonymy:

  • Gemmula aethiopica (Thiele, 1925): synonym of Cryptogemma aethiopica (Thiele, 1925)
  • Gemmula bisinuata (Martens, 1901):{{WRMS species|433837|Gemmula bisinuata (Martens, 1901)||14 April 2010}} synonym of Cryptogemma praesignis (E. A. Smith, 1895)
  • Gemmula luzonica (Powell, 1964):{{WRMS species|432702|Gemmula luzonica (Powell, 1964)||14 April 2010}} synonym of Cryptogemma aethiopica (Thiele, 1925)
  • Gemmula microscelida (Dall, 1895):{{WRMS species|433857|Gemmula microscelida (Dall, 1895)||14 April 2010}} synonym of Cryptogemma praesignis (E. A. Smith, 1895)
  • Gemmula periscelida (Dall, 1889):{{WRMS species|420395|Gemmula periscelida (Dall, 1889)||14 April 2010}} synonym of Cryptogemma periscelida (Dall, 1889)
  • Gemmula praesignis (Smith E. A., 1895):{{WRMS species|433860|Gemmula praesignis (Smith E. A., 1895)||14 April 2010}} synonym of Cryptogemma praesignis (E. A. Smith, 1895)
  • Gemmula rotatilis (Martens, 1902):{{WRMS species|433864|Gemmula rotatilis (Martens, 1902)||14 April 2010}} synonym of Cryptogemma praesignis (E. A. Smith, 1895)
  • Gemmula teschi (Powell, 1964):{{WRMS species|435256|Gemmula teschi (Powell, 1964)||14 April 2010}} synonym of Cryptogemma timorensis (Tesch, 1915)
  • Gemmula tessellata Powell, 1967:{{WRMS species|433871|Gemmula tessellata Powell, 1967||14 April 2010}} synonym of Cryptogemma tessellata (Powell, 1967)
  • Gemmula thielei Finlay H. J., 1930:{{WRMS species|217102|Gemmula thielei Finlay H. J., 1930||14 April 2010}} synonym of Cryptogemma aethiopica (Thiele, 1925)
  • Gemmula truncata (Schepman, 1913):{{WRMS species|432705|Gemmula truncata (Schepman, 1913)||14 April 2010}} synonym of Cryptogemma phymatias (R. B. Watson, 1886)
  • Gemmula unedo (Kiener, 1840):{{WRMS species|432707|Gemmula unedo (Kiener, 1840)||14 April 2010}} synonym of Unedogemmula unedo (Kiener, 1839)
  • Gemmula unilineata Powell, 1967: synonym of Cryptogemma unilineata (Powell, 1967)
  • Gemmula vicella Dall, 1908 accepted as Gymnobela vicella (Dall, 1908) (original combination)

References

{{Reflist}}

  • Powell, A.W.B. 1964. The Family Turridae in the Indo-Pacific. Part 1. The Subfamily Turrinae. Indo-Pacific Mollusca 1: 227-346
  • Kilburn, R.N. (1983) Turridae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of southern Africa and Mozambique. Part 1. Subfamily Turrinae. Annals of the Natal Museum, 25, 549–585.

External links

{{Commons category}}

  • [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27002925 Weinkauff H.C. (1875). Ueber eine kritische Gruppe des Genus Pleurotoma Lam. sensu stricto. Jahrbücher der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft. 2: 285-292, pl. 9]
  • [http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2004f/z00682f.pdf Tucker, J.K. 2004 Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Zootaxa 682:1-1295.]
  • [https://www.bagniliggia.it/WMSD/HtmFamily/TURRIDAEN.htm Worldwide Mollusc Species Data Base: Turridae]
  • [https://mapress.com/j/zt/article/view/4828 BAOQUAN LI, XINZHENG LI, Report on the turrid genera Gemmula, Lophiotoma and Ptychosyrinx (Gastropoda: Turridae: Turrinae) from the China seas; Zootaxa Vol 1778, No 1 ]

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Category:Turridae

Category:Extant Danian first appearances