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Giimbiyu language

{{Short description|Extinct Aboriginal Australian language}}

{{Use Australian English|date=October 2018}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}

{{Infobox language

|name=Giimbiyu

|altname=Mangerr

|region=Northern Territory

|states=Australia

|extinct=1980s–1990s

|ref=e25

|familycolor=Australian

|fam1=Arnhem Land?

|dia1=Mangerr

|dia2=Erri

|dia3=Urningangga

|lc1=zme|ld1=Mangerr

|lc2=urc|ld2=Urningangg

|lc3=err|ld3=Erre

|aiatsis=N220

|glotto=giim1238

|glottorefname=Giimbiyu

|map=Giimbiyu_languages.png

|mapcaption=Giimbiyu (purple), among other non-Pama-Nyungan languages (grey)

|script=Latin (Australian Aboriginal)

}}

Giimbiyu is an extinct Aboriginal Australian language isolate once spoken by the Giimbiyu people of northern Australia.

The name {{lang|gbu|Giimbiyu}} is a Gaagudju word for 'of the stoney country'. It was introduced in Harvey (1992) as a cover term for the named dialects,

  • Mangerr (Mengerrdji)
  • Urningangga (Wuningak)
  • Erri (Arri)

In 1997 Nicholas Evans proposed an Arnhem Land family that includes the Giimbiyu languages. However, they are not included in Bowern (2011).Bowern, Claire. 2011. "[http://anggarrgoon.wordpress.com/2011/12/23/how-many-languages-were-spoken-in-australia/ How Many Languages Were Spoken in Australia?]", Anggarrgoon: Australian languages on the web, December 23, 2011 ([http://pamanyungan.sites.yale.edu/master-list-australian-languages-v12 corrected] February 6, 2012)

Phonology

= Consonants =

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan="3" |

! colspan="2" |Peripheral

!Laminal

! colspan="3" |Apical

rowspan="2" |Labial

! rowspan="2" |Velar

! rowspan="2" |Palatal

! rowspan="2" |Alveolar

! colspan="2" |Retroflex

plain

!pal.

Plosive

|{{IPAlink|p}}

|{{IPAlink|k}}

|{{IPAlink|ɟ}}

|{{IPAlink|t}}

| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ʈ}}

Nasal

|{{IPAlink|m}}

|{{IPAlink|ŋ}}

|{{IPAlink|ɲ}}

|{{IPAlink|n}}

| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ɳ}}

Fricative

|

|{{IPAlink|ɣ}}

|

|

| colspan="2" |

Tap

| colspan="1" |

| colspan="1" |

| colspan="1" |

|{{IPAlink|ɾ}}

| colspan="2" |

Lateral

| colspan="1" |

| colspan="1" |

| colspan="1" |{{IPAlink|ʎ}}

|{{IPAlink|l}}

| colspan="1" |{{IPAlink|ɭ}}

|{{IPAlink|ɭʲ}}

Approximant

| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|w}}

|{{IPAlink|j}}

| colspan="1" |

| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ɻ}}

  • Coarticulation among consonants is also present.
  • Among consonant-coarticulation, /ɣ/ when preceding sounds /l, ɾ/ may result in being heard as a voiceless palatal [ç].

= Vowels =

class=" wikitable"

!

! colspan="2" |Front

!Back

style="text-align: center;"

!High

| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ɪ}}

| rowspan="2" |{{IPAlink|u}}

style="text-align: center;"

!Mid

|{{IPAlink|ɛ}}

|{{IPAlink|ø}}

style="text-align: center;"

!Low

| colspan="3" |{{IPAlink|a}}

  • {{IPA|/u/}} may also be heard as {{IPAblink|o}}.
  • Coarticulation among a preceding {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, may result in the vowel sound becoming more central {{IPAblink|ɪ̈}} or as a diphthong {{IPA|[ɪə]}}.{{Cite book |last=Birch |first=Bruce |title=A first dictionary of Erre, Mengerrdji and Urningangk: three languages from the Alligator Rivers Region of North Western Arnhem Land, Northern Territory |publisher=Gundjeihmi Aboriginal Corporation: Jabiru: Gundjeihmi Aboriginal Corp |year=2006}}

Vocabulary

Capell (1942) lists the following basic vocabulