Generalitat de Catalunya

File:Κυβερνητικό Μέγαρο Καταλονίας 2563.jpg, Barcelona, seat of the Executive Council and the Presidency of Catalonia]]{{More citations needed|date=February 2025}}

Catalonia's political past as a territorially differentiated community with its own representative and separated institutions, materialized in the institutional systems of the combined Catalan counties (9th–12th centuries), the Principality of Catalonia within the Crown of Aragon (1164–1714) and the Monarchy of Spain (1516–1714/1833), as well the establishment of Catalan self-government from 1931 onwards, can be divided into different stages, separated by ruptures in the legal/public order.

The Generalitat of Catalonia can trace its origins in the Catalan Courts, as during the reign of James I the Conqueror (1208–1276) they reunited and were convoked by the king, as representatives of the social statements of the time. Under the reign of Peter the Great (1276–1285), the Catalan Courts gained institutional status, after the king obliged himself to celebrate an annual "General Court". The Catalan Courts exercised as Council and had legislative functions through its three branches (braços): the ecclesiastical (clergy), the military (nobility) and the popular (villages and towns submitted to direct rule of the king). This union of the tree branches was named "Lo General de Cathalunya", where "General" means the political community of the Catalans as a whole.

In 1289 the first step towards becoming an institution occurred when the courts met in the castle of Montsó. (Although located in the Kingdom of Aragon, Montsó had been ruled by the Count of Barcelona since the year 1151 AD when Count Ramon Berenguer IV married Princess Petronilla of Aragon). A body was appointed, designated the "Diputació del General" (Deputation of the General),{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9yUJm2TEeLoC|title=Constitutions y altres drets de Cathalunya compilats en virtut del cap. de Cort XXIIII de las Corts per la S. C. y reyal maiestat del rey don Philip nostre senyor celebradas en la villa de Montso any MDLXXXV: volum primer|date=1588|publisher=en casa de Hubert Gotart|language=ca}} to temporarily collect the "services" or tributes that the "branches" granted the king on his demand. This tax was popularly known as "Drets Generals" (General Rights) or "generalitats" (generalities), similar to the French "Généralités", which were also founded as tax districts.

File:St George's Cross Crowned Badge.svg

The Pau i Treva de Déu ("Peace and Truce of God") was a social movement born in the eleventh century promoted by the Church, united with the peasantry as the response to the violence perpetrated by feudal nobles. The hometowns, then, delimited a space protected of feudal violence. However, to ensure a coexistence climate, it was necessary to go further, establishing an authority that prohibited the practice of any type of violent act anywhere in the territory. This was the objective of the assemblies of Peace and Truce of God, the first of which, in the Catalan counties, took place in Toluges (Roussillon), in 1027, under the presidency of Abbot Oliba, on behalf of Bishop Berenguer d'Elna, absent from the diocese because he was on a pilgrimage. The origin of the Catalan Courts can be considered from the Peace of Truce of God.

The Generalitat of Catalonia stems from the medieval institution which ruled, in the name of the King as Count of Barcelona, some aspects of the administration of the Principality of Catalonia. The Catalan Courts were the main institution of the Principality during its existence as a polity and approved the Catalan constitutions. The first constitutions were that of the Courts of 1283.{{Cite web|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?depth=1&nv=1&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=ca&sp=nmt4&tl=en&u=https://indigentsadojo.blogspot.com/2016/05/per-que-la-confusio-no-duri-mes.html%3Fm%3D1&xid=17259,1500000,15700002,15700021,15700186,15700190,15700256,15700259,15700262|title=Google Translate|website=translate.google.com|access-date=2019-07-11}}

The Medieval precedent of the Generalitat, the Diputació del General de Catalunya ("Deputation of the General of Catalonia") was a permanent council of deputies established by the Courts in order to collect the new "tax of the General" (or tribute for the King) in 1359. The "general" refers to the combination of the three estates: nobility, church and people. The tax became known was the drets del General or Generalitats. The council gained important political power during the next centuries, assuming tasks including that of prosecutor. In 1931, the name Generalitat was chosen by the legislators of the new self government to help legitimise their function.

