George Lamming

{{Short description|Barbadian novelist, essayist and poet (1927–2022)}}

{{Infobox writer

| name = George Lamming

| honorific_suffix = OCC

| image = George Lamming.jpg

| image_size =

| alt =

| caption = Photo of Lamming by Carl Van Vechten, 1955

| pseudonym =

| birth_name = George William Lamming

| birth_date = {{birth date|1927|06|08|df=y}}

| birth_place = Carrington Village, Barbados

| death_date = {{death date and age|2022|06|04|1927|06|08|df=y}}

| death_place = Bridgetown, Barbados

| death_cause =

| resting_place =

| resting_place_coordinates =

| burial_place =

| burial_coordinates =

| residence =

| nationality = Barbadian (Bajan)

| occupation = {{flatlist|

Novelist
essayist
poet
academic

}}

| notableworks = {{ubl|class=nowrap|In the Castle of My Skin (1953)|The Emigrants (1954) |The Pleasures of Exile (1960)|Natives of my Person (1972)}}

| years_active =

| known_for =

| awards =

| spouse = {{marriage |Nina Ghent |1950|end=div}}

| partner = Esther Phillips

}}

George William Lamming OCC (8 June 1927{{snd}}4 June 2022) was a Barbadian novelist, essayist, and poet.Lichtenstein, David P., [http://www.postcolonialweb.org/caribbean/lamming/bio.html "A Brief Biography of George Lamming"], Literature of the Caribbean. He first won critical acclaim for In the Castle of My Skin, his 1953 debut novel.{{Cite web |url=http://brown.edu/Departments/Africana_Studies/events/ngugi.html |title=Kenyan author, activist Ngügï Wa Thiong'o joins visiting scholar as part of Brown University's Focus On Africa|publisher=Brown University |date=6 November 2008 |website=Africana Studies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081106060930/http://brown.edu/Departments/Africana_Studies/events/ngugi.html |archive-date=6 November 2008 |url-status=dead}} He also held academic posts, including as a distinguished visiting professor at Duke University and a visiting professor in the Africana Studies Department of Brown University,Clarke, Sherrylyn, [http://www.nationnews.com/nationnews/news/35259/black-history-george-lamming "Black History Month: George Lamming"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302025343/http://www.nationnews.com/nationnews/news/35259/black-history-george-lamming |date=2 March 2018 }}, NationNews (Barbados), 13 February 2014. and lectured extensively worldwide.[http://www.walterrodneyfoundation.org/george-lamming-is-chief-judge-of-the-inaugural-walter-rodney-creative-writing-award/ "George Lamming is Chief Judge of the Inaugural Walter Rodney Creative Writing Award"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117021021/http://www.walterrodneyfoundation.org/george-lamming-is-chief-judge-of-the-inaugural-walter-rodney-creative-writing-award/ |date=17 November 2015 }}, Walter Rodney Foundation, 15 February 2014.

Early life and education

George William Lamming was born on 8 June 1927 in Carrington Village, Barbados,{{cite news|title=George Lamming, Who Chronicled the End of Colonialism, Dies at 94|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/17/books/george-lamming-dead.html|last=Risen|first=Clay|newspaper=The New York Times|date=17 June 2022|access-date=17 June 2022}} of mixed Afro-Barbadian and English parentage. After his mother, Loretta Devonish, married his stepfather, Lamming split his time between his birthplace and his stepfather's home in St David's Village. He attended Roebuck Boys' School and Combermere School on a scholarship. Encouraged by his teacher, Frank Collymore – founder of the pioneering Caribbean literary magazine BIM – Lamming found the world of books and started to write.[https://repeatingislands.com/2022/06/30/george-lamming-obituary-the-times-of-london/ "George Lamming Obituary: The Times of London"], via Repeating Islands, 30 June 2022.

Career

Lamming left Barbados to work as a teacher from 1946 to 1950 in Port of Spain, Trinidad,[http://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Lamming "George Lamming"], Encyclopædia Britannica. at El Colegio de Venezuela, a boarding school for boys. He then emigrated to England where, for a short time, he worked in a factory. As he later wrote:

"Migration was not a word I would have used to describe what I was doing when I moved with other West Indians to England in 1950. We easily thought we were going to an England that had been painted in our childhood consciousness as a heritage and a place of welcome. It is the measure of our innocence that neither the claim of heritage nor the expectation of welcome would have been seriously doubted. England was not for us a country with classes and conflicts of interest like the islands we left. It was the name of a responsibility whose origin may have coincided with the beginning of time. ...

