General Holmes Drive
{{Short description|Road in Sydney, Australia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Use Australian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox Australian road
| type = motorway
| urban = yes
| road_name = General Holmes Drive
| state = nsw
| image = General Holmes Drive at Sydney Airport.jpg
| caption = General Holmes Drive, looking south-west from the Sydney Airport overpass
| length = 5.0
| gazetted = August 1928
| route = {{plainlist|
- {{AUshield|NSW|M1}} M1 {{small|(2013–present)
(Botany–Kyeemagh)}} - {{AUshield|NSW|A1}} A1 {{small|(2013–present)
(Kyeemagh–Brighton-Le-Sands)}}
}}
| former = {{plainlist|
- {{AUshield|Met|1}} Metroad 1 {{small|(1993–2013)
(Botany–Brighton-Le-Sands)}} - {{AUshield|NR|1}} National Route 1 {{small|(1992–1993)
(Botany–Brighton-Le-Sands)}} - {{AUshield|S|64}} State Route 64 {{small|(1974–1992)
(Botany–Brighton-Le-Sands)}}
}}
| mapframe = no
| coordinates_a = {{coord|-33.933851|151.192090|type:landmark_region:AU-NSW|display=inline}}
| coordinates_b = {{coord|-33.958184|151.157768|type:landmark_region:AU-NSW|display=inline}}
| alternative_location_map = Australia Sydney
| pushpin_label_position_a = top
| pushpin_label_position_b = bottom
| direction_a = Northeast
| direction_b = Southwest
| end_a = Joyce Drive
{{small|Mascot, Sydney}}
| end_b = {{AUshield|NSW|A1}} The Grand Parade
{{small|Brighton-Le-Sands, Sydney}}
| exits = {{plainlist|
- {{AUshield|NSW|M1}} Southern Cross Drive
- {{AUshield|NSW|M5}} M5 East Motorway
}}
| through = Sydney Airport
}}
General Holmes Drive is a {{convert|5|km|adj=on}} major divided road located in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The road forms part of the M1, the A1, the Sydney Orbital Network, and the Australian Highway 1 network. Initially built in 1919 as a two-lane road and duplicated in 1951, the road partially circumnavigates Sydney Airport with its north-eastern terminus in {{NSWcity|Mascot}}, heading west and then south and then south-west, with its south-western terminus with The Grand Parade in {{NSWcity|Brighton-Le-Sands}}.{{cite web |url=http://www.ozroads.com.au/NSW/Freeways/M1/m1.htm |title=Southern Cross Drive and General Holmes Drive |work=Ozroads |access-date=21 October 2016 }}
The road forms major links with the Southern Cross Drive and the M5 East, both part of the Sydney Orbital Network.
The road is named in honour of William Holmes, a distinguished Australian general who died in action during World War I.{{Cite web |title=Major General William Holmes |url=https://monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/people/military/display/101544-major-general-william-holmes |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Monument Australia}}
Route
General Holmes Drive starts from Joyce Drive in Mascot, and heads south, reaching a major intersection with Wentworth Drive that carries all traffic exiting from the domestic terminals at Sydney Airport.{{cite map |title=WestConnex Enabling Works: Airport East Precinct |work=Roads & Maritime Services |publisher=Government of New South Wales |date=2015 |access-date=21 October 2016 |url=http://www.rms.nsw.gov.au/documents/projects/sydney-south/sydney-airport/westconnex-enabling-works-project-map-feb-2015.pdf }}{{cite web |title=Projects: Sydney South: Airport East Precinct |work=Roads & Maritime Services |publisher=Government of New South Wales |date=11 August 2016 |access-date=21 October 2016 |url=http://www.rms.nsw.gov.au/projects/sydney-south/sydney-airport/airport-east-precinct.html }} Further west in {{NSWcity|Botany}}, the road meets the Mill Pond Road, a short road that connects with the Southern Cross Drive, carrying traffic north towards the Sydney central business district, with the south-westbound route providing access to both the international and the domestic terminals at Sydney Airport.
Via an interchange, General Holmes Drive heads south, forming a junction with Foreshore Drive that carries traffic to Port Botany and {{NSWcity|La Perouse}}. General Holmes Drive then heads through the Sydney Airport Tunnel, an eight-lane tidal flow culvert under the south-eastern runways of Sydney Airport. As the road exits the tunnel, there is a major exit to the M5. The road crosses over the Cooks River via the Endeavour Bridge, continues southeast into the suburbs of Kyeemagh and {{NSWcity|Brighton-Le-Sands}}, before terminating at the junction with The Grand Parade that carries traffic towards {{NSWcity|Sutherland}} and Wollongong.
Traffic runs in three lanes in both directions through Kyeemagh, becoming four lanes after the M5 East junction. The M5 East can only be accessed southbound, and traffic joins General Holmes Drive northbound.
Until July 2019, General Holmes Drive continued for a further {{convert|100|m}} to the north-east to an intersection with Botany Road crossing the Metropolitan Goods railway line via a level crossing. This section closed when the level crossing was replaced by an underpass at Wentworth Avenue.[https://web.archive.org/web/20191215183346/https://www.johnholland.com.au/who-we-are/latest-news/john-holland-to-deliver-airport-east-project/ John Holland To Deliver Airport East Project] John Holland 30 November 2017[https://web.archive.org/web/20191215183743/https://www.rms.nsw.gov.au/about/news-events/news/ministerial/2019/190701-new-underpass-to-keep-airport-traffic-flowing.html New underpass to keep airport traffic flowing] Roads & Maritime Services 1 July 2019[https://web.archive.org/web/20191215191335/https://extranet.artc.com.au/docman/DocManFiles/DocTypes/SAFE/Files/2-4387.PDF?1102697042 SAFE Notice 2019 Number: 2-4387] Australian Rail Track Corporation
History
The passing of the Main Roads Act of 1924[http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/num_act/mra1924n24133/ State of New South Wales, An Act to provide for the better construction, maintenance, and financing of main roads; to provide for developmental roads; to constitute a Main Roads Board] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811000905/http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/num_act/mra1924n24133/ |date=11 August 2022 }} 10 November 1924 through the Parliament of New South Wales provided for the declaration of Main Roads, roads partially funded by the State government through the Main Roads Board (MRB). Main Road No. 194 was declared along this route on 8 August 1928, from the intersection of Botany and Lords Road in Mascot along Lords Road and Ascot Avenue, over the Cooks River Bridge, and General Holmes Drive to the intersection with The Grand Parade at Brighton-le-Sands (and continuing south along The Grand Parade and Ramsgate Road to the intersection with Princes Highway and Park Road in Kogarah Bay); with the passing of the Main Roads (Amendment) Act of 1929[https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/pdf/asmade/act-1929-15 State of New South Wales, An Act to amend the Main Roads Act, 1924-1927; to confer certain further powers upon the MRB; to amend the Local Government Act, 1919, and certain other Acts; to validate certain payments and other matters; and for purposes connected therewith.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812065622/https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/pdf/asmade/act-1929-15 |date=12 August 2022 }} 8 April 1929 to provide for additional declarations of State Highways and Trunk Roads, this was amended to Main Road 194 on 8 April 1929.
The Endeavour Bridge over Cooks River was opened in May 1951, replacing the former Cooks River Bridge. Lords Road and Ascot Avenue were officially re-named as part of General Holmes Drive between Cooks River and Mascot, extending the existing road south of Cooks River, on 19 December 1961.{{cite news |title=MUNICAPILTY OF MASCOT, renaming of roads |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/220288190 |work=Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales |issue=137 |publisher=National Library of Australia |date=22 December 1961 |pages=4071 |access-date=13 June 2023 |archive-date=13 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613075553/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/220288190 |url-status=live }}
