Gerbera jamesonii
{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{speciesbox
| image = Gerbera jamesonii (Asteraceae).jpg
| image_caption = Gerbera jamesonii from Mpumalanga
| genus = Gerbera
| species = jamesonii
| authority = Bolus ex Hooker f. (1889)
}}
Gerbera jamesonii is a species of flowering plant in the genus Gerbera belonging to the basal Mutisieae tribe within the large Asteraceae (or Compositae) family.{{ITIS | id = 565210 | taxon = Gerbera jamesonii | accessdate = October 7, 2007 }} It is indigenous to South Eastern Africa and commonly known as the Barberton daisy,Siyabona Africa http://www.krugerpark.co.za/africa_barberton_daisy.html the Transvaal daisy, and as Barbertonse madeliefie or Rooigousblom in Afrikaans. It was the first species of Gerbera to be the subject of a scientific description, studied by J. D. Hooker in Curtis's Botanical Magazine in 1889.
Etymology
The genus was named in honour of German botanist and medical doctor Traugott Gerber (1710 — 1743).{{cite web |title=Traugott Gerber |url=https://www.gerbera.org/traugott-gerber/ |website=Gerbera.org}}
The Gerbera jamesonii was named in honour of Robert Jameson, who collected the plant near Barberton. The species epithet was proposed by the prominent South African botanist Harry Bolus, but first published by Richard Wills Adlam in 1888, so should be ascribed to him.
Description
File:非洲菊(扶郎花) Gerbera jamesonii -香港動植物公園 Hong Kong Botanical Garden- (9237501635).jpg
File:非洲菊(扶郎花) Gerbera jamesonii -香港動植物公園 Hong Kong Botanical Garden- (9213355083).jpg
Gerbera jamesonii is a tufted perennial herb with the naked flowering scapes up to 75 cm high. Petiolate, deeply undulating or lobed leaves are 15–42 (up to 68) cm long and 4–14 cm wide, gathered in rosette. The plant produces spectacular flowers (capitula) of 4–5 cm in diameter with normally orange-red (rarely yellow, orange, white, pink) ray florets. It flowers from September to December, reproduces asexually. The seeds have a pappus of bristles.{{cite book |last1=Manning |first1=John |title=Field guide to wild flowers of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland |date=March 29, 2019 |publisher=Struik Nature |location=Cape Town |isbn=9781770077584 |page=406}}
Distribution
Gerbera jamesonii is endemic to Mpumalanga, Limpopo and Eswatini. The plant is introduced into several countries of Latin America, Equatorial Africa and Southeast Asia.{{cite web |title=Gerbera jamesonii Bolus |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:208893-1#distribution-map |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Kew Science |language=en}}
Ecology
The species grows from 500 to 1670 m above sea level on rocky slopes in woodland, usually in some shade or under bushes and trees.{{cite web |title=Barberton Daisy |url=https://www.gerbera.org/species/jamesonii-barberton-daisy/ |website=Gerbera.org |access-date=4 February 2022}} The flowers are pollinated by bees and other insects. The seeds are light and easily dispersed by wind.{{cite web |title=Gerbera jamesonii |url=http://pza.sanbi.org/gerbera-jamesonii |website=pza.sanbi.org |publisher=PlantZAfrica |access-date=4 February 2022}}
Uses
The species is the ancestor of all cultivated forms of Gerbera, or they originate from the cross Gerbera jamesonii and Gerbera viridifolia, originally made by R. I. Lynch in Cambridge, England about 1890.{{cite ODNB |title=Lynch, Richard Irwin (1850–1924), horticulturist and botanist |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/96825 |year=2004 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/96825}} He named the hybrid as Gerbera × cantebrigiensis, known today as Gerbera × hybrida. Nowadays thousands of cultivars exist and they are the important article of trade belonging to the most important ornamental crops in the world together with rose, chrysanthemum, carnation, lily and tulip. The popular cultivars include "Sazou", "Sangria", "Rosalin", "Pink Elegance", "Tropic Blend", "Piton", "Winter Queen", "Savannah", "Primrose" and many others. They are propagated by tissue culture and by seeds.
