George Bedborough

George Bedborough Higgs was born in St Giles, London, on 10 January 1868.{{Cite web|title=HIGGS, G. Bedborough (1868-1940)|url=http://lucerna.exeter.ac.uk/person/index.php?language=EN&id=6004598|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102111813/https://lucerna.exeter.ac.uk/person/index.php?language=EN&id=6004598|archive-date=2021-11-02|access-date=2021-11-02|website=Lucerna Magic Lantern Web Resource}} His father, Edward Squance Higgs,{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=George Bedborough Higgs |url=https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content/view/records?recordId=37596541&collectionId=9852&tid=175351396&pid=102272259793&ssrc=pt |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=England, Select Marriages, 1538-1973 |publisher=Ancestry.com |language=en}} was a retired Church of England preacher and his mother was a poet.{{Cite journal |last=Laytone |first=Sidney |date=1898-06-25 |title=Truth in Extremes |url=http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/coldoffthepresses/lucifer716/Pages/1.html |journal=Lucifer, the Light Bearer |volume=11 |issue=25}} He was educated at Dulwich College and began work at the age of 16, founding the Workhouse Aid Society with W. T. Stead. Bedborough later attended university.{{Cite book|last=Sears|first=Hal D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pM1oAAAAIAAJ|title=The Sex Radicals: Free Love in High Victorian America|publisher=Regents Press of Kansas|year=1977|isbn=978-0-7006-0148-6|pages=256|language=en}}

In 1887, Bedborough was present at Bloody Sunday, in Trafalgar Square. He later wrote for a number of publications including the Sunday Chronicle, Shafts (a feminist magazine), University Magazine, the Newcastle Weekly Chronicle, and South London Mail.{{Cite thesis |last=Jones |first=Sarah Lyndsey |title=Constructing 'Free Love': Science, Sexuality, and Sex Radicalism, c. 1895-1913. |date=October 2015 |degree=PhD in History |publisher=University of Exeter |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/43096379.pdf |page=275}} Bedborough was a close friend and collaborator of Henry S. Salt, Bertram Dobell and Ernest Bell.{{Cite web |last=Edmundson |first=John |date=2013-11-05 |title=The Isle of Vegetariana by G. Bedborough |url=https://www.happycow.net/blog/the-isle-of-vegetariana-by-george-bedborough-a-1913-story-for-children/ |access-date=2020-07-02 |website=HappyCow}}

From 1891 to 1892, Bedborough was a member of the National Society of Lanternists. He also occasionally worked as a lantern operator and gave lectures.

On 18 April 1892, he married Louisa Fisher{{NoteTag|Bedborough's wife went by the name Louie.}} at St George's Church, Jesmond, Northumberland. His marriage was for the sake of his family and he had an open relationship with his wife.{{Cite web |last=Greenway |first=Judy |date=2013-09-25 |title=Speaking Desire: anarchism and free love as utopian performance in fin de siècle Britain |url=http://www.judygreenway.org.uk/wp/speaking-desire-anarchism-and-free-love-as-utopian-performance-in-fin-de-siecle-britain/ |access-date=2020-07-03 |website=Judy Greenway |language=en-GB}}

Bedborough was a member of the Legitimation League and edited its journal The Adult: A Journal for the Advancement of freedom in Sexual Relationships, between 1897 and 1898.{{Cite book |last=Goldman |first=Emma |author-link=Emma Goldman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=maVVkiKG3nQC |title=Emma Goldman, Vol. 2: A Documentary History of the American Years, Volume 2: Making Speech Free, 1902-1909 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-252-07543-8 |editor-last=Falk |editor-first=Candace |location= |pages=114 |language=en}} The League advocated for the legitimation of illegitimate children and free love.{{Cite book |last=Hunt |first=Karen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rICa3Ebs3oIC |title=Equivocal Feminists: The Social Democratic Federation and the Woman Question 1884-1911 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-89090-8 |location= |pages=107 |language=en}} His wife was the treasurer of the League.{{Cite book |last=Dawson |first=Oswald |url=https://archive.org/details/personalrightsa00dawsgoog |title=Personal Rights and Sexual Wrongs |publisher=WM. Reeves |year=1897 |location=London, Leeds |pages=3 |access-date=2020-07-03}}

