Geography of Guatemala#Extreme points
{{Short description|none}}
{{Country geography
|name= Guatemala
|map = Satellite image of Guatemala in April 2002.jpg
|map size=240
|continent = North America
|region = Central America
|coordinates = {{Coord|15|30|N|90|15|W|type:country}}
|area ranking = 105th
|km area = 108,889
|percent land = 98.41
|km coastline = 400
|borders = total: {{convert|1,667|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|highest point = Tajumulco Volcano
{{convert|4220|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}}
|lowest point = Pacific Ocean
0 m
|longest river = Motagua River
{{convert|486|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|largest lake = Lake Izabal
{{convert|589.6|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}
|exclusive economic zone = {{convert|114,170|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}
}}
Guatemala is mountainous, except for the south coastal area and the vast northern lowlands of Petén department. The country is located in Central America and bounded to the north and west by Mexico, to the east by Belize and by the Gulf of Honduras, to the east by Honduras, to the southeast by El Salvador, and to the south by the Pacific Ocean. Two mountain chains enter Guatemala from west to east, dividing the country into three major regions: the highlands, where the mountains are located; the Pacific coast, south of the mountains; and the limestone plateau of the Petén region, north of the mountains. These areas vary in climate, elevation, and landscape, providing dramatic contrasts between hot and humid tropical lowlands and highland peaks and valleys.
Regions
The southern edge of the western highlands is marked by the Sierra Madre, which stretches from the Mexican border south and east, and continues at lower elevations toward El Salvador. The mountain chain is characterised by steep volcanic cones, including Tajumulco Volcano {{convert|4220|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}, the highest point in the country and Central America. All of Guatemala's 37 volcanoes (3 of them active: Pacaya, Santiaguito and Fuego), are in this mountain chain, and are abundant in the highlands.
The northern chain of mountains begins near the Mexican border with the Cuchumatanes range, then stretches east through the Chuacús and Chamá sierras, down to the Santa Cruz and Minas sierras, near the Caribbean Sea. The northern and southern mountains are separated by the Motagua valley, where the Motagua river and its tributaries drains from the highlands into the Caribbean being navigable in its lower end, where it forms the boundary with Honduras.
The rivers are short and shallow in the Pacific vertient, larger and deeper, such as the Polochic which drains in Lake Izabal, Río Dulce, Motagua and Sarstún that forms the boundary with Belize in the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico vertient (Usumacinta, which forms the boundary between Chiapas, Mexico and Petén and its tributaries such as La Pasión and San Pedro.
Most of the major cities are located in the Highlands. Major cities are the capital Guatemala City, elevation 1,500 m (Central Highlands), Antigua Guatemala, elevation 1,530 m (Central Highlands), Quetzaltenango elevation 2,350 m (Western Highlands) and Puerto Barrios on the Caribbean coast. The largest lake Lago de Izabal (589.6 km2), is close to the Caribbean coast. Volcán Tajumulco, 4,220 m, the highest point in Central America, is located in the western department of San Marcos.
The last major earthquake was on February 4, 1976, killing more than 23,000 in the Central Highlands.
Climate
File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_GTM_1991–2020.svgClimate is hot and humid in the Pacific and Petén Lowlands. It is more temperate in the highlands, to freezing cold at the high of the Cuchumatanes range, and hot/drier in the easternmost departments.
Guatemala's location on the Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean makes it a target for hurricanes, including Hurricane Mitch in 1998 and Hurricane Stan in October 2005, which killed more than 1,500 people. The damage was not wind related, but caused by flooding and landslides.