"The emigrants were largely men in search of work. My friend and fellow traveller, the late Samuel Selvon of Trinidad, was a poet and short-story writer then halfway through his first novel, A Brighter Sun. Sam and I had left home for the same reason - to make a career as a writer. This was a journey to an expectation, and between 1948 and 1960 every West Indian novelist of significance within their region made a similar journey: Wilson Harris, Edgar Mittleholzer, Ian Carew of Guyana, Roger Mais, Andrew Salkey and John Hearne of Jamaica.Lamming, George (24 October 2002), [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/oct/24/artsfeatures.poetry "Sea of stories"], The Guardian.

In 1951, Lamming became a broadcaster for the BBC Colonial Service. His writings were published in the Barbadian magazine Bim, edited by his teacher Frank Collymore, and the BBC's Caribbean Voices radio series broadcast his poems and short prose. Lamming himself read poems on Caribbean Voices, including some by the young Derek Walcott.King, Bruce, Derek Walcott: A Caribbean Life (2000), p. 62.

Lamming's first novel, In the Castle of My Skin, was published in London in 1953. It won a Somerset Maugham Award and was championed by eminent figures the like of Jean-Paul Sartre and Richard Wright,[http://pidp.eastwestcenter.org/mi/talk/lamming1.htm "George Lamming"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224212513/http://pidp.eastwestcenter.org/mi/talk/lamming1.htm |date=24 December 2010 }}, East-West Center. the latter writing an introduction to the book's U.S. edition.Waters, Erika J.,[http://www.thecaribbeanwriter.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=866&catid=16:volume13&Itemid=2 George Lamming interview], The Caribbean Writer, 7 December 1998. Lamming later said of the book: "I tried to reconstruct the world of my childhood and early adolescence. It was also the world of a whole Caribbean society."{{cite news|first=Sandra Pouchet |last=Paquet|author-link=Sandra Pouchet Paquet|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/jun/14/george-lamming-obituary |title=George Lamming obituary|newspaper=The Guardian|date=14 June 2022}} He was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship, and became a professional writer. He began to travel widely, going to the United States in 1955, the West Indies in 1956 and West Africa in 1958.Hughes, Michael, "Lamming, George", in A Companion to West Indian Literature, Collins, 1979, p. 69. His second novel, The Emigrants, (1954), which focuses on the migrants' journey and the process of resettlement, was described by Quarterly Black Review as "very thought-provoking. It shows how adrift black people can be as they search for a political, economic and social context. It should also be read as an example of how black people have tried to use the novel to tell their own unique story in a unique way."[https://www.press.umich.edu/7328/emigrants "The Emigrants"] at University of Michigan Press.

He lived in England for more than a decade but, as Hillel Italie notes, "unlike Naipaul, who settled in London and at times wrote disdainfully of his origins, Lamming returned home and became a moral, political and intellectual force for a newly independent country seeking to tell its own story. ...Lamming had a broad, connective vision he would say was inspired in part by the Trinidadian historian-activist C.L.R. James. His calling was to address the crimes of history, unearth and preserve his native culture and forge a 'collective sense' of the future."{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/books/2022/06/19/george-lamming-post-colonial-literature-author-barbados-dies/7679025001/|title=George Lamming, a giant of modern Caribbean writing, dies at 94|first=Hillel|last= Italie|work=USA Today|date=19 June 2022|access-date=2 July 2022}}

He entered academia in 1967 as a writer-in-residence and lecturer in the Creative Arts Centre and Department of Education at the University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica (1967–68).{{cite web|first=John|last=Stevenson|url=http://www.blackhistorymonth.org.uk/article/section/real-stories/george-lamming-barbadian-and-caribbean-literary-icon/ |title=George Lamming: Barbadian and Caribbean Literary Icon|website=Black History 365|date=10 September 2015|access-date=26 April 2024}} Later, he was a visiting professor in the United States at the University of Texas at Austin, the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Connecticut, Brown University, Cornell University, and Duke University and a lecturer in Denmark, Tanzania, and Australia. Lamming also directed the University of Miami's Summer Institute for Caribbean Creative Writing.{{Cite web|last=Robinson|first=Lisa Clayton|date=2006|title=Lamming, George|url=https://oxfordaasc.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.001.0001/acref-9780195301731-e-42082|url-access=subscription|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=3 February 2021|website=Oxford African American Studies Center|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.42082|isbn=9780195301731}}