Catalan institutions which depended on the Generalitat were abolished in what is currently known in Catalonia as Northern Catalonia, one year after the signature of the Treaty of the Pyrenees in the 17th century, which transferred the territory from Spanish to French sovereignty.

Then, by the early 18th century, with the issue of the "Nueva Planta Decrees" after the Catalan defeat in the War of the Spanish Succession, the institution, as well as the other political institutions of the Principality, was abolished.

{{Main|Autonomous Region of Catalonia (1931–1939)}}

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Image:Bitllet de 5 pessetes realitzat per la Generalitat de Catalunya durant la Guerra Civil Espanyola, 1936 Moneda republicana.jpg

The Generalitat was restored in the Catalonia under Spanish administration in 1931 during the events of the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic when Francesc Macià, leader of the Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC), declared the Catalan Republic within an Iberian Federation on 14 April but later reached an agreement with the Spanish ministers, in which the Catalan Republic was renamed Generalitat of Catalonia (Catalan: Generalitat de Catalunya) and given its modern political and representative function as the institution of self-government of Catalonia within the Spanish Republic.{{sfn|Carr|1980|p=xvi}} The restored Generalitat was ruled by a statute of autonomy approved by the Spanish Cortes in 1932 and included a parliament, a presidency, an executive council and a court of cassation. It was presided by Francesc Macià (1931–1933) and Lluís Companys (1933–1940). The governments of Macià and Companys enacted a progressive agenda, despite the internal difficulties, while fought to demand the complete transfer of the powers estipulated in the Statute.

After the right wing coalition won the Spanish elections in 1933, the leftist leaders of the Generalitat of Catalonia rebelled in October of 1934 against the Spanish authorities, and it was temporarily suspended from 1934 to 1936. After the victory of the left in the Spanish elections of February 1936 the new Spanish government pardoned the Catalan government and the self-government was fully restored.

Throughout the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) the Generalitat remained loyal to the Republic, assuming powers in areas belonging to the State in Catalonia, such as border controls, coinage, justice and defense. However, due to the revolutionary situation created after the coup d'etat, the Generalitat lost most of the effective power over the territory, largely controlled by local committees under the command of the Central Committee of Antifascist Militias of Catalonia. As the weeks passed, the Catalan government progressively recovered somewhat control until May 1937.

In 1939, as the Spanish Civil War finished with the defeat of the Republican side, the Generalitat of Catalonia as an institution was abolished and remained so during the Francoist dictatorship until 1975. The president of the Generalitat at the time, Lluís Companys, was tortured and executed on 15 October 1940 for the crime of 'military rebellion'. Nonetheless, the Generalitat maintained its official existence in exile, led by presidents Josep Irla (1940–1954) and Josep Tarradellas (1954–1980).

The succession of presidents of the Generalitat was maintained in exile from 1939 to 1977, when Josep Tarradellas returned to Catalonia and was recognized as the legitimate president by the Spanish government. Tarradellas, when he returned to Catalonia, made his often quoted remark "Ciutadans de Catalunya: ja sóc aquí" ("Citizens of Catalonia: I am back!"), reassuming the autonomous powers of Catalonia, one of the historic nationalities of present-day Spain.

After this, the powers given to the autonomous Catalan government according to the Spanish Constitution of 1978 were transferred and the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia (Estatut d'Autonomia) was passed after being approved both by referendum in Catalonia and by the Spanish parliament.

José Montilla, leader of the Catalan Socialist Party, was the president of the Generalitat from the 2006 election until November 2010, leading a tripartite coalition of left-wing and Catalan nationalist political parties.

On 18 June 2006, a reformed version of the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia was approved by referendum and went into effect 9 August 2006.{{sfn|Arzoz|2012|p=181}} The reform of the Statute was initially championed by both the leftist parties in the Catalan government and by the main opposition party (CiU), which were united in pushing for increased devolution of powers from the Spanish government level, enhanced fiscal autonomy and finances, and explicit recognition of Catalonia's national identity.{{sfn|Anderson|2020|p=6}} However the details of the Statute's final version were harshly fought over and continued to be controversial. At length, the Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC), themselves members of the coalition government, finally opposed the Statute in the referendum.{{sfn|Anderson|2020|p=6}}

