Gerda Weissmann Klein

{{Infobox writer

| image = Gerda Weissmann Klein (5449348052).jpg

| image_size =

| alt =

| caption = Klein in 2011

| pseudonym =

| birth_name = Gerda Weissmann

| birth_date = {{Birth date|1924|05|08}}

| birth_place = Bielsko, Poland

| death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|04|03|1924|05|08}}

| death_place = Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.

| resting_place =

| occupation = Writer, human rights activist

| nationality =

| notableworks = {{unbulleted list|All But My Life|The Hours After: Letters of Love and Longing in War's Aftermath|One Survivor Remembers}}

| spouse = {{marriage|Kurt Klein|1946|2002|end=his death}}

| children = 3

| portaldisp =

}}

Gerda Weissmann Klein (May 8, 1924 – April 3, 2022) was a Polish-born American writer and human rights activist. Her autobiographical account of the Holocaust, All But My Life (1957), was adapted for the 1995 short film, One Survivor Remembers, which received an Academy Award and an Emmy Award, and was selected for the National Film Registry. She married Kurt Klein (1920–2002) in 1946.

The Kleins became advocates of Holocaust education and human rights, dedicating most of their lives to promoting tolerance and community service. A proud naturalized U.S. citizen, Gerda Weissmann Klein founded Citizenship Counts, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization that champions the value and responsibilities of American citizenship. She has served on the governing board of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, which features her testimony in a permanent exhibit.

On February 15, 2011, Klein was presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States.

Early life

File:Gerda Weissmann.jpg

File:Bielsko-Biała, Cieszyńska 88, dom rodzinny Gerdy Weissmann Klein - pizzeria Jedynka 01.jpg

Gerda Weissmann, the second child of manufacturing executive Julius Weissmann and Helene (née Mueckenbrunn) Weissmann, was born May 8, 1924, in Bielsko (now Bielsko-Biała), Poland. She attended Notre Dame Gymnasium in Bielsko until the Germans invaded Poland in 1939. Both of her parents and her older brother Arthur (b. 1919) were murdered in the Holocaust.[http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/online/phistories/phi_individuals_kurt_gerda_klein_uu.htm Personal Histories: Gerda Weissmann Klein and Kurt Klein] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060805083152/http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/online/phistories/phi_individuals_kurt_gerda_klein_uu.htm |date=August 5, 2006 }}, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved June 15, 2013.

Life under the Nazis

On September 3, 1939, German troops invaded fifteen-year-old Weissmann's home in Bielsko, Poland. Shortly after the invasion began, the family received a telegram from Gerda's uncle saying the Germans were advancing quickly, and the family should leave Poland immediately. They stayed because Gerda's father had suffered a heart attack. His doctors advised that he not be moved or subjected to undue stress.{{cite web |title=Gerda Weissmannn |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/id-card/gerda-weissmann |website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |publisher=USHMM |access-date=December 27, 2020}}

In 1942, Julius Weissmann was sent to a death camp where he was murdered. Not long afterwards, the ghetto where Weissmann Klein and her mother lived was liquidated. Helene Weissman was forced into a group slated for a death camp; Gerda, deemed fit for work, was sent to a labor camp. As she and others boarded trucks, Gerda jumped out in a frantic effort to reunite with her mother. According to Weissmann Klein's account, Moshe Merin, head of the local Jewish Council Judenrat, threw her back in her truck, saying "You are too young to die."{{cite book |last1=Klein |first1=Gerda Weissmann |title=All But My Life |date=1995 |publisher=Hill and Wang |location=New York |isbn=0809024608 |edition=A new, expanded}}

In the Netflix documentary World War II: From the Frontlines she describes that after a death march the SS locked her together with about a hundred women in a factory (near Volary), and locked the doors, and lined it with explosives and a timer to kill all the women, but due to the rain the timer did not work.