File:George Lamming 1988.jpg

In April 2012, he was chair of the judges for the OCM Bocas Prize for Caribbean Literature,[http://www.stabroeknews.com/2012/news/breaking-news/05/01/lamming-laments-rodney-amnesia-in-guyana/ "Lamming laments Rodney amnesia in Guyana"], Stabroek News, 1 May 2012. and served as chief judge for the inaugural Walter Rodney Awards for Creative Writing 2014.

George Lamming died in Bridgetown, Barbados, on 4 June 2022, four days short of what would have been his 95th birthday.{{cite news|url=https://newsday.co.tt/2022/06/04/renowned-novelist-george-lamming-dies-at-94/|title=Renowned novelist George Lamming dies at 94|first=Paula|last=Lindo|newspaper=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday|date=4 June 2022}}{{cite web|url=https://www.nationnews.com/2022/06/04/official-funeral-literary-giant-george-lamming/|title=Official funeral for literary giant George Lamming|author=Kendy|website=NationNews|date=4 June 2022|access-date=5 June 2022}} His son Gordon had predeceased him in 2021; his daughter Natasha Lamming-Lee survives him, as does his long-time partner Esther Phillips.

Writing

Lamming wrote six novels: In the Castle of My Skin (1953), The Emigrants (1954), Of Age and Innocence (1958), Season of Adventure (1960), Water with Berries (1971), and Natives of My Person (1972). His much acclaimed first novel, In the Castle of My Skin, featuring an autobiographical character named G., can be read as both a coming-of-age story as well as the story of the Caribbean.Anderson, Teresa, [http://wmich.edu/dialogues/texts/inthecastleofmyskin.htm "In the Castle of My Skin"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323050647/http://wmich.edu/dialogues/texts/inthecastleofmyskin.htm |date=23 March 2017 }}, Colonial & Postcolonial Literary Dialogues, Western Michigan University. His second novel, The Emigrants, was a sequel to his debut autobiographical work, following the life of the same protagonist as he travels from Barbados to England in search of better prospects and opportunities.{{cite web|url=https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/the-emigrants-by-george-lamming|title=The Emigrants by George Lamming|publisher=The British Library|access-date=26 March 2022}}{{cite journal|url=https://journal.sulicihan.edu.krd/index.php/sjcus/article/view/92|title=Cultural Hybridity and Racial Identity in George Lamming's The Emigrants|first=Dlnya Abdalla |last=Mohammed|journal=The Scientific Journal of Cihan University– Sulaimaniya|volume=5|issue=2|doi=10.25098/5.2.20|date=2021|access-date=26 March 2022|doi-access=free}}

Of Age and Innocence (1958) and Season of Adventure (1960) take place on the fictional Caribbean island of San Cristobal, and 1972's Water with Berries "describes various flaws in West Indian society through the plot of Shakespeare's The Tempest."{{cite web|url=https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/postcolonialstudies/2014/06/11/lamming-george/|title=Lamming, George|first=James |last=Hare|website=scholarblogs.emory.edu|date=Fall 1996}} Of Lamming's last novel, Jan Carew wrote in The New York Times: {{"'}}Natives of My Person' is undoubtedly George Lamming's finest novel. It succeeds in illuminating new areas of darkness in the colonial past that the colonizer has so far not dealt with, and in this sense it is a profoundly revolutionary and original work."{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/02/27/archives/natives-of-my-person-by-george-lamming-345-pp-new-york-holt.html|title=Blighted voyage to Utopia Natives Of My Person By George Lamming|first=Jan|last=Carew|newspaper=The New York Times|date=27 February 1972}}

