General (Denmark)

The rank can be traced back to 24 October 1567, when Daniel Rantzau was made "Captain general and Field commander" ({{langx|da|generalkaptajn og feltoberst}}) by Frederick II.{{sfn|Madsen|1904|p=218}} Until the Thirty Years' War, the rank was known as "uppermost general" ({{langx|da|general-øfverste}}).{{sfn|Madsen|1904|p=218}}

Since Denmark used German as the official command language, and was using heavily inspired German ranks, and the rank was later made service specific, with "General of the infantry" and "General of the cavalry".{{sfn|Lund|1994|p=45}}{{sfn|Editors|1935|p=3}} On 25 May 1671, the ranks were codified, by King Christian V, with the publication of the Danish order of precedence. Here generals of the branch were placed below Lieutenant field marshal ({{langx|da|Feltmarskal Lieutenant}}), and above the noble rank of Count and the military rank of Lieutenant general.{{sfn|danmarkshistorien.dk|2017}}

Following the 1842 reform, the field marshal ranks were removed, making full general the highest rank and exclusive for the King and Hereditary Prince Ferdinand.{{sfn|Hedegaard|1979|p=39}} As part of the Army Reform of 1867, the ranks of Major, Lieutenant colonel were removed and only a single "General" rank was kept.{{sfn|Klint|1965|p=8}} After the 1880 reform, the general officer ranks were reintroduced.{{sfn|Ministry of War|1880|p=35}} Commanding generals of the 1st and 2nd General Command were made Lieutenant generals while everyone else were made Major general.{{sfn|Ministry of War|1880|p=35}} Again making the general exclusive for royalty.{{sfn|Hedegaard|1979|p=39}}

With the creation of the Danish Defence and Defence Command, it was decided that officers promoted to Chief of Defence, be given the rank of general or admiral.{{sfn|Folketinget|1950|loc=§5}} At the same time, the rank of general was also adopted as the highest rank for the newly created independent air force.{{sfn|Folketinget|1950|loc=§5}}

The first official uniform was instituted on 29 September 1737.{{sfn|Petersen|2014|p=31}} The first few uniform designs have not survived, though they were likely red, highly ornamented coats without collar.{{sfn|Petersen|2014|pp=31-32}} The red coat remained until 1768, when Comte de Saint-Germain instituted white uniforms for generals, these were however removed shortly after, in 1769.{{sfn|Petersen|2014|p=36}} In 1772, the first real ranks were introduced to the Danish Army; these were gold rings on the cuffs, with three for full generals, two for Lieutenant generals, and one for major generals.{{sfn|Petersen|2014|p=39}} This uniform saw a number of changes until 1785, when the cuff ranks were removed.{{sfn|Petersen|2014|p=41}}

In 1801, new uniforms were introduced for the whole army. Along with the new uniforms, epaulette ranks were introduced for officers, with generals wearing six-pointed stars on their epaulettes.{{sfn|Petersen|2014|p=42}}{{sfn|Hedegaard|1986}} The general ranks remained largely unchanged from their introduction until 1979, and the adoption of NATO STANAG 2116.{{sfn|Hedegaard|1986}} The adoption created the new rank of Brigadier general, which would receive the one star, meaning the full general would end with 4 stars.{{sfn|Hedegaard|1986}} However, four stars were considered too big for the shoulder insignia, a new insignia therefore created featuring Marshal batons.{{sfn|Hedegaard|1986}} This insignia, was however, only used for a short period, and by Jørgen Lyng's appointment, the rank had changed to four-stars.

Denmark-Army-OF-9 1801.svg|Army uniform {{small|(1801–1822)}}

Blank.svg|Full dress {{small|(1822–1869)}}
Field uniform {{small|(1822–1849)}}

Blank.svg|Full dress {{small|(1869–1889)}}
Field uniform {{small|(1849–1889)}}

Blank.svg|Full dress {{small|(1889–1989)}}

Denmark-Army-OF-9-1911 sleeve.svg|Field uniform {{small|(1910–1915)}}

Danish-Army-OF-9-M15.svg|... {{small|(1915–1923)}}

Danish-Army-OF-9-M23.svg|... {{small|(1923–1952)}}

Danish-Army-OF-9-M58.svg|... {{small|(1952–1963)}}

Rank insignia of generalløjtnant of the Royal Danish Army.svg|... {{small|(1963–1983)}}