The Partido Popular then filed an objection of unconstitutionality against more than half the text before the Constitutional Court of Spain (including provisions that had previously been approved in the autonomy statutes of other autonomous communities).{{sfn|Arzoz|2012|p=184}} Four years later, on 28 June 2010, the Spanish Constitutional Court gave their judgement, annulling 14 articles and dictating the interpretation for 27 more. The Court's decision led to a massive demonstration in Barcelona of more than a million people{{citation | title = Catalan protesters rally for greater autonomy in Spain | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/10588494.stm | publisher = BBC News | date = 10 July 2010}}.{{citation | title = More than 1 million protest court ruling in Barcelona | url = http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/europe/07/11/spain.protests/index.html | publisher = CNN | date = 11 July 2010|access-date=28 March 2025}} under the slogan in Catalan Som una nació. Nosaltres decidim ({{Translation|"We are a nation. We decide}}).

Artur Mas held the office of President of the Generalitat from December 2010{{Cite web|url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2010/12/27/pdfs/BOE-A-2010-19854.pdf|title=Real Decreto 1777/2010|website=Boletín Oficial del Estado}} until his resignation in January 2016,{{Cite web|url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2016-276|title=BOE.es – Documento BOE-A-2016-276|website=www.boe.es|language=es|access-date=2017-09-08}} leading a minority government dependent on pacts with other parties including the Socialists' Party of Catalonia following the 2010 election and the 2015 election.

Former president Artur Mas was charged by the Spanish government for civil disobedience, after he organised and staged a referendum on independence in 2014.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

In 2016, Carles Puigdemont, member of the Catalan European Democratic Party,{{Cite news|url=http://www.partitdemocrata.cat/comite-nacional/|title=Comitè Nacional|work=Partit Demòcrata|access-date=2017-09-08|language=ca|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909004959/http://www.partitdemocrata.cat/comite-nacional/|archive-date=2017-09-09|url-status=dead}} successor formation to the defunct Convergence and Union alliance.{{Cite news|url=http://www.partitdemocrata.cat/transparencia/|title=Transparència|work=Partit Demòcrata|access-date=2017-09-08|language=ca|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909005912/http://www.partitdemocrata.cat/transparencia/|archive-date=2017-09-09|url-status=dead}} was elected President of the Generalitat of Catalonia. He was suspended from office on 27 October 2017, by the Spanish government.{{Cite web|url=https://boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2017-12332|title=BOE-A-2017-12332 Real Decreto 942/2017, de 27 de octubre, por el que se dispone, en virtud de las medidas autorizadas con fecha 27 de octubre de 2017 por el Pleno del Senado respecto de la Generalitat de Cataluña en aplicación del artículo 155 de la Constitución, el cese del M.H. Sr. Presidente de la Generalitat de Cataluña, don Carles Puigdemont i Casamajó.|website=boe.es}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2016-277|title=BOE.es – Documento BOE-A-2016-277|website=www.boe.es|language=es|access-date=2017-09-08}}

After a number of attempts to invest a new president, Quim Torra became president on 17 May 2018, with Together for Catalonia and Republican Left of Catalonia votes in favor.

On 22 May 2021, Pere Aragonès from the Republican Left of Catalonia was elected the 132nd president of the Generalitat.

{{Politics of Catalonia}}

The autonomous government consists of the Executive Council, the President and the Parliament. Some people wrongly apply this name only to the executive council (the cabinet of the autonomous government); however, Generalitat de Catalunya is the system of Catalan autonomous government as a whole.

The region has gradually achieved a greater degree of autonomy since 1979. After Navarre and the Basque Country regions, Catalonia has the greatest level of self-government in Spain. When it is fully instated, the Generalitat holds exclusive and wide jurisdiction in various matters of culture, environment, communications, transportation, commerce, public safety and local governments.{{cite web |url=http://www10.gencat.net/gencat/AppJava/en/generalitat/generalitat/competencies/exclusives.jsp |title=Generalitat de Catalunya – Sole jurisdiction |access-date=2006-06-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051216182023/http://www10.gencat.net/gencat/AppJava/en/generalitat/generalitat/competencies/exclusives.jsp |archive-date=2005-12-16 }} In many aspects relating to education, health and justice, the region shares jurisdiction with the Spanish government.{{cite web |url=http://www10.gencat.net/gencat/AppJava/en/generalitat/generalitat/competencies/concurrents.jsp |title=Generalitat de Catalunya – Concurrent jurisdiction and shared jurisdiction |access-date=2006-06-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051230222201/http://www10.gencat.net/gencat/AppJava/en/generalitat/generalitat/competencies/concurrents.jsp |archive-date=2005-12-30 }}