Redpinkdaisy - West Virginia - ForestWander.jpg|Cultivar "West Virginia"
Barberton daisy (reddish pink).jpg|Gerbera × hybrida
Gerbera Daisy (1462369476).jpg|Gerbera × hybrida
Gerbera × hybrida 01.JPG|Gerbera × hybrida
Flower Mix.jpg|Gerbera × hybrida
In culture
The flag and coat of arms of the Province of Mpumalanga include a depiction of this flower.{{cite web |title=Mpumalanga Province, South Africa |url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/za-mp.html#fl |website=www.fotw.info}}
Pests
=Fungi=
- Foot rot caused by Phytophthora tentaculata{{cite journal |last1=Cristinzio |first1=G. |last2=Camele |first2=I. |last3=Marcone |first3=C. |title=First report of Phytophthora tentaculata on gerbera in Italy [Campania] |url=https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=IT2007600698 |journal=Informatore Fitopatologico (Italy) |language=Italian |date=2006 |access-date=2022-02-04 |archive-date=2022-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204223413/https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=IT2007600698 |url-status=dead }}
- Root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium irregulare.{{cite journal |last1=Krober |first1=H. |last2=Plate |first2=H. |title=Pythium species as well as Rhizoctonia solani as pathogens of Gerbera. |journal=Biology |date=1975 |pages=150–152 |s2cid=82432367 |language=en}}
- Grey mildew caused by Botrytis cinerea{{cite journal |last1=van Kan |first1=J. A. L. |last2=van 't Klooster |first2=J. W. |last3=Wagemakers |first3=C. A. M. |last4=Dees |first4=D. C. T. |last5=van der Vlugt-Bergmans |first5=C. J. B. |title=Cutinase A of Botrytis cinerea is Expressed, but not Essential, During Penetration of Gerbera and Tomato |journal=Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions |date=January 1997 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=30–38 |doi=10.1094/MPMI.1997.10.1.30|pmid=9002270 |doi-access= }}
- White powdery mildew caused by Golovinomyces cichoracearum{{cite web |title=Gerbera Daisy-Powdery Mildew |url=https://pnwhandbooks.org/plantdisease/host-disease/gerbera-daisy-powdery-mildew |website=Pacific Northwest Pest Management Handbooks |language=en |date=11 September 2015}}
- Leaf blight caused by Alternaria alternata,{{cite journal |last1=Bhat |first1=Hilal Ahmad |last2=Ahmad |first2=Khurshid |last3=Ahanger |first3=Rayees A. |title=Status and symptomatology of Alternaria leaf blight (Alternaria alternata) of Gerbera (Gerbera jamisonii) in Kashmir valley |journal=African Journal of Agricultural Research |date=18 March 2013 |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=819–823|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323640956 |language=en}} A. citri, A. tennuisssima.
- Leaf spots caused by Ascochyta gerberae, Gloeosporium spp. and other fungi.
=Insects=
- Plant lice Aphids.
- Leafminer Liriomyza trifolii.
- Greenhouse whiteflies Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Bemisia tabaci.
- Thrips Thrips tabaci and Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis.
=Mites=
- Spider mite Tetranychus urticae{{cite journal |last1=Krips |first1=O. E. |last2=Willems |first2=P. E. L. |last3=Gols |first3=R. |last4=Posthumus |first4=M. A. |last5=Dicke |first5=M. |title=The Response of Phytoseiulus persimilis to Spider Mite-Induced Volatiles from Gerbera: Influence of Starvation and Experience |journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology |date=1999 |volume=25 |issue=12 |pages=2623–2641 |doi=10.1023/A:1020887104771|s2cid=34957958 }}
- Broad mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus.
- Cyclamen mite Steneotarsonemus pallidus.{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Floyd F. |title=Control of cyclamen and broad mites on Gerbera |date=1939 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Agriculture|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.64321 |doi-access=free |hdl=2027/uiug.30112019272506 |hdl-access=free }}
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
- {{Commons category-inline|Gerbera jamesonii}}
- {{Wikispecies-inline|Gerbera jamesonii|Gerbera jamesonii}}
- [http://www.gerbera.org Gerbera.org] - Official website of the Gerbera Association - established in Barberton.
{{Taxonbar|from=Q746928}}