Much of Lamming's work had gone out of print by the late 1970s, when Allison and Busby reissued several titles,{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/oct/22/margaret-busby-the-uks-first-black-female-publisher-everyone-assumed-i-was-there-to-make-the-tea|title=Margaret Busby: how Britain's first black female publisher revolutionised literature – and never gave up|first=Aida|last=Edemariam|author-link=Aida Edemariam|newspaper=The Guardian|date=22 October 2022}} including his 1960 collection of essays, The Pleasures of Exile,{{cite web|url=https://touchstonesupport.org.uk/margaret-busby-publisher-blackhistorymonth-2/|title=Margaret Busby publisher #BlackHistoryMonth|date=2 October 2019|website=Touchstone}} which attempts to define the place of the West Indian in the post-colonial world, re-interpreting Shakespeare's The Tempest and the characters of Prospero and Caliban in terms of personal identity and the history of the Caribbean.{{cite web |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/lamming.htm |title=George Lamming |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |first=Petri |last=Liukkonen |publisher=Kuusankoski Public Library |location=Finland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804050908/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/lamming.htm |archive-date=4 August 2012 |url-status=dead}}

A later (1995) collection of essays is Coming, Coming Home: Conversations II – Western Education and the Caribbean Intellectual.[http://houseofnehesipublish.com/sxm/2000/09/03/george-lammings-coming-home-published-in-spanish-to-be-launched-at-carifesta-vii-in-st-kitts-nevis/ "George Lamming’s Coming Home published in Spanish; to be launched at Carifesta VII in St. Kitts-Nevis"], House of Nehesi, 3 September 2000.

Honours and recognition

In 2008, Lamming was awarded CARICOM's highest award, the Order of the Caribbean Community (OCC),Drayton, Richard, [https://www.stabroeknews.com/2022/06/08/features/in-the-diaspora/george-lamming-1927-2022/print/ "George Lamming (1927–2022)"], Stabroek News, 8 June 2022: "...he, with Kamau Brathwaite, having indicated privately that they could not accept a knighthood". "honouring fifty-five years of extraordinary engagement with the responsibility of illuminating Caribbean identities, healing the wounds of erasure and fragmentation, envisioning possibilities, transcending inherited limitations. In recognizing this son and ancestor, CARICOM is applauding intellectual energy, constancy of vision, and an unswerving dedication to the ideals of freedom and sovereignty."{{cite web|url=https://caricom.org/personalities/hon-george-lamming/|title=Hon George Lamming {{!}} CHB : Citation for the Order of the Caribbean Community 2008|website=CARICOM|date=2008|access-date=5 June 2022}}

Brown University held a two-day series of events celebrating Lamming, 8–9 March 2011.Josephs, Kelly Baker, [https://caribbean.commons.gc.cuny.edu/2011/03/07/tribute-to-george-lamming/ "Tribute to George Lamming"], The Caribbean Commons — Caribbean Studies in the Northeast US, CUNY, 7 March 2011.

In May 2011, the National Union of Writers and Artists of Cuba (UNEAC)Dottin, Bea, [http://www.nationnews.com/nationnews/news/33639/cuba-honours-lamming "Cuba honours Lamming's work"], NationNews, 21 May 2011. awarded Lamming the first Caribbean Hibiscus Award in acknowledgement of his lifetime's work.Martindale, Carol, [http://www.nationnews.com/nationnews/news/731/lamming-wins-literary-award "Lamming wins literary award"], NationNews, 12 May 2011. In 2014, he received a Lifetime Achievement Prize from the Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards.[http://www.anisfield-wolf.org/books/lifetime-george-lamming/ "George Lamming – 2014 Lifetime Achievement"], 80th Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards.

George Lamming Primary School, located at Flint Hall, St Michael, was named in his honour and opened on 2 September 2008.[http://glammingpri.abusstar.com/ "About Us"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015753/http://glammingpri.abusstar.com/ |date=17 November 2015 }}, abusSTAR.[http://www.unicef.org/easterncaribbean/resources_128.htm "Barbados: Educators excited as CFS model is expanded"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127022139/http://www.unicef.org/easterncaribbean/resources_128.htm |date=27 November 2015 }}, Eastern Caribbean – UNICEF.

His work is celebrated through the George Lamming Pedagogical Centre, housed at the Errol Barrow Centre for Creative Imagination (EBCCI),[http://www.cavehill.uwi.edu/ebcci/facilities/george-lamming-pedagogical-centre.aspx "The George Lamming Pedagogical Centre"], EBCCI, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, Barbados. with annual distinguished lecture series held annually in June, the month of Lamming's birth. His personal literary collection is housed at the Sidney Martin Library, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, Barbados.