One of the examples of Catalonia's degree of autonomy is its own police force, the Mossos d'Esquadra ("Auxiliary Force"), which has taken over most of the police functions in Catalonia which used to be served by the Civil Guard (Guardia Civil) and the Spanish National Police Corps.

With few exceptions, most of the justice system is administered by national judicial institutions. The legal system is uniform throughout the Spanish state, with the exception of some parts of civil law – especially family, inheritance, and real estate law – that have traditionally been ruled by so-called foral law.{{Cite book |first=Gabriel |last=García Cantero |title=Is It Possible for a Minor Code of the Nineteenth Century to Serve as a Model in the Twenty-First Century |series=The Scope and Structure of Civil Codes |publisher=Springer |year=2013 |page=372}} The fields of civil law that are subject to autonomous legislation have been codified in the Civil Code of Catalonia (Codi civil de Catalunya) consisting of six books that have successively entered into force since 2003.{{Cite book |first=Núria |last=de Gispert i Català |title=The codification of Catalan civil law |series=Regional Private Laws and Codification in Europe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |pages=164–171}}

Another institution stemming from the Catalan autonomy statute, but independent from the Generalitat in its check and balance functions, is the Síndic de Greuges (ombudsman){{Cite web |url=http://www.sindicgreugescat.org/ |title=Untitled Document |access-date=2019-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060408064828/http://sindicgreugescat.org/ |archive-date=2006-04-08 |url-status=dead }} to address problems that may arise between private citizens or organizations and the Generalitat or local governments.

File:Parliament of Catalunya edited.JPG, located in Ciutadella park, Barcelona]]

The Parliament of Catalonia (Catalan: {{lang|ca|Parlament de Catalunya}}) is the unicameral legislative body of the Generalitat and represents the people of Catalonia. Its 135{{nbsp}}members (diputats) are elected by universal suffrage to serve for a four-year period. According to the Statute of Autonomy, it has powers to legislate over devolved matters such as education, health, culture, internal institutional and territorial organization, nomination of the President of the Generalitat and control the Government, budget and other affairs. The last Catalan election was held on 12 May 2024, and its current speaker (president) is Josep Rull, incumbent since 11 June 2024.

File:Salvador Illa 2024 (cropped).jpg, President of the Generalitat of Catalonia]]

The President of the Generalitat of Catalonia (Catalan: {{lang|ca|president de la Generalitat de Catalunya}}) is the highest representative of Catalonia, and is also responsible of leading the government's action, presiding the Executive Council. Since the restoration of the Generalitat on the return of democracy in Spain, the Presidents of Catalonia have been Josep Tarradellas (1977–1980, president in exile since 1954), Jordi Pujol (1980–2003), Pasqual Maragall (2003–2006), José Montilla (2006–2010), Artur Mas (2010–2016), Carles Puigdemont (2016–2017) and, after the imposition of direct rule from Madrid, Quim Torra (2018–2020), Pere Aragonès (2020–2024) and Salvador Illa (2024–).

File:Govern de Catalunya foto oficial 2022.jpg

The Executive Council (Catalan: {{lang|ca|Consell Executiu}}) or Government ({{lang|ca|Govern}}), is the body responsible of the government of the Generalitat, it holds executive and regulatory power, being accountable to the Catalan Parliament. It comprises the President of the Generalitat, the First Minister ({{lang|ca|conseller primer}}) or the Vice President, and the ministers ({{lang|ca|consellers}}) appointed by the president. Its seat is the Palau de la Generalitat, Barcelona. The current government is formed by the center-left pro-independence Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) after a political crisis in which the center-right member of the coalition Together for Catalonia (Junts) abandoned in 2022 its ministerial seats.{{cite news|date=7 October 2022|title=Pere Aragonès prepara un Govern con independientes tras la salida de Junts|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/politica/20221007/pere-aragones-govern-erc-junts-cataluna-76983251|language=es|newspaper=El Periódico|location=Barcelona|access-date=8 October 2022}} It is made up of 14 ministers, alongside to the President and a secretary of government.