=Liberation=

In May 1945, Weissmann was liberated by forces of the United States Army in Volary, Czechoslovakia;[http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/volary_death_march/index.asp Gerda Weissmann Klein's] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805031855/http://yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/volary_death_march/index.asp |date=August 5, 2015 }} testimony at "THE DEATH MARCH TO VOLARY" - an exhibition at Yad Vashem website these forces included Lieutenant Kurt Klein,{{cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/focus/antisemitism/voices/transcript/index.php?content=20061207 |title=Voices on Antisemitism interview with Gerda Weissmann Klein |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |date=December 7, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622194533/http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/focus/antisemitism/voices/transcript/index.php?content=20061207 |archive-date=June 22, 2007 }} who was born in Germany. A teenage Klein immigrated to the United States in 1937 to escape Nazism. Klein's parents were murdered at Auschwitz concentration camp.{{cite web |title=Kurt Klein Oral History Interview |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?325670-1/kurt-klein-oral-history-interview |website=www.c-span.org |publisher=C-SPAN.org |access-date=April 9, 2022 |date=October 11, 1990 |quote=Kurt Klein talked about his early life in Germany, the rise of Nazi persecution of the Jews, his escape to the United States and his family’s efforts to rescue his parents, who ultimately perished at the Auschwitz concentration camp. ...}}{{cite web |title=Kurt Klein HUMANITARIAN, PUBLIC SPEAKER, FORMER REFUGEE, US MILITARY INTELLIGENCE SERVICE OFFICER, 'RITCHIE BOY.' 1920-2002 |url=https://jewishbuffalohistory.org/a-z/klein-kurt/ |website=jewishbuffalohistory.org |publisher=Jewish Buffalo History Center |access-date=April 10, 2022 |date=November 9, 2021 |quote=Kurt Klein was born in Walldorf, near Heidelberg, in Baden, Germany to parents, Alice and Ludwig Klein on July 2, 1920. ... Alice and Ludwig were forcibly deported and taken 'east' to Auschwitz where both were murdered, although their children did not learn of this fate until after the war ended.}} When Kurt Klein first encountered Gerda Weissmann, who was one day short of her 21st birthday, she was white-haired, weighed 68 pounds, and dressed in rags. When she hesitantly informed Klein she was a Jew, he emotionally revealed that he was Jewish as well. After a courtship of several months, Gerda and Kurt were engaged in September 1945. Diplomatic and immigration restrictions delayed their wedding for a year, but Kurt finally returned to Europe from the U.S. in 1946 and they were married in Paris.{{cite book |last1=Klein |first1=Gerda Weissmann |title=The hours after: letters of love and longing in the war's aftermath |date=2000 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |isbn=0312242581 |edition=1st }}

Life after the war

After the war, the Kleins moved to and raised three children in Buffalo, New York, where Kurt ran a printing business and Gerda became a writer and spent 17 years as a columnist for The Buffalo News.

The documentary, One Survivor Remembers, (1995) based on Gerda Klein's autobiography, All But My Life,{{cite book |last1=Klein |first1=Gerda Weissmann |title=All But My Life |date=1995 |publisher=Hill and Wang |location=New York |isbn=0809015803 |edition=A new, expanded }} produced and directed by Kary Antholis, and distributed by HBO Films, won the 1995 Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject).{{cite web |last1=Klein |first1=Gerda Weissmann |title=One Survivor Remembers |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0114044/ |website=IMDB |access-date=December 27, 2020}} After Antholis delivered his acceptance speech, Weissmann Klein stepped up to the podium and delivered her own set of remarks:

I have been in a place for six incredible years where winning meant a crust of bread and to live another day. Since the blessed day of my liberation I have asked the question, why am I here? I am no better. In my mind's eye I see those years and days and those who never lived to see the magic of a boring evening at home. On their behalf I wish to thank you for honoring their memory, and you cannot do it in any better way than when you return to your homes tonight to realize that each of you who know the joy of freedom are winners.{{Cite web |title=Academy Awards Acceptance Speeches - Search Results {{!}} Margaret Herrick Library {{!}} Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences |url=http://aaspeechesdb.oscars.org/link/068-10/ |access-date=2022-03-11 |publisher=aaspeechesdb.oscars.org}}

Weissmann Klein has published several memoirs and children's stories, including The Windsor Caper (2013), a weekly serial in The Buffalo News during the 1980s, about two American girls, named for her two eldest granddaughters Alysa and Julie, who have a night-time adventure in Windsor Castle, England.{{cite book |last1=Klein |first1=Gerda Weissmann |title=The Windsor Caper |date=August 2013 |publisher=Martin Good |isbn=978-0-9576554-0-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWwsngEACAAJ&q=The_Windsor_Caper |access-date=April 10, 2022 |language=en}} Weissmann Klein describes it as her only work that is "not rooted in pain".{{cite web |last1=Good |first1=Martin |title=The Windsor Caper |url=https://medium.com/@martinthegood/the-windsor-caper-d2be2ae0c9d |website=Medium |access-date=April 10, 2022 |language=en |date=April 15, 2014}}

