German Templer colonies in Palestine
The German Templer colonies in Palestine were the settlements established in Ottoman Palestine and Mandatory Palestine by the German Pietist Templer movement in the late 19th and early 20th century. During and shortly after World War II, these colonies were depopulated, and its German residents deported to Australia.{{cite book|ref=none|last=Wawrzyn|first=Heidemarie|title=Nazis in the Holy Land 1933-1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZ7oBQAAQBAJ|date=1 August 2013|publisher=De Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-030652-1|quote=In September 1939, the British Mandate government turned the German farming settlements of Sarona, Wilhelma, Bethlehem-Galilee, and Waldheim into large internment camps, while women and children from the German colonies in Jerusalem, Jaffa, and Haifa were temporarily permitted to remain in their homes under British and Jewish police surveillance. The four farming settlements were surrounded by barbed wire and watchtowers, guarded by Jewish and Arab auxiliary police (Hilfspolizisten) under a British commandant with a small staff. German women, children, and elderly men lived in these camps... [In 1941] The British authorities decided to deport more than 600 persons from the younger German families to Australia... They were imprisoned as enemy citizens in detention camps at Tatura in Australia’s Victoria state, where they remained until 1946–47... In April 1948, the Haganah raided the three internment camps of Waldheim, Bethlehem in the Galilee, and Wilhelma... On April 22, 1948, the evacuated Germans arrived in Cyprus... Six or seven internees, headed by Gottlob Loebert remained in Palestine to sell the Templers’ stock and furniture, and see to the transport of the large luggage items of the deported internees. This group was ultimately taken to Cyprus as well. After seven to ten months of internment in Cyprus, the majority of them (Templers) were allowed to leave for Australia. Only a small number returned to Germany... Approximately fifty German settlers, mainly Templers and a few Sisters of the Kaiserswerth Order, requested not to take part in the evacuation, and were allowed to go to Jerusalem, where they moved into their former homes in the German Colony or into the German Hospice, where the Sisters of St. Charles Borromeo, under Mother Superior Emiliana, looked after them... From December 1948 to autumn 1950, the remaining Germans left Israel for good. The majority of them joined their families and relatives in Australia. Only a few returned to Germany.}}
At its height, the Templer community in Palestine numbered 2,000.[http://web.nli.org.il/sites/NLI/English/collections/personalsites/Israel-Germany/Weimar-Republic/Pages/Templers.aspx The Templers in Israel and their Place in the Local Society, The National Library of Israel (2017)]
History
File:German colony in Haifa 1875.JPG in Haifa, 1875.]]
=Templer Colony in Haifa=
On 6 August 1868, the founders of the Templers, Christoph Hoffmann and Georg David Hardegg, their families and a group of fellow Templers, left Germany for Palestine, landing in Haifa on 30 October. They had already come to the conclusion that basing themselves in Jerusalem wouldn't be practical, planning to settle nearby, close to Nazareth, but during their journey they were advised that Haifa would be more suitable, having a good harbor and climate.
Hoffmann and Hardegg purchased land at the foot of Mount Carmel and established a colony there in 1868. At the time, Haifa had a population of 4,000. The Templers are credited today with promoting the development of the city. The colonists built an attractive main street that was much admired by the locals. It was 30 meters wide and planted with trees on both sides. The houses, designed by architect Jacob Schumacher, were built of stone, with red-shingled roofs, instead of the flat or domed roofs common in the region. Hard work, the harsh climate and epidemics claimed the lives of many before the colony became self-sustaining. Hardegg stayed in Haifa, while Hoffmann moved on to establish other colonies.
In the same year, Bahá'u'lláh, the prophet-founder of the Baháʼí Faith, arrived in the Haifa-Akka region as a prisoner of the Ottoman Empire. Years later, after his release from strict confinement, he visited the Templer Colony on Mount Carmel several times and wrote a letter to Hardegg.[https://bahai-library.com/lambden_hardegg Tablet to Hardegg (Lawh-i-Hirtík): A Tablet of Bahá'u'lláh to the Templer Leader Georg David Hardegg]. He asked his son, ‘Abdu’l-Baha, to build, on the alignment of the Templer Colony road (Carmel Avenue) with the shrine to the forerunner of the religion, known as "the Bab," halfway up the mountain.Door of Hope, by David S. Ruhe, pp. 189–193 et al. George Ronald, publisher, 1983 The conjunction of the Templer buildings and the Shrine have become the most significant landmark in the modern city of Haifa.