{{Main|International relations of Catalonia}}

As an autonomous community of Spain, Catalonia is not recognized as a sovereign state by any sovereign state. However, as Catalonia has progressively gained a greater degree of self-government in recent years, the Catalan Government has established nearly bilateral relationships with foreign bodies. For the most part, these relationships are with the governments of other powerful subnational entities such as Quebechttp://www.mdeie.gouv.qc.ca/index.php?id=4201{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} or California.{{Cite web|url=https://soir.senate.ca.gov/senate-concurrent-resolution-no-71|title=Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 71 | Senate Office of International Relations|website=soir.senate.ca.gov}} In addition, like most Spanish autonomous communities, Catalonia has permanent delegations before international organizations, such as the European Union.http://www.copca.cat/infoglueDeliverLive/ViewPage.action?siteNodeId=247&languageId=1&contentId=-1{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

More recently, Catalonia has embarked upon an expansion process of its international representation by opening a number of delegations worldwide. As of 2017, these exceeded 40.{{cite web |url=http://www20.gencat.cat/portal/site/Departament-de-la-Vicepresidencia/menuitem.9a6dd4d7cef8efc12b121577b0c0e1a0/?vgnextoid=9a588f43a9e31210VgnVCM1000008d0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=9a588f43a9e31210VgnVCM1000008d0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextfmt=default |title=Departament de la Vicepresidència. Generalitat de Catalunya |access-date=2009-08-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725184055/http://www20.gencat.cat/portal/site/Departament-de-la-Vicepresidencia/menuitem.9a6dd4d7cef8efc12b121577b0c0e1a0/?vgnextoid=9a588f43a9e31210VgnVCM1000008d0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=9a588f43a9e31210VgnVCM1000008d0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextfmt=default |archive-date=2011-07-25 }}{{cite web |url=http://www.copca.cat/infoglueDeliverLive/ViewPage.action?siteNodeId=97&languageId=1&contentId=1143 |title=Overseas offices | COPCA |access-date=2009-08-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518001254/http://www.copca.cat/infoglueDeliverLive/ViewPage.action?siteNodeId=97&languageId=1&contentId=1143 |archive-date=2009-05-18 }} Most of these offices are located in major world cities like London, New York City, Los Angeles, Paris, Tokyo and others. Each office has specific duties assigned by their ministry or department agency. Generally, the functions of these are the representation of specific interests of the Government of Catalonia, trade and foreign investment, Catalan culture and language support, tourist promotion, and international cooperation activities.{{cite web |url=http://www20.gencat.cat/portal/site/Departament-de-la-Vicepresidencia/menuitem.1bd9513103ff0c512b121577b0c0e1a0/?vgnextoid=d586d2bd5ce31210VgnVCM1000008d0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=d586d2bd5ce31210VgnVCM1000008d0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextfmt=default |title=Mapa de la presència catalana al món. Departament de la Vicepresidència. Generalitat de Catalunya |access-date=2009-08-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725184124/http://www20.gencat.cat/portal/site/Departament-de-la-Vicepresidencia/menuitem.1bd9513103ff0c512b121577b0c0e1a0/?vgnextoid=d586d2bd5ce31210VgnVCM1000008d0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=d586d2bd5ce31210VgnVCM1000008d0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextfmt=default |archive-date=2011-07-25 }}

There are no specific Catalan political institutions in Northern Catalonia, other than the French département of Pyrénées-Orientales. However, since 5 September 2003, there has been a Casa de la Generalitat in Perpignan, which aims to promote the Catalan culture and facilitate exchanges between each side of the Franco–Spanish border.{{cite web |url=http://www10.gencat.net/sac/AppJava/organisme_fitxa.jsp?codi=13599 |title=Organismes. Generalitat de Catalunya |access-date=2009-08-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928053800/http://www10.gencat.net/sac/AppJava/organisme_fitxa.jsp?codi=13599 |archive-date=2011-09-28 }}

Under application of article 155 of the Constitution following the constitutional crisis of 2017 Catalonia only retained one delegation abroad, after the rest were closed, this delegation was the one of Brussels, Belgium. The Catalan Government elected after 21 December election began the process to restore the closed delegations, achieving the goal and opening new ones. Currently there are 15 fully deployed delegations.