Lamming's 1953 debut novel, In the Castle of My Skin – about which Mia Mottley, Prime Minister of Barbados, said: "...none of his works touches the Barbadian psyche like his first"{{cite web|url=https://globalvoices.org/2022/06/05/barbadian-novelist-george-lamming-a-leading-writer-of-the-caribbean-colonial-experience-dies-at-94/|title=Barbadian novelist George Lamming, a leading writer of the Caribbean colonial experience, dies at 94|first=Emma|last=Lewis|website=Global Voices|date=5 June 2022|access-date=6 June 2022}} – was included on the "Big Jubilee Read" list of 70 books by Commonwealth authors, selected to celebrate the Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II in June 2022.{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/46htw89k85wwd44DhmjhmmQ/the-big-jubilee-read-books-from-1952-to-1961|title=The Big Jubilee Read: Books from 1952 to 1961|website=BBC|date=17 April 2022}}{{cite news|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/books/2022/04/22/big-jubilee-read-the-list-of-70-books-that-celebrate-queen-elizabeths-platinum-jubilee/|title=Big Jubilee Read: the list of 70 books that celebrates Queen Elizabeth's platinum jubilee|first=Razmig|last= Bedirian|newspaper=The National|location=Abu Dhabi|date=22 April 2022|access-date=6 June 2022}}{{cite web|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/entertainment/arts-and-culture/2001447766/literary-loss-as-caribbean-writer-george-lamming-dies|title=Literary loss as Caribbean writer George lamming dies|first=Ferdinand|last=Mwongela|work=The Sunday Standard|date=12 June 2022}}

In a statement issued on the day of his death, Prime Minister Mottley described him as a national icon and as "the quintessential Bajan", saying: "Wherever George Lamming went, he epitomised that voice and spirit that screamed Barbados and the Caribbean."{{cite web|url=https://barbadostoday.bb/2022/06/04/pms-statement-on-the-passing-of-george-lamming/|title=PM's statement on the passing of George Lamming|website=Barbados Today|date=4 June 2022}}

Published works

=Novels=

In the Castle of My Skin (London: Michael Joseph; New York: McGraw-Hill, 1953)
The Emigrants (London: Michael Joseph; New York: McGraw Hill, 1954. London: Allison & Busby, 1980)
Of Age and Innocence (London: Michael Joseph, 1958; London: Allison & Busby, 1981)
Season of Adventure (London: Michael Joseph, 1960; Allison & Busby, 1979; Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999)
Water with Berries (London: Longman, 1971; New York: Holt Rinehart, 1972)
Natives of my Person (London: Longman; New York: Holt Rinehart, 1972. London: Allison & Busby, 1986)

=Non-fiction=

The Pleasures of Exile (London: Michael Joseph, 1960; Allison & Busby, 1981; Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992)
Coming, Coming Home: Conversations II – Western Education and the Caribbean Intellectual (Philipsburg, St. Martin: House of Nehesi, 1995, {{ISBN|978-0913441480}}; in Spanish as Regreso, regreso al hogar: Conversaciones II, 2000)
Sovereignty of the Imagination: Conversations III – Language and the Politics of Ethnicity (House of Nehesi, 2009, {{ISBN|978-0913441466}})[https://www.amazon.com/Sovereignty-Imagination-Language-Politics-Ethnicity/dp/0913441465/ref=asap_bc?ie=UTF8 "Sovereignty of the Imagination, Language and the Politics of Ethnicity - Conversations III"] at Amazon.
Caribbean Reasonings – The George Lamming Reader: The Aesthetics of Decolonisation, edited by Anthony Bogues (Ian Randle Publishers, 2010, {{ISBN|978-0913441480}}).

=Anthologies=

Editor, Cannon Shot and Glass Beads: Modern Black Writing (London: Pan, 1974).
Editor, On the Canvas of the World (Port of Spain: Trinidad & Tobago Institute of the West Indies, 1999.

=Uncollected short stories=

"David's Walk", in Life and Letters (London), November 1948.
"Of Thorns and Thistles" and "A Wedding in Spring", in West Indian Stories, ed. Andrew Salkey. London: Faber & Faber, 1960.
"Birds of a Feather", in Stories from the Caribbean, ed. Andrew Salkey. London: Elek, 1965; as Island Voices, New York: Liveright, 1970.
"Birthday Weather", in Caribbean Literature, ed. G. R. Coulthard. London: University of London Press, 1966.