The passing of the Roads Act of 1993[https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-1993-033 State of New South Wales, An Act to make provision with respect to the roads of New South Wales; to repeal the State Roads Act 1986, the Crown and Other Roads Act 1990 and certain other enactments; and for other purposes.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811000905/http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/num_act/mra1924n24133/ |date=11 August 2022 }} 10 November 1924 updated road classifications and the way they could be declared within New South Wales. Under this act, General Holmes Drive retains its declaration as part of Main Road 194.{{cite web |url=https://roads-waterways.transport.nsw.gov.au/business-industry/partners-suppliers/lgr/documents/classified-roads-schedule.pdf |title=Schedule of Classified Roads and Unclassified Regional Roads |author=Transport for NSW |date=August 2022 |publisher=Government of New South Wales |access-date=1 August 2022 |archive-date=25 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825104657/https://roads-waterways.transport.nsw.gov.au/business-industry/partners-suppliers/lgr/documents/classified-roads-schedule.pdf |url-status=dead }}
The route was allocated part of State Route 64 in 1974, from Mill Pond Road in Mascot to The Grand Parade; its northern end was re-aligned through Mascot from Wentworth Avenue, Botany and Mill Pond Roads to Southern Cross Drive when its southern extension opened in 1988. It was replaced by National Route 1 from Southern Cross Drive to Brighton-Le-Sands when Sydney Harbour Tunnel opened in 1992, then by Metroad 1 in 1993. With the conversion to the newer alphanumeric system in 2013, it was replaced with route M1 between Southern Cross Road and M5 East Motorway, and route A1 from there to The Grand Parade.{{cite web|url=https://www.rms.nsw.gov.au/documents/roads/using-roads/alpha-numeric/sydney-factsheet.pdf|title=Road number and name changes in Sydney|website=Roads & Maritime Services|date=2013|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401053404/http://www.rms.nsw.gov.au/documents/roads/using-roads/alpha-numeric/sydney-factsheet.pdf|archive-date=1 April 2019|url-status=dead}}
Exits and interchanges
General Holmes Drive is entirely contained within the Bayside Council local government area.
{{AUSinttop|noLGA=yes|length_ref=}}
{{NSWint
|location=Mascot
|lspan=4
|type=trans
|km=0.0
|uspan=2
|road={{AUshield|+|airport}} Joyce Drive{{NSWcity|p=on|Mascot}}, Sydney Airport
|notes=Northeastern terminus of road
}}
{{NSWint
|km=none
|road={{AUshield|+|airport}} Ross Smith Avenue – Sydney Airport
|notes=
}}
{{NSWint
|km=0.25
|road=Wentworth Avenue{{NSWcity|p=on|Eastlakes|Eastgardens}}, Sydney CBD
|notes=
}}
{{NSWint
|km=0.5
|road=Mill Pond Road{{NSWcity|p=on|Botany|Maroubra}}, Sydney CBD
|notes=
}}
{{NSWint
|location_special={{NSWcity|Mascot}}–{{NSWcity|Botany}} boundary
|lspan=2
|type=trans
|km=1.0
|road={{AUshield|NSW|M1}} Southern Cross Drive (M1){{NSWcity|p=on|Randwick}}, Sydney CBD
|notes=Northbound exit and southbound entrance at partial Y interchange;
Route transition: no route number north, M1 continues south from Southern Cross Drive
}}
{{NSWint
|km=1.5
|road=Foreshore Road{{NSWcity|p=on|Port Botany|La Perouse}}
|notes=
}}
{{NSWint
|location=Mascot
|lspan=2
|km=2.2
|km2=2.8
|tunnel=Sydney Airport Tunnel
}}
{{NSWint
|type=toll
|km=2.9
|road={{AUshield|NSW|M5}} M5 Motorway (M5){{NSWcity|p=on|Liverpool}}, Canberra
|notes=Westbound exit and eastbound entrance at partial Y interchange
Route transition: M1 eastbound, A1 south-westbound
}}
{{NSWint
|location_special=Cooks River
|km=3.2
|bridge=Endeavour Bridge}}
{{NSWint
|location=Kyeemagh
|km=4.1
|road=Bestic Street{{NSWcity|p=on|Rockdale}}
|notes=
}}
{{NSWint
|location=Brighton-Le-Sands
|lspan=2
|km=4.9
|uspan=2
|road=Bruce Street{{NSWcity|p=on|Brighton-Le-Sands}}
|notes=
}}
{{NSWint
|km=none
|type=trans
|road={{AUshield|NSW|A1}} The Grand Parade (A1){{NSWcity|p=on|Wollongong|Nowra}}
|notes=Southwestern terminus of road, route A1 continues south along The Grand Parade
}}
{{Jctbtm|conv=off|keys=toll,trans}}
See also
{{stack|{{Portal|Australian Roads}}}}
References
{{reflist}}
External links
{{Attached KML|display=inline}}
{{Streets of Sydney Australia}}
{{Road infrastructure in Sydney}}