This is the list of the current delegations of the Government of Catalonia abroad:{{cite web |url=http://exteriors.gencat.cat/ca/ambits-dactuacio/afers_exteriors/delegacions_govern/ |title=Delegations of the Generalitat abroad |publisher=exteriors.gencat.cat|access-date=21 October 2020 |df=dmy-all }}

• {{flagdeco|Belgium}} Brussels, Belgium (delegation before the {{flagdeco|EU}} European Union)
• {{flagdeco|Andorra}} Andorra la Vella, Andorra
• {{flagdeco|Argentina}} Buenos Aires, Argentina
• {{flagdeco|Austria}} Vienna, Austria
• {{flagdeco|Croatia}} Zagreb, Croatia
• {{flagdeco|France}} Paris, France
• {{flagdeco|Germany}} Berlin, Germany
• {{flagdeco|Italy}} Rome, Italy
• {{flagdeco|Mexico}} Mexico City, Mexico
• {{flagdeco|Portugal}} Lisbon, Portugal
• {{flagdeco|South Korea}} Seoul, South Korea
• {{flagdeco|Sweden}} Stockholm, Sweden
• {{flagdeco|Switzerland}} Geneva, Switzerland
• {{flagdeco|Tunisia}} Tunis, Tunisia
• {{flagdeco|United Kingdom}} London, United Kingdom
• {{flagdeco|United States}} Washington, D.C., United States

• Politics of Catalonia
• 2017–2018 Spanish constitutional crisis
• Government of Pere Aragonès, Catalonia Government 2021–2024 term of office
• Commonwealth of Catalonia
• List of presidents of the Government of Catalonia

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book|title=Power-sharing in Europe: Past practice, present cases and future directions|editor-first1=S|editor-last1=Keil| editor-first2=A| editor-last2=McCulloch|chapter=A Consociational Compromise? Constitutional Evolution in Spain and Catalonia|chapter-url=https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/15880/|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-53590-2_9 |first=Paul|last=Anderson|year=2020| publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-030-53590-2|pages=201–225|access-date=27 March 2025}}
• {{cite journal|title=New developments in Spanish federalism |first=Xabier |last=Arzoz |journal=L'Europe en Formation |year=2012| volume=363 |issue=1 |pages=179–188|doi=10.3917/eufor.363.0179 |language=en | issn= 2410-9231|oclc=140465166|url=https://shs.cairn.info/article/EUFOR_363_0179/pdf?lang=en|url-access=subscription }}
• {{cite book| last=Carr|first=Raymond|author-link=Raymond Carr|title=Modern Spain, 1875-1980|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1980|isbn=9780192158284|oclc=6555498}}
• {{cite report|title=Catalan independence. House of Commons Briefing Paper Number CBP 8976|last=Oiveira|first=Leo|date=30 July 2020|publisher=House of Commons Library|url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8976/|access-date=28 Mar 2025|ref={{harvid| House of Commons Briefing Paper|2020|}}}}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20130601004631/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0611FD385B0C718CDDA80994DE404482 Party Urging More Autonomy From Spain Seems to Win in Catalonia] Article on New York Times, 2 November 2006
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20130601005518/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60D10FD34550C718EDDAF0894DE404482 Courage in Catalonia] Article on New York Times, 22 June 2006
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20130601001715/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70D11FF35550C7A8DDDAF0894DE404482 Voters in Catalonia Approve A Plan for Greater Autonomy] Article on New York Times, 19 June 2006
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20130531235208/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30C13FF39540C728FDDAA0894DE404482 Spain Moves On Law to Give Broad Powers To Catalonia] Article on New York Times, 31 March 2006

{{Commons category-inline}}

• {{Official website|http://www.gencat.cat/index_eng.htm }}

{{Generalitat de Catalunya}}

{{Government of Catalonia}}

{{Spanish regional governments}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:History of Catalonia