Selected awards

1954: Kenyon Review Fellowship
1955: Guggenheim Fellowship[https://sta.uwi.edu/news/releases/release.asp?id=846 "George Lamming guest lectures at the St. Augustine Campus"], Campus News, UWI, St Augustine, 12 September 2011.
1957: Somerset Maugham Award for In the Castle of My Skin[http://www.societyofauthors.org/somerset-maugham-past-winners The Somerset Maugham Awards – Past Winners"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160626045958/http://www.societyofauthors.org/somerset-maugham-past-winners |date=26 June 2016 }}, The Society of Authors.
1962: Canada Council fellowshipManheim, James, [http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/George_Lamming.aspx "George Lamming"], Contemporary Black Biography, 2003. Encyclopedia.com.
1987: Companion of Honour of Barbados (CHB)
1998: Langston Hughes Medal[http://www.lovethebook.com/Awards.aspx?bookaward=Langston+Hughes+Medal "Langston Hughes Medal"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014103/http://www.lovethebook.com/Awards.aspx?bookaward=Langston+Hughes+Medal |date=17 November 2015 }}, Book Awards, lovethebook.com.
2003: Fellow of the Institute of Jamaica (IOJ)Creighton, Al, [http://landofsixpeoples.com/news301/ns3062211.htm "George Lamming: 'An outstanding Caribbean literary icon'"], Stabroek News, 22 June 2003.
2008: Order of the Caribbean CommunityRansome, Debbie, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2008/07/080702_caricomchallenges.shtml "Caricom's 'disconnect'"], BBC Caribbean, 2 July 2008.
2009: The Presidents Award (St. Martin Book Fair)[http://www.houseofnehesipublish.com/archive/bookfair2009.html 7th Annual St. Martin Bookfair (Salon de Livre de St. Martin)], 2009.
2011: Caribbean Hibiscus Prize from UNEAC
2012: ALBA Cultural Award[http://www.cadenagramonte.icrt.cu/english/index.php/show/articles/9564:george-lamming-thanks-alba-award-for-the-work-of-his-life "George Lamming Thanks Alba Award for the Work of his Life"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623115855/http://www.cadenagramonte.icrt.cu/english/index.php/show/articles/9564:george-lamming-thanks-alba-award-for-the-work-of-his-life |date=23 June 2015 }}, Radio Cadena Agramonte, Cuba, 18 February 2012.
2013: Clement Payne Appreciation AwardEditorial, [http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/editorial/Celebrating-with-the-indefatigable-George-Lamming_14162167 "Celebrating with the indefatigable George Lamming"], Jamaica Observer, 28 April 2013.
2014: Lifetime Achievement, the Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards

References

External links

[https://web.archive.org/web/20100617024810/http://www.caricom.org/jsp/projects/personalities/george_lamming.jsp "The Honourable George Lamming, CHB, citation for Order of the Caribbean Community"], Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Secretariat website
[http://www.pancaribbean.com/banyan/lamming.htm Transcript of interview with George Lamming] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804065534/http://www.pancaribbean.com/banyan/lamming.htm |date=4 August 2012 }}, Banyan, 1969.
{{Books and Writers |id=lamming |name=George Lamming}}
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P20Sx22Q2yo "George Lamming on Art & Artists"]. Video interview by Margaret Gill for NCF Barbados, 2013.
[https://twitter.com/BBCArchive/status/1171814182540496896 11/09/1960 Interview] on BBC programme Monitor, discussing the importance of West Indian literature, BBC Archive Twitter account, 11 September 2019.
Raphael John-Lall, [https://guardian.co.tt/news/tributes-pour-in-as-literary-giant-george-lamming-dies-6.2.1502039.12f40850f8 "Tributes pour in as literary giant George Lamming dies"], Trinidad & Tobago Guardian, 5 June 2022.
Herb Boyd, [https://amsterdamnews.com/news/2022/06/23/author-george-lamming-a-paragon-of-anti-colonialism-dies-at-94/ "Author George Lamming, a paragon of anti-colonialism, dies at 94"], New York Amsterdam News, 23 June 2022.