On 31 May 1898, Bedborough was arrested, along with the sex-radical feminist Lillian Harman and charged with obscenity for attempting to "corrupt the morals of Her Majesty's Subjects".{{Cite book |last=Longa |first=Ernesto A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zHljnvvToEcC |title=Anarchist Periodicals in English Published in the United States (1833-1955): An Annotated Guide |publisher=The Scarecrow Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8108-7255-4 |location=Lanham, Maryland |pages=20, 158 |language=en}} He was indicated on 11 counts, including selling a copy of Studies in the Psychology of Sex Vol. 2, a book on homosexuality, by Havelock Ellis, to an undercover agent, as well as selling other pamphlets considered to be indecent, including one by Oswald Dawson, the founder of the Legitimation League. He was also indicated for his articles published in The Adult. Bedborough had been under surveillance because of the suspected anarchist connections of the League;{{Cite book|last=Jones|first=Derek|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gDqsCQAAQBAJ|title=Censorship: A World Encyclopedia|publisher=Routledge|year=2001|isbn=978-1-136-79864-1|location=Abingdon|pages=733|language=en}} Bedborough, himself, was not an anarchist, but he was described as the London representative of the American anarchist periodical Lucifer the Lightbearer.{{Cite news |date=1898-06-25 |title=The Arrest of George Bedborough |work=Luicfer, the Light-Bearer |page=[https://www.newspapers.com/image/366978787/ 4] |via=Newspapers.com}}

A Free Speech Defence Committee was formed to attempt to fight the case; members included Henry Seymour, Frank Harris, Edward Carpenter, George Bernard Shaw, G. W. Foote, Mona Caird and Grant Allen. Just before being prosecuted, Bedborough collaborated with the police and pled guilty on three counts. This led the committee to denounce him and publish the details of the case. On 31 October 1898, Bedborough was fined £100 ({{Inflation|UK|100|1898|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}), for selling Ellis' book.{{Cite book|last=Cook|first=Matt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vcx0-KZ0e1AC|title=London and the Culture of Homosexuality, 1885-1914|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-521-82207-7|location=Cambridge|pages=73|language=en}} He agreed to no longer be associated with the League or The Adult,{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVrUTUelE6YC|title=Dictionary of Nineteenth-century Journalism in Great Britain and Ireland|publisher=Academia Press|year=2009|isbn=978-90-382-1340-8|editor-last=Brake|editor-first=Laurel|location=Gent|pages=4|language=en|editor-last2=Demoor|editor-first2=Marysa}} writing in the December issue "I adhere to my resolution not to excuse myself. I am a coward […] I thank Henry Seymour, Mr. Foote, and others with all my heart and soul for their work, which I have requited illy indeed".Bedborough, George (December 1898). The Adult: 331.

File:Illustration of "The Isle of Vegetariana".jpg

Bedborough became a vegetarian in 1902 after visiting Moses Harman's home.{{Cite book |last=Gregory |first=James Richard Thomas Elliott |url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/467032/2/886115_v.2.pdf |title=The Vegetarian Movement in Britain c.1840–1901: A Study of Its Development, Personnel and Wider Connections |publisher=University of Southampton |year=2002 |volume=2 |pages=11 |language=en |chapter=Biographical Index of British Vegetarians and Food reformers of the Victorian Era |access-date=2022-10-02}} He described the pervasive smell of the slaughterhouses as pervading the whole city of Chicago.{{Cite book |last=Kubisz |first=Marzena |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003400042 |title=Children’s Vegetarian Culture in the Victorian Era: The Juvenile Food Reformers Press and Literary Change |date=2024-08-14 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-40004-2 |edition=1st |location=London |pages= |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781003400042}}{{Rp|pages=106–109}} Harman suggested they tour the meat-packing houses to test whether Bedborough would continue eating meat. This experience transformed him into a passionate advocate for vegetarianism and animal rights.{{Rp|pages=106–109}}

In 1906, Bedborough became the editor of The Children's Realm, a children's magazine published by the Vegetarian Federal Union and London Vegetarian Society.{{Cite web |last=Edmundson |first=John |date=2014-09-09 |title=Some of The First Ever Magazines For Vegetarian Children |url=https://www.happycow.net/blog/the-first-ever-magazines-for-vegetarian-children/ |access-date=2020-07-02 |website=HappyCow}} He served as editor for most of the magazine’s existence, until its closure in 1914.{{Cite book |last=Gregory |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tI4rAAAAYAAJ |title=Of Victorians and Vegetarians: The Vegetarian Movement in Nineteenth-Century Britain |publisher=I. B. Tauris |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-84511-379-7 |location=London |pages=248 |language=en}} Bedborough wrote extensively for the magazine, aiming to instill empathy and kindness in young readers, drawing parallels between the suffering of animals and oppressed humans. His stories and essays highlighted the emotional connections between humans and animals, critiquing societal cruelty and promoting respect for all living beings, though his views were shaped by the imperialist norms of his time.{{Rp|pages=106–109}}

In the story "The Isle of Vegetariana", featured in The Children's Realm in September 1913, Bedborough narrates an allegory centred on animal welfare and vegetarian ethics. The tale unfolds on an island inhabited solely by animals, discovered or perhaps imagined by an unnamed elderly man. This setting serves as a utopian vision where no animals are killed for food or sport. The narrative follows Mr. Smith, a butcher who travels to the island intending to exploit its inhabitants for profit. However, his encounter with the animals, which include both peaceful protests and more assertive resistance, leads him to a transformation. This confrontation with the animals' autonomy and dignity compels him to renounce his profession and adopt vegetarianism.{{Rp|pages=122}}

In 1914, Bedborough published Stories from the Children's Realm, a children's story book with animal rights, anti-vivisection and vegetarian themes. It contained several illustrations by L. A. Hayter, former illustrator and contributor to The Children's Realm.{{Cite web |last=Edmundson |first=John |date=2013-09-19 |title=100 years old plant-eating identical twins! The Ernest Bell Memorial Library |url=https://www.happycow.net/blog/99-years-old-plant-eating-identical-twins-the-ernest-bell-memorial-library/ |access-date=2020-07-02 |website=HappyCow}}

Bedborough was a contributor to Moses Harman's American Journal of Eugenics, published between 1907 and 1910. He was also an active member of the discussion circles of the feminist journal The Freewoman, which was published between 1911 and 1912. Additionally, he was the London correspondent for Labour World in the US.

Bedborough published three books of aphorisms, Narcotics and a Few Stimulants, Vacant Chaff Well Meant for Grain and Subtilty to the Simple and one book of Epigrams, Vulgar Fractions.{{Cite web |title=Bedborough, George |url=https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=au=%22Bedborough%2C%20George%22 |website=WorldCat}} Bedborough published The Atheist in 1919, a poem which advocated for atheism and was critical of the killing of animals for human consumption. It was dedicated to Anatole France.{{Cite book|last=Bedborough|first=George|url=https://archive.org/details/atheistg00bedb|title=The Atheist|publisher=Garden City Press|year=1919|location=London|access-date=2020-07-02}}

During the 1920s and 30s, Bedborough reconnected with the secular movement, writing for The Freethinker, he published an attack on the Ku Klux Klan in 1936 and a reflection on Havelock Ellis after his death in 1939.{{Cite journal |last=Humpherys |first=Anne |date=2003-04-01 |title=The Journal that Did: Form and content in The Adult (1897-1899) |journal=Media History |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=63–78 |doi=10.1080/1368880032000059980 |issn=1368-8804 |s2cid=144979532}} He also contributed to the Birth Control Review.{{Cite journal |last=Bedborough |first=George |date=November 1932 |title=G. K. Chesterton versus Birth Control |url=https://lifedynamics.com/app/uploads/2015/09/1932-11-November.pdf |journal=Birth Control Review |volume=16 |issue=9 |pages=286}} In 1934, he published Arms and the Clergy, a compilation of clerical declarations made during the First World War.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wdXYDwAAQBAJ|title=Life after Tragedy: Essays on Faith and the First World War Evoked by Geoffrey Studdert Kennedy|publisher=ISD LLC|year=2018|isbn=978-0-7188-4761-6|editor-last=Brierley|editor-first=Michael W.|location=Bristol, Connecticut|pages=11|language=en|editor-last2=Byrne|editor-first2=Georgina A.}} His last work Prayer: An Indictment, published in 1938, was a secular criticism of prayer.{{Cite book |last=Bedborough |first=George |title=Prayer: An Indictment |publisher=Pioneer Press |year=1938 |location=London |oclc=81684069}}