=Jaffa colony=
Hoffman established a German colony in Jaffa (today part of Tel Aviv-Yafo) in 1869. It was built at the site of a former settlement by United States Christians, which had been abandoned by then, for which reason the area is known today as the American-Germany colony of Tel Aviv.{{Cite web |last=Goldman |first=Dan |date=August 2003 |title=The Architecture of the Templers in their Colonies in Eretz-Israel, 1868-1848 |url=https://lib.haifa.ac.il/systems/etexts/1102075.pdf }} A Protestant church – Immanuel Church – and a German Consulate were built in the colony by the local German Templer residents.
The colony's oranges were the first to carry a "Jaffa" label, one of the better known agricultural brands in Europe, used to market Israeli oranges to this day.{{cite news | url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/food/articles/rise-and-fall-of-israels-oranges | title=History of Jaffa Oranges from Israel | newspaper=Tablet Magazine | date=15 December 2020 }}
=Sarona and Jerusalem=
File:Templar buildings in the Sharona colony on Kaplan Street 2.jpg in HaKirya, Tel Aviv]]
In 1871, a third colony in Sarona, as the Templers' first agricultural colony, on the road from Jaffa to Nablus. In 1873 a fourth colony was established in the Valley of Refaim outside Jerusalem's Old City.
The Templers established a regular coach service between Haifa and the other cities, promoting the country's tourist industry, and made an important contribution to road construction.
=Kaiser Wilhelm visit and the founding of Wilhelma, Walhalla, Bethlehem of Galilee and Waldheim =
File:Templer Cemetery Jerusalem.JPG, Jerusalem]]
{{see also|Wilhelm II's voyage to the Levant in 1898}}
After the 1898 visit of Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, one of his traveling companions, Colonel Joseph von Ellrichshausen, initiated the formation of a society for the advancement of the German settlements in Palestine, named the Gesellschaft zur Förderung der deutschen Ansiedlungen in Palästina, in Stuttgart. It enabled the settlers to acquire land for new settlements by offering them low interest loans.
A second wave of pioneer settlers founded Wilhelma (now Bnei Atarot) in 1902 near Lod, Walhalla (1903) near the original Jaffa colony, followed by Bethlehem of Galilee (1906).
The German Settlement Society successfully encouraged some of the Templers to return into the official, national Protestant Church. The non-Templer colony of Waldheim (now Alonei Abba) was subsequently founded next to Bethlehem of Galilee in 1907 by proselytized Templers now affiliated with the Old-Prussian State Church.
=WWI internment=
In July and August 1918 the British authorities sent 850 Templers to an internment camp at Helwan near Cairo in Egypt. In April 1920, 350 of these internees were deported to Germany. All the property of the Templers of enemy nationality (thus except of that of a few US citizens among them) was taken into public custodianship. With the establishment of a regular British administration in 1918 Edward Keith-Roach became the Public Custodian of Enemy Property in Palestine, who rented out the property and collected the rents.Frank Foerster, Mission im Heiligen Land: Der Jerusalems-Verein zu Berlin 1852-1945, Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlags-Haus Mohn, 1991, (Missionswissenschaftliche Forschungen; [N.S.], 25), p. 138, {{ISBN|3-579-00245-7}}
In April 1920 the Allies convened at the Conference of San Remo and agreed on the British rule in Palestine, followed by the official establishment of the civil administration on 1 July 1920.Frank Foerster, Mission im Heiligen Land: Der Jerusalems-Verein zu Berlin 1852–1945, Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlags-Haus Mohn, 1991, (Missionswissenschaftliche Forschungen; [N.S.], 25), p. 143, {{ISBN|3-579-00245-7}} From that date on Keith-Roach transferred the collected rents for property in custodianship to the actual proprietors. On June 29, 1920, the British Foreign Secretary, Lord Curzon, informed the British Upper House that Great Britain agreed in principle to their return to Palestine.
