Geoglyph

{{Short description|Motif produced on the ground; observable only from a height}}

File:Fazenda Colorada.jpg land in the Amazon rainforest]]

A geoglyph is a large design or motif – generally longer than {{convert|4|m}} – produced on the ground by durable elements of the landscape, such as stones, stone fragments, gravel, or earth. A positive geoglyph is formed by the arrangement and alignment of materials on the ground in a manner akin to petroforms, while a negative geoglyph is formed by removing part of the natural ground surface to create differently coloured or textured ground in a manner akin to petroglyphs.

Geoglyphs are generally a type of land art, and sometimes rock art. A hill figure is created on a slope, so that it can be seen from a distance.

Ancient

File:Uffington-White-Horse-sat.jpg of the Uffington White Horse]]

Arguably the most famous geoglyphs are the Nazca lines in Peru. The cultural significance of these geoglyphs for their creators remains unclear, despite many hypotheses.New Technologies for Archaeology: Multidisciplinary Investigations in Palpa and Nasca, Peru, Natural science in archaeology, page 50, Markus Reindel, Günther A. Wagner, Springer Verlag, 2009. {{ISBN|978-3-540-87437-9}}

File:Lignes de Nazca Décembre 2006 - Colibri 2.jpg in Peru. This photograph shows a depiction of a hummingbird]]

Since the 1970s, numerous geoglyphs have been discovered on deforested land in the Amazon rainforest, Brazil, leading to claims about Pre-Columbian civilizations.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/15/world/americas/land-carvings-attest-to-amazons-lost-world.html?_r=1|title=Once Hidden by Forest, Carvings in Land Attest to Amazon's Lost World|author=Simon Romero|work=The New York Times|date=January 14, 2012}}[http://noticias.terra.com.br/ciencia/fotos/0,,OI114656-EI238,00-Sinais+na+Amazonia+indicam+sociedade+perdida.html Amazon Jungle geoglyphs in Portuguese]{{cite journal |journal=Antiquity |year=2009 |volume=83 |issue=322 |pages=1084–1095 |title=Pre-Columbian geometric earthworks in the upper Purús: a complex society in western Amazonia |author=Martti Pärssinen, Denise Schaan and Alceu Ranzi |doi= 10.1017/s0003598x00099373|s2cid=55741813 }} Ondemar Dias is accredited with first discovering the geoglyphs in 1977 and Alceu Ranzi with furthering their discovery after flying over Acre.{{cite journal |last=Junior |first=Gonçalo |date=October 2008 |title=Amazonia lost and found |url=http://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/en/2009/10/20/amazonia-lost-and-found-2/ |journal=Pesquisa (Ed.220) |publisher=FAPESP |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812211320/http://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/en/2009/10/20/amazonia-lost-and-found-2/ |archive-date=2014-08-12 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0122njp|title=Unnatural Histories – Amazon|publisher=BBC Four}}

Other areas with geoglyphs include Megaliths in the Urals, South Australia (Marree Man, which is not ancient, but rather a modern work of art, with mysterious origins), Western Australia and parts of the Great Basin Desert in the southwestern United States. Hill figures, turf mazes and the stone-lined labyrinths of Scandinavia, Iceland, Lappland and the former Soviet Union are types of geoglyphs.

The south of England has a number of equine and human figures cut into chalk hillsides. Examples include the Uffington White Horse, Cerne Abbas Giant, Westbury White Horse, and the Long Man of Wilmington. Some are ancient, others from the last few centuries.

= Possible geoglyphs =

The "Works of the Old Men" in Arabia, "stone-built structures that are far more numerous than (the) Nazca Lines, far more extensive in the area that they cover, and far older,"Professor David Kennedy, quoted by Owen Jarus, LiveScience Contributor. [http://www.nbcnews.com/id/44531708 "Visible Only From Above, Mystifying 'Nazca Lines' Discovered in Mideast"]{{dead link|date=August 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, NBC News (via LiveScience), 9/15/2011 have been described as geoglyphs by Amelia Sparavigna, a physics professor at Politecnico di Torino in Italy.Amelia Sparavigna, quoted by Owen Jarus, LiveScience Contributor. [http://www.nbcnews.com/id/44531708 "Visible Only From Above, Mystifying 'Nazca Lines' Discovered in Mideast"]{{dead link|date=August 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, NBC News (via LiveScience), 9/15/2011 The use of this term to describe these features is probably inaccurate, as recent research has shown that most were not constructed primarily as art, but were rather built to serve a range of purposes including burial sites and funerary customs, aiding in the trapping of migratory animals, and as cleared areas for camps, houses and animal enclosures.{{cite journal| doi=10.1016/j.jas.2011.05.027 | volume=38 | issue=12 | title=The "Works of the Old Men" in Arabia: remote sensing in interior Arabia | year=2011 | journal=Journal of Archaeological Science | pages=3185–3203 | last1 = Kennedy | first1 = David| bibcode=2011JArSc..38.3185K }}

Contemporary

File:You Yangs Bunjil geoglyph.JPG, Lara, Australia, by Andrew Rogers. The creature has a wingspan of 100 metres and 1,500 tonnes of rock were used to construct it.]]

Not all geoglyphs are ancient. The Land Art movement created many new geoglyphs as well as other structures; perhaps the most famous example is Spiral Jetty by Robert Smithson. Many towns and cities in the Western United States use hillside letters (also known as "mountain monograms") on the hills above their locations. Contemporary Australian sculptor Andrew Rogers has created geoglyphs around the world called "The Rhythms of Life". You Yangs Regional Park is the home of a geoglyph constructed by Rogers in recognition of the indigenous people of the area. It depicts Bunjil, a mythical creature in the culture of the local Wautharong Aboriginal people.{{Cite web |title=Bunjil {{!}} Monument Australia |url=https://www.monumentaustralia.org.au/display/96636-bunjil-geoglyph |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=www.monumentaustralia.org.au}}

File:Chinggis Khan hillside portrait.JPG painted onto cleared areas of Mt. Bogd Khan in Mongolia in 2006. ]]

Geoglyphic texts and images are common in Central and Inner Asia but there has been little systematic study of their origins and spread.

More recent figures in the south of England created since the early 1800s have kept up the region's ancient tradition of chalk hillside figures. Examples of these are the Litlington White Horse, Devizes White Horse, Fovant Badges, Cherhill White Horse, and the Marlborough White Horse.

File:Litlington White Horse.jpg in the village of Litlington, South East England]]

In 2008–2009 Alfie Dennen created Britglyph, a locative art-focused geoglyph created by having participants across the United Kingdom leave rocks at highly specific locations and uploading media created at each location. When taken together and viewed on the main project website an image of a watch and chain inspired by John Harrison's marine chronometer H5 was created.{{cite web|url=http://map.britglyph.com|title=Britglyph|access-date=2009-03-17|last=Dennen|first=Alfie|author-link=Alfie Dennen|date=2009-03-11|publisher=Moblog|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218031239/http://map.britglyph.com/|archive-date=2008-12-18}}

People have used the Strava mobile app and other GPS systems to create GPS drawings, virtual geoglyphs.

Geoglyphs in the world

Country	Geoglyph
class="wikitable" width=40% style="font-size:100%; text-align:left;"
{{ISR}} \|Geoglyphs of Har Karkom{{cite web\|url=http://www.ccsp.it/web/INFOCCSP/VCS%20storico/vcs2011pdf/mailland.pdf\|title=The geoglyphs of Har Karkom (Negev, Israel): classification and interpretation\|publisher=ccsp.it\|access-date=30 July 2018}}
rowspan=6\|{{ENG}} \|Uffington White Horse
Westbury White Horse
Cerne Abbas Giant
Long Man of Wilmington
Pewsey White Horse
Litlington White Horse
rowspan=3\|{{USA}} \|Gila River Valley
Great Serpent Mound
Blythe Intaglios
rowspan=2\|{{PER}} \|Nazca Lines
Paracas Candelabra
{{BRA}} \|Acre geoglyphs
{{CHL}} \|Atacama Giant
{{BOL}} \|Sajama Lines
rowspan="3" \|{{AUS}} \|Marree Man
Readymix logo geoglyph
Bunjil Geoglyph
{{IND}} \|Great Indian Desert Lines, (also known as the Boha geoglyphs), Rajasthan
{{RUS}} \|Russian geoglyph, in the Ural Mountains