In 1927, he emigrated to the United States, settling in Chicago and applied to be naturalised, with his occupation listed as "author and literary advisor"; his wife was recorded as living in Mayville, Wisconsin.{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=George Bedborough Higgs |url=https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content/view/records?recordId=943010&collectionId=61196&tid=175351396&pid=102272259793&ssrc=pt |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=Illinois, U.S., Federal Naturalization Records, 1856-1991 |publisher=Ancestry.com}} Bedborough returned to the UK in 1931 on the RMS Aquitania.{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=George Bedborough Higgs |url=https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content/view/records?recordId=13707890&collectionId=1518&tid=175351396&pid=102272259793&ssrc=pt |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=UK and Ireland, Incoming Passenger Lists, 1878-1960 |publisher=Ancestry.com}}

Bedborough later moved to Cambridge. He died there on 7 August 1940, at the age of 72.

• Narcotics and a Few Stimulants (1913)
• Vacant Chaff Well Meant for Grain (1914)
• Stories from the "Children's Realm" (Vegetarian Federal Union, 1914)
• Wordsworth: A Lecture (Letchworth: Garden City Press, 1913)
• The Bright Side and Other Verses (Letchworth: Garden City Press, 1915)
• The Dogs of War, and Other Stories (Letchworth: Garden City Press, 1915)
• Vulgar Fractions (Letchworth: Garden City Press, 1915)
• Subtilty to the Simple (Letchworth: Garden City Press, 1916)
• Harmony or Humbug? An examination of Mr. Ralph Waldo Trine's book "In Tune with the Infinite." (Letchworth: Garden City Press, 1917)
• Love and Happiness: Letters to Tolstoy, Written in 1897 and Now First Published (Letchworth: Garden City Press, 1917)
• Sayings of George Bedborough (Letchworth: Garden City Press, 1917)
• The Will to Love (Letchworth: Garden City Press, 1917)
• Dark Sayings, with Some Fair Ones (Letchworth: Garden City Press, 1918)
• Not Only Men (Letchworth: Garden City Press, 1918)
• The Atheist (Letchworth: Garden City Press, 1919)
• Arms and the Clergy, 1914–1918 (London: Pioneer Press, 1934)
• Prayer: An Indictment (London: Pioneer Press, 1938)

{{NoteFoot}}

• {{Cite book|last=Ellis|first=Henry Havelock|url=http://www.bbk.ac.uk/deviance/sexuality/ellis/51-1-1%20ellis%20bedborough.htm|title=A Note on the Bedborough Trial|publisher=University Press|year=1898|location=Watford}}
• {{Cite journal |date=2024-01-16 |title=The Bedborough Trial |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2813894 |journal=JAMA |language=en |volume=331 |issue=3 |pages=264 |doi=10.1001/jama.2023.18178 |pmid=38227041 |issn=0098-7484}}
• {{Cite web|title=George Bedborough|url=https://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?div=t18981024-715|access-date=2020-07-02|website=Old Bailey Online}}
• {{Cite book|last1=Coulson|first1=Frederick Raymond|url=https://archive.org/details/darwinontrialato00coulrich|title=Darwin on Trial at the Old Bailey|last2=Singer|first2=George Astor|publisher=University Press|year=1898|location=London|pages=46|chapter=Judicial Scandals and Errors}}

• {{wikiquote-inline}}

{{Animal rights}}

{{People in veganism and vegetarianism}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Bedborough, George}}

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