{{Weather box
|width=auto
|location = Guatemala City (1990-2011)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|collapsed = Yes
|Jan record high C = 30.0
|Feb record high C = 32.1
|Mar record high C = 32.0
|Apr record high C = 33.9
|May record high C = 33.9
|Jun record high C = 31.2
|Jul record high C = 29.1
|Aug record high C = 30.2
|Sep record high C = 29.8
|Oct record high C = 28.6
|Nov record high C = 29.9
|Dec record high C = 28.8
|year record high C = 33.9
|Jan high C = 24.3
|Feb high C = 25.8
|Mar high C = 26.8
|Apr high C = 27.8
|May high C = 27.1
|Jun high C = 25.8
|Jul high C = 25.4
|Aug high C = 25.5
|Sep high C = 25.1
|Oct high C = 24.7
|Nov high C = 24.2
|Dec high C = 23.9
|year high C = 25.5
|Jan mean C = 18.7
|Feb mean C = 19.7
|Mar mean C = 20.7
|Apr mean C = 21.9
|May mean C = 21.9
|Jun mean C = 21.3
|Jul mean C = 20.8
|Aug mean C = 21.0
|Sep mean C = 20.7
|Oct mean C = 20.3
|Nov mean C = 19.4
|Dec mean C = 18.8
|year mean C = 20.4
|Jan low C = 13.2
|Feb low C = 13.6
|Mar low C = 14.6
|Apr low C = 16.0
|May low C = 16.8
|Jun low C = 16.8
|Jul low C = 16.3
|Aug low C = 16.5
|Sep low C = 16.4
|Oct low C = 16.0
|Nov low C = 14.7
|Dec low C = 13.7
|year low C = 15.4
|Jan record low C = 6.0
|Feb record low C = 7.8
|Mar record low C = 8.4
|Apr record low C = 8.6
|May record low C = 12.3
|Jun record low C = 11.2
|Jul record low C = 12.1
|Aug record low C = 13.5
|Sep record low C = 13.0
|Oct record low C = 11.4
|Nov record low C = 9.4
|Dec record low C = 7.6
|year record low C = 6.0
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 2.8
|Feb rain mm = 5.4
|Mar rain mm = 6.0
|Apr rain mm = 31.0
|May rain mm = 128.9
|Jun rain mm = 271.8
|Jul rain mm = 202.6
|Aug rain mm = 202.7
|Sep rain mm = 236.6
|Oct rain mm = 131.6
|Nov rain mm = 48.8
|Dec rain mm = 6.6
|Jan rain days = 1.68
|Feb rain days = 1.45
|Mar rain days = 2.00
|Apr rain days = 4.73
|May rain days = 12.36
|Jun rain days = 21.14
|Jul rain days = 18.59
|Aug rain days = 19.04
|Sep rain days = 20.82
|Oct rain days = 14.59
|Nov rain days = 6.18
|Dec rain days = 2.64
|Jan sun = 248.4
|Feb sun = 236.2
|Mar sun = 245.6
|Apr sun = 237.9
|May sun = 184.4
|Jun sun = 155.3
|Jul sun = 183.4
|Aug sun = 191.8
|Sep sun = 159.0
|Oct sun = 178.0
|Nov sun = 211.7
|Dec sun = 209.2
|Jan humidity = 74.3
|Feb humidity = 73.4
|Mar humidity = 73.2
|Apr humidity = 74.3
|May humidity = 77.3
|Jun humidity = 82.4
|Jul humidity = 80.8
|Aug humidity = 80.9
|Sep humidity = 84.5
|Oct humidity = 82.0
|Nov humidity = 79.2
|Dec humidity = 76.0
|year humidity = 77.8
|source 1 = Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia{{cite web
|url=http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/meteorologia/ESTACIONES/GUATEMALA/INSIVUMEH%20PARAMETROS.htm
|title=Ministerio de comunicaciones Infraestructura y Vivienda
|access-date=25 December 2012 |url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604092515/http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/meteorologia/ESTACIONES/GUATEMALA/INSIVUMEH%20PARAMETROS.htm
|archive-date=4 June 2012 }} |date=July 2014}}
{{Weather box
| width = auto
| location = Villa Nueva
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| collapsed = Yes
| Jan mean C = 19.4
| Feb mean C = 19.8
| Mar mean C = 20.9
| Apr mean C = 21.7
| May mean C = 22.0
| Jun mean C = 21.3
| Jul mean C = 21.2
| Aug mean C = 21.3
| Sep mean C = 20.9
| Oct mean C = 20.7
| Nov mean C = 19.8
| Dec mean C = 19.3
| year mean C =
| Jan high C = 25.2
| Feb high C = 26.1
| Mar high C = 27.4
| Apr high C = 27.8
| May high C = 27.5
| Jun high C = 25.9
| Jul high C = 25.9
| Aug high C = 26.2
| Sep high C = 25.5
| Oct high C = 25.4
| Nov high C = 24.9
| Dec high C = 24.8
| year high C =
| Jan low C = 13.6
| Feb low C = 13.6
| Mar low C = 14.5
| Apr low C = 15.7
| May low C = 16.6
| Jun low C = 16.8
| Jul low C = 16.6
| Aug low C = 16.4
| Sep low C = 16.4
| Oct low C = 16.0
| Nov low C = 14.8