Weissmann Klein lived in Buffalo for several decades until her husband Kurt retired and they moved to Arizona in 1985 to be closer to their children and grandchildren. She died in Phoenix on April 3, 2022, at the age of 97.{{cite news |last1=Anderson |first1=Dale |title=Gerda Weissmann Klein, 97, Holocaust survivor who turned horror into compassion |url=https://buffalonews.com/obituaries/features/gerda-weissmann-klein-97-holocaust-survivor-who-turned-horror-into-compassion/article_eabd159c-b63d-11ec-b886-53c3a2171777.html |access-date=April 10, 2022 |work=Buffalo News |date=April 7, 2022 |language=en |quote=One of the soldiers was Lt. Kurt Klein, who had escaped from prewar Germany as a teen. ... As she recovered, they became engaged and were married in Paris on June 18, 1946. Once her visa was approved, she came to join him in Buffalo, his adopted home. ... They made a home on East Hazeltine Avenue in Kenmore and raised three children. Mrs. Klein was active in Temple Beth Zion and for 17 years wrote a column, "Stories for Young Readers," in The Buffalo News. Her husband, a printer, was president and owner of Kiesling-Klein Printing Co. ... She died April 3 after a period of declining health at her home in Phoenix, where she had lived since 1985. She was 97. ... When her husband retired, they moved to Arizona to be near their children and grandchildren. ... She received many honors, including the International Lion of Judah Award in Jerusalem in 1996. President Clinton appointed her to the Holocaust Museum’s Governing Council. Last year she was inducted into the Arizona Women’s Hall of Fame. Survivors include two daughters, Vivian Ullman and Leslie Simon; a son, James; eight grandchildren and 18 great-grandchildren. Her husband Kurt died in 2002.}}{{cite web | url = https://deadline.com/2022/04/gerda-weissmann-klein-dead-holocaust-one-survivor-remembers-film-1234994471/ | title = Gerda Weissmann Klein Dies: Holocaust Survivor, Presidential Medal Of Freedom Recipient And Subject Of Oscar-Winning Film 'One Survivor Remembers,' Was 97 | first = Tom | last =Tapp | date = April 4, 2022 | accessdate = April 4, 2022 | work = Deadline Hollywood }}

Meaningful Work

Along with her granddaughter Alysa Cooper, she co-founded Citizenship Counts in 2008. The organization a national, 501(c)(3) non-profit that was established so she could give back in small measure to her adopted country for all of the privileges she has received since becoming a U.S. citizen. Its mission is to educate today’s youth on the tenets of citizenship, teach them to appreciate their rights and responsibilities as Americans and give them a chance to celebrate with new citizens by hosting a naturalization ceremony or celebration of citizenship at their school.

As the Founder, Gerda Weissmann Klein, describes her passion for giving back through Citizenship Counts as such: “To perpetuate the miracle that is America, we must teach our children about its rich history as a nation of immigrants who chose this country and have given meaning to its ideals. Citizenship Counts will engage today’s students in civics education, combined with active participation in a naturalization ceremony, to help ensure that the citizens of tomorrow will continue to foster tolerance, understanding, service to one another, and a greater appreciation for the privilege and responsibility of citizenship.”

Awards and recognition

= Presidential Medal of Freedom =

On February 15, 2011, President Barack Obama presented Weissmann Klein and 14 other recipients with the 2010 Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States.{{cite web |title=Gerda Klein: An Outstanding American by Choice |url=https://www.dhs.gov/blog/2011/02/15/gerda-weissmann-klein-outstanding-american-choice |website=Department of Homeland security |publisher=DHS}} At the ceremony in the East Room of the White House, President Obama announced, "This year's Medal of Freedom recipients reveal the best of who we are and who we aspire to be." He stated the following as Klein was presented with her Presidential Medal of Freedom:

By the time she was 21, Gerda Klein had spent six years living under Nazi rule—three of them in concentration camps. Her parents and brother had been taken away. Her best friend had died in her arms during a {{convert|350|mi|km|disp=sqbr|adj=on}} death march. And she weighed only {{convert|68|lb|kg|disp=sqbr}} when she was found by American forces in an abandoned bicycle factory. But Gerda survived. She married the soldier who rescued her. And ever since—as an author, a historian, and a crusader for tolerance—she has taught the world that it is often in our most hopeless moments that we discover the extent of our strength and the depth of our love.