Denmark-Army-OF-8-M69-shirt.svg|Service shirt slip-on {{small|(1969–1983)}}

Denmark-Army-CoD.svg|... {{small|(1983–1989)}}

Rank insignia of general of the Royal Danish Army.svg|... {{small|(1989–2018)}}

Blank.svg|Full dress {{small|(1989–present)}}

Denmark-Army-OF-9-M69-shirt.svg|Service shirt slip-on {{small|(1989–present)}}

Denmark-Army-OF-9-M11.svg|Field uniform {{small|(2018–present)}}

RDAF Gen.svg|Air force

File:RDAF-OF-9 Sleeve.svg| Air force sleeve

• List of Danish full generals
• Ranks and insignia of Royal Danish Army
• Ranks and insignia of Royal Danish Air Force

Citations

{{reflist}}

Bibliography

• {{cite web |author1=danmarkshistorien.dk |title=Rangforordningen, 25. maj 1671 |url=https://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/rangforordningen-25-maj-1671/ |publisher=danmarkshistorien.dk |access-date=15 March 2021 |language=da |date=17 May 2017}}
• {{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Editors|1935}} |title=Grads-Betegnelserne i Hæren |journal=Danske Soldater |date=12 February 1935 |volume=2 |issue=2 |language=da}}
• {{cite web |author1=Folketinget |author1-link=Folketing |title=235: Forslag til lov om fosvarets ordning |date=1950 |url=https://www.folketingstidende.dk/ebog/19491C?s=1651 |website=folketingstidende.dk |access-date=8 April 2021 |language=da}}
• {{cite book |last1=Hedegaard |first1=E. O. A. |title=Den militære feltmarskalstavs historie: En våben- og krigshistorisk studie |trans-title=The History of the Field Marshal's Baton: A Study of the History of Weapons |date=1979 |publisher=Forlaget ZAC |language=da}}
• {{cite web |last1=Hedegaard |first1=Ole A. |title=Nyt militært gradstegn - en ny/gammel tradition! |url=https://www.krigsvidenskab.dk/nyt-militaert-gradstegn-en-nygammel-tradition |website=Krigsvidenskab.dk |accessdate=28 August 2018 |language=da |date=1 January 1986 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828203249/https://www.krigsvidenskab.dk/nyt-militaert-gradstegn-en-nygammel-tradition |archive-date=28 August 2018}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Klint |first1=Helge |title=Træk af Hærstabens historie |journal=Hærkommandoens Årsskrift |date=1965 |pages=5–11 |publisher=Nyt Nordisk Forlag |language=da}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Lund |first1=Jørn |title=Modersmålsundervisningens venner og fjender |journal=Sprog I Norden |date=1994 |pages=45–54 |url=http://ojs.statsbiblioteket.dk/index.php/sin/issue/archive |access-date=29 March 2021 |language=da}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Madsen |first1=Emil |title=De nationale Tropper, samt Hærvæsenets Styrelse i det 16. Aarhundrede |journal=Historisk Tidsskrift |date=1904 |volume=5 |issue=7 |page=134 |url=http://img.kb.dk/tidsskriftdk/pdf/hto/hto_7rk_0005-PDF/hto_7rk_0005_97050.pdf |access-date=6 August 2023 |language=da}}
• {{cite book |author1=Military Committee Land Standardization Board |title=STANAG 2116 |date=13 January 2021 |publisher=NATO Standardization Agency |edition=7th |ref={{harvid|STANAG 2116}}}}
• {{cite web |author1=Ministry of Defence |author1-link=Ministry of Defence (Denmark) |title=Historik |url=https://forpers.dk/hr/Pages/Historik.aspx |website=forpers.dk |publisher=Forsvarsministeriets Personalestyrelse |access-date=8 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222185850/https://forpers.dk/hr/Pages/Historik.aspx |archive-date=22 February 2019 |language=da |date=9 January 2017}}
• {{cite book |author1=Ministry of War |title=Kundgjørelser for hæren samt Love og Bestemmelser, som angaae hæren |date=1880 |location=Copenhagen |language=da |chapter=Love og Bestemmelser, som angaae hæren}}
• {{cite book |last1=Petersen |first1=Karsten Skjold |title=Kongens klæder - Hærens uniformer og udrustning i Danmark-Norge |date=2014 |publisher=Historika |location=Slovenia |isbn=9788793229006 |edition=1st |language=da}}

Denmark

Category:Military ranks of Denmark

Category:Royal Danish Army

Category:Royal Danish Air Force

da:General