| Dec low C = 13.8
| year low C =
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 1
| Feb precipitation mm = 3
| Mar precipitation mm = 5
| Apr precipitation mm = 26
| May precipitation mm = 126
| Jun precipitation mm = 253
| Jul precipitation mm = 217
| Aug precipitation mm = 182
| Sep precipitation mm = 244
| Oct precipitation mm = 130
| Nov precipitation mm = 16
| Dec precipitation mm = 5
| year precipitation mm =
{{cite web|url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/54060/
|title= Climate: Villa Nueva
|access-date= 21 September 2015
|website= Climate-Data.org}}
}}
{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location = Cobán
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|collapsed = Yes
|Jan mean C = 16.1
|Feb mean C = 17.3
|Mar mean C = 18.3
|Apr mean C = 19.4
|May mean C = 20.0
|Jun mean C = 20.3
|Jul mean C = 19.8
|Aug mean C = 19.9
|Sep mean C = 19.8
|Oct mean C = 18.9
|Nov mean C = 17.6
|Dec mean C = 16.7
|year mean C =
|Jan high C = 21.7
|Feb high C = 23.4
|Mar high C = 24.5
|Apr high C = 25.2
|May high C = 25.2
|Jun high C = 24.7
|Jul high C = 23.9
|Aug high C = 24.4
|Sep high C = 24.3
|Oct high C = 23.4
|Nov high C = 22.3
|Dec high C = 21.6
|year high C =
|Jan low C = 10.5
|Feb low C = 11.2
|Mar low C = 12.1
|Apr low C = 13.7
|May low C = 14.9
|Jun low C = 16.0
|Jul low C = 15.7
|Aug low C = 15.4
|Sep low C = 15.4
|Oct low C = 14.4
|Nov low C = 13.0
|Dec low C = 11.8
|year low C =
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 108
|Feb rain mm = 86
|Mar rain mm = 99
|Apr rain mm = 93
|May rain mm = 169
|Jun rain mm = 293
|Jul rain mm = 262
|Aug rain mm = 231
|Sep rain mm = 302
|Oct rain mm = 288
|Nov rain mm = 216
|Dec rain mm = 126
{{cite web|url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/873470/
|title = Climate: Cobán
|access-date = 19 August 2015
}}
=Climate change=
{{excerpt|Climate change in Guatemala|paragraphs=1|file=no}}
Geographic data
Image:Guatemala Topography.png
;
; Geographic coordinates:
: {{Coord|15|30|N|90|15|W|type:country}}
; Map references:
: Central America and the Caribbean
; Area:
:* Total: 108,889 km2
:* Land: 107,159 km2
; Land boundaries:
:* Total: 1,667 km
:* Border countries: Belize 266 km, El Salvador 199 km, Honduras 244 km, Mexico 958 km
; Coastline:
: 400 km
; Maritime claims:
:* Territorial sea: {{convert|12|nmi|km|abbr=on}}
:* Exclusive economic zone: {{convert|114,170|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} and {{convert|200|nmi|km|abbr=on|lk=in}}
:* Continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation
; Extreme points
:* Northernmost point – border with Mexico, Petén Department
:* Southernmost point – border with El Salvador, near Garita Chapina, Jutiapa Department
:* Westernmost point – border with Mexico on Pacific coast, San Marcos Department
:* Easternmost point – border with Honduras, Izabal Department
:* Lowest point – Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea: 0 m
:* Highest point – Volcán Tajumulco: 4,220 m
; Natural resources:
: Petroleum, nickel, rare woods, fish, chicle, hydropower
; Land use:
:* Arable land: 14.32%
:* Permanent crops: 8.82%
:* Other: 76.87% (2012 est.)
; Irrigated land:
: 3,121 km2 (2003)
; Total renewable water resources:
: 111.3 km3 (2011)
; Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
:* total: 3.46 km3/yr (15%/31%/54%)
:* per capita: 259.1 m3/yr (2006)
; Natural hazards:
: Several active volcanoes, occasional violent earthquakes; Caribbean coast subject to hurricanes and other tropical storms, causing flooding, mudflows and landslides
; Environment—current issues:
: Deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution
; Environment—international agreements:
:* Party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution (MARPOL 73/78), Wetlands
:* Signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol
; Geography—note:
: No natural harbors on west coast