President Obama then read a statement from Weissmann Klein: "I pray you never stand at any crossroads in your own lives, but if you do, if the darkness seems so total, if you think there is no way out, remember, never ever give up."White House Press Office, [https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/02/15/remarks-president-honoring-recipients-2010-medal-freedom "Remarks by the President Honoring the Recipients of the 2010 Medal of Freedom"], February 15, 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2013.

= Additional recognition =

Weissmann Klein was selected to be the keynote speaker at the United Nations' first annual International Holocaust Remembrance Day in January 2006.{{cite web |title=Remembrance and Beyond |url=https://www.un.org/en/holocaustremembrance/2006/klein.shtml |website=The Holocaust and United Nations Outreach Program |publisher=United Nations}} She has spoken to school children in all 50 U.S. states and countless countries worldwide to spread her message of tolerance and hope, meeting with many world leaders and dignitaries such as Eleanor Roosevelt, Menachem Begin and Golda Meir. Gerda and her husband Kurt were invited to speak to the students at Columbine soon after the tragedy in April 1999. They made multiple visits to the community to help the students and their families manage their fears in the aftermath of the horrific attack.

In 1996, Weissmann Klein received the international Lion of Judah award in Jerusalem. She received 7 Honorary Doctorates throughout her lifetime.{{Cite news |title=Commencement 75 {{!}} Honorary Degree Recipients |url=https://digitalcommons.daemen.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1029&context=alum_response |access-date=April 10, 2022 |work=Response |volume=VII |issue=3 |publisher=Rosary Hill College |date=Summer 1975}}

In 1997, President Bill Clinton appointed Weissmann Klein to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's Governing Council. In 2007, the museum bestowed Weissmann Klein with its highest honor at The Arizona Biltmore before 1,000 guests.{{cite web |title=One Survivor Remembers |url=https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/scjs/events/one-survivor-remembers |department=Shushterman Center for Jewish Studies |publisher=The University of Texas at Austin}} She was inducted into the Arizona Women's Hall of Fame in 2021.

Bibliography

1957: All But My Life. New York: Hill & Wang, 1957; All But My Life. A Memoir, expanded edition 1995. {{ISBN|0809024608}}.
1974: The Blue Rose. Photographs by Norma Holt. New York: L. Hill, 1974. {{ISBN|0882080474}}.
1981: Promise of a New Spring: The Holocaust and Renewal. Illustrated by Vincent Tartaro. Chappaqua, N.Y.: Rossel Books, 1981. {{ISBN|0940646501}}.
1984: A Passion for Sharing: The Life of Edith Rosenwald Stern. Chappaqua, N.Y.: Rossel, 1984. {{ISBN|0940646153}}.
1986: Peregrinations: Adventures with the Green Parrot. Illustrations by Chabela. Buffalo, N.Y.: Josephine Goodyear Committee, 1986. {{ISBN|096166990X}}.
2000: The Hours After: Letters of Love and Longing in the War's Aftermath. Written with Kurt Klein. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000. {{ISBN|0312242581}}.
2004: A Boring Evening at Home. Washington, D.C.: Leading Authorities Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0971007888}}.
2007: Wings of EPOH. Illustrated by Peter Reynolds. [S.l.]: FableVision Press, 2007. {{ISBN|1891405497}}.
2009: One Raspberry. Illustrated by Judy Hodge. Klein, 2009. {{ISBN|0615356230}}.
2013: The Windsor Caper. Illustrated by Tim Oliver. Martin Good, 2013. {{ISBN|9780956921352}}.

Filmography

1995: One Survivor Remembers
1996: 60 Minutes: "One Survivor Remembers" CBS
2005: About Face: The Story of the Jewish Refugee Soldiers of World War II
2023: ''World War II: From the Frontlines (Netflix)

References

External links

[http://www.citizenshipcounts.org Citizenship Counts official site]
[http://www.azarchivesonline.org/xtf/view?docId=ead/asu/kleing.xml Gerda Weissmann and Kurt Klein Papers 1940s–2011 (bulk 1940s-2001).] ASU Libraries, Arizona State University.
[https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/id-card/gerda-weissmann Gerda Weissmann] at the USHMM Holocaust Encyclopedia
[https://sfi.usc.edu/content/gerda-klein The Shoah Foundation]
{{IMDb name|0919318}}
{{C-SPAN|9276273}}