The 1922 census of Palestine lists 724 German Templers (listed as "Templars Community"), with 697 in Jerusalem-Jaffa and 27 in Northern. Census data on church membership lists 117 in Jerusalem, 196 in Jaffa, 6 in Mas'udiyeh, 202 in Sarona, 176 in Wilhelma, 9 in Nev Herduf, 1 in Nazareth, and 17 in Tiberias.{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 |title=Palestine Census ( 1922)}}
The League of Nations legitimised the British administration and custodianship by granting a mandate to Britain in 1922, which Turkey, the Ottoman successor, finally ratified by the Treaty of Lausanne, signed on 24 July 1923 and becoming effective on 5 August 1925.Roland Löffler, "Die Gemeinden des Jerusalemsvereins in Palästina im Kontext des kirchlichen und politischen Zeitgeschehens in der Mandatszeit", in: Seht, wir gehen hinauf nach Jerusalem! Festschrift zum 150jährigen Jubiläum von Talitha Kumi und des Jerusalemsvereins, Almut Nothnagle (ed.) on behalf of 'Jerusalemsverein' within Berliner Missionswerk, Leipzig: Evangelische Verlags-Anstalt, 2001, pp. 185–212, here p. 189 ({{ISBN|3-374-01863-7}}) and Frank Foerster, Mission im Heiligen Land: Der Jerusalems-Verein zu Berlin 1852–1945, Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlags-Haus Mohn, 1991, (Missionswissenschaftliche Forschungen; [N.S.], 25), p. 150. {{ISBN|3-579-00245-7}} Thus the public custodianship ended in the same year and the prior holders achieved the fully protected legal position as proprietors.Frank Foerster, Mission im Heiligen Land: Der Jerusalems-Verein zu Berlin 1852–1945, Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlags-Haus Mohn, 1991, (Missionswissenschaftliche Forschungen; [N.S.], 25), pp. 17 and 150. {{ISBN|3-579-00245-7}}
The Mandate government and the Public Custodian of Enemy Property paid them 50% restitution for war losses of livestock and other property. The Bank of the Temple Society, formed in 1925 with its head office in Jaffa and branches in Haifa and Jerusalem, became one of the leading credit institutions in Palestine.[http://home.vicnet.net.au/~tempsoc/webdoc3.htm History of the Temple Society] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604231949/http://home.vicnet.net.au/~tempsoc/webdoc3.htm |date=2011-06-04}}
=Nazi influence=
After the Nazi takeover in Germany the new Reich's government streamlined foreign policy according to Nazi ideals, imposed and regulated financially. The Nazi emphasis was on creating the image that Germany and Germanness were equal to Nazism. Thus, all non-Nazi aspects of German culture and identity were discriminated against as un-German. All international schools of German language subsidised or fully financed by government funds were obliged to redraw their educational programs and to solely employ teachers aligned to the Nazi Party. The teachers in Bethlehem were financed by the Reich government, so Nazi teachers also took over there.
In 1933 Templer functionaries and other Gentile Germans living in Palestine appealed to Paul von Hindenburg and the Foreign Office not to use swastika symbols for German institutions, though without success. Some German Gentiles from Palestine pleaded with the Reich government to drop its plan to boycott Jewish owned shops, in April 1933.Ralf Balke, Hakenkreuz im Heiligen Land: Die NSDAP-Landesgruppe Palästina, Erfurt: Sutton, 2001, p. 81. {{ISBN|3-89702-304-0}}. Some Templers enlisted in the German Army. By 1938, 17% of the Templers in Palestine were members of the Nazi Party. According to historian Yossi Ben-Artzi, "The members of the younger generation to some extent broke away from naive religious belief, and were more receptive to the Nazi German nationalism. The older ones tried to fight it."Nurit Wurgaft and Ran Shapira, [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1080663.html A life-saving swap], Haaretz, April 23, 2009.
=Internment, deportation and exchanges=
At the beginning of World War II colonists with German citizenship were rounded up by the British authorities and sent, together with Italian and Hungarian enemy aliens, to internment camps in Waldheim and Bethlehem of Galilee.Adi Schwartz, [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/946133.html The nine lives of the Lorenz Cafe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080606182838/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/946133.html |date=2008-06-06 }}, Haaretz, January 20, 2008. On 31 July 1941, 661 Templers and other Germans in Palestine were deported to Australia via Egypt, leaving behind 345 in Palestine.Ben-Yehuda 1992. Political Assassinations by Jews: A Rhetorical Device for Justice. SUNY Press. {{ISBN|0-7914-1165-6}}. Likewise the British authorities declared the Templers enemy nationals, arresting and deporting many them to Australia. During the war the British government brokered the exchange of about 1,000 Templers for 550 Jews under German control. These Jews were mostly Palestinian or residents with relatives in Palestine.{{cite news| author = Ran Shapira and Nurit Wurgaft | title = A life-saving swap | date = April 23, 2009 | newspaper = Haaretz}}
=Assassinations=
{{main| Assassination of Gotthilf Wagner}}
On 12 March 1946 a team from the Zionist Haganah assassinated the leader of the community, Gotthilf Wagner, considered by Palestinian Jews to be an ardent member of the Nazi Party, although his family and the wider Templer community argued otherwise.{{Cite book|last=Wawrzyn|first=Heidemarie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZ7oBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA127|title=Nazis in the Holy Land 1933-1948|date=2013-08-01|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-030652-1|pages=127|language=en}}[https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-22276494 The Templers: German settlers who left their mark on Palestine].
The assassination by Jewish militants of the former Templer mayor of Sarona, Gotthilf Wagner, sent shockwaves through the depleted community.
Contemporary reports say Wagner was targeted because he had been a prominent Nazi. Sieger Hahn, Wagner's foster son, says Wagner was killed because he was an "obstacle" to the purchase of land from the Germans. With the killing of two more Templers by members of the Haganah (Jewish fighting force) in 1948, the British authorities evacuated almost all the remaining members to an internment camp in Cyprus."{{cite book|ref=none|last=Wawrzyn|first=Heidemarie|title=Nazis in the Holy Land 1933-1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZ7oBQAAQBAJ|date=1 August 2013|publisher=De Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-030652-1|quote=Furthermore, from the Jewish point of view Wagner was seen as an ardent Nazi and the leader of the Germans in Palestine, whom they learned had been named to be Gauleiter for the region had the Germans occupied Palestine. The assassination was intended to make it unmistakably clear that Palestine-Germans could no longer remain in the country. “They will not last here,” was the headline in Jewish newspapers. According to the C.I.D., Wagner’s murder took place in the context of land politics, for he had consistently instructed members of his settlement not to sell land to Jews. The Templers, however, considered Gotthilf Wagner an anti-Nazi and victim of Jewish terror.}} Later four more members of the sect were murdered in order to drive the group from Palestine.[https://www.jta.org/1946/03/24/archive/sarona-mayor-prominent-palestine-nazi-and-s-s-leader-shot-to-death-near-tel-aviv Sarona Mayor, Prominent Palestine Nazi and S.s. Leader, Shot to Death Near Tel Aviv]{{cite book|last1=Bergman|first1=Ronen|title=Rise and Kill First: The Secret History of Israel's Targeted Assassinations|date=30 January 2018|publisher=Random House|location=485}} The former Templer colonies were re-settled by Jews.
=Creation of Israel=
After its foundation, the State of Israel—with the fresh memory of the Holocaust—was adamant in not permitting any ethnic Germans of a community which had expressed pro-Nazi sympathies to remain in or return to its territory.
In 1962 the State of Israel paid DM54 million in compensation to property owners whose assets were nationalized. Sarona was incorporated in Tel Aviv, part of it becoming the compound of the Israeli Ministry of Defense and the IDF High Command Headquarters, while the other part housed various civil offices of the Israeli government, using the original German houses. In the early 21st century the civil offices were evacuated, and the area extensively renovated, becoming a pedestrian shopping and entertainment area.
Timeline
- 1861: Plans for a move to Palestine were considered were immediately on establishment of the Temple Society
- 1867: An independent settlement at Samunieh had tragic consequences: of the 25 persons in the group 15 died within a year, 7 in Medjedel and 8 in Samunieh.
- 1869-70: German Colony, Haifa, became a settlement of mixed denominational affiliation
- 1869-70: German Colony, Jaffa
- 1872: Sarona, became a settlement of mixed denominational affiliation
- 1874: The Temple denomination underwent a schism.
- 1878: German Colony, Jerusalem, became a settlement of mixed denominational affiliation. First settlers in 1873, became a colony in 1878.
- 1886: Walhalla in Jaffa, north of the first colony.
- 1902: Wilhelma, a monodenominational settlement of only Templer colonists
- 1906: Bethlehem of Galilee, a monodenominational settlement of only Templer colonists
- 1907: Waldheim, a monodenominational settlement of only Protestant-church affiliated colonists
- 1921: Templers who had been interned in Helouan, Egypt, towards the end of World War I returned to their settlements in Palestine, now a British Mandate. The settlements soon flourished again.
- 1939: German Templers were interned in Palestine at the outbreak of World War II.
- 1941: Over 500 Templers from Palestine were transported to Australia, where internment continued in Tatura, Victoria, until 1946–7. In December, 65 persons take part in an exchange program from Palestine to Germany.
- 1942: 302 persons take part in an exchange program from Palestine to Germany.
- 1944: 112 persons take part in an exchange program from Palestine to Germany.
- 1948: Formation of the State of Israel. Templers were not allowed return there, those left had to leave.{{cite news|title=The Templers: German settlers who left their mark on Palestine|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-22276494|work=BBC News Magazine|date=12 July 2013 |publisher=BBC|access-date=12 July 2013}}
Overview
=Table=
=Maps=
File:Location of Beit Lahm and Waldheim (both established later) German Templar Colonies in the PEF Survey of Palestine in the context of Haifa (see green circles).png|Location of Beit Lahm (Bethlehem) and Waldheim (see khaki circles), two later-established German colonies from the hinterland of Haifa, on the PEF Survey of Palestine
File:Location of Sarona and Wilhelma (established later) German Templar Colonies in the PEF Survey of Palestine in the context of Jaffa (see green circles).png|Location of Sarona and Wilhelma (see khaki circles), later-established German Templer colonies from the hinterland of Haifa, in the PEF Survey of Palestine
File:Location of Haifa German Templar Colony in the PEF Survey of Palestine.png|Haifa colony in the PEF Survey of Palestine
File:Waldheim and Beit Lahm German Templar Colonies in the Survey of Palestine.png| Waldheim and Beit Lahm (Bethlehem)
See also
- Anglo-Prussian bishopric in Jerusalem (1841-1886)
- Christ Church, Jerusalem, oldest Protestant church in the Middle East, established together by German and British Protestants
- Evangelical Lutheran Church in Jordan and the Holy Land, post-1948 church organisation
- Schneller Orphanage, German Protestant "Syrian Orphanage" in Jerusalem
- British Israelism
Bibliography
- [https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-22276494 The Templers: German settlers who left their mark on Palestine], Raffi Berg, BBC News Magazine, 12 July 2013
- [https://www.tempelgesellschaft.de/media/geschichte/footprints_of_the_templers.pdf Footprints of the Templers: The Württemberg Templers in the Holy Land]
- [https://lib.haifa.ac.il/systems/etexts/1102075.pdf The Architecture of the Templers in their Colonies in Eretz-Israel, 1868-1948, and their Settlements in the United States, 1860-1925], PhD Thesis, August 2003
- {{cite book|ref=none|author=Alex Carmel|title=Die Siedlungen der württembergischen Templer in Palästina 1868-1918: ihre lokalpolitischen und internationalen Probleme|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NacEAQAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=W. Kohlhammer|isbn=978-3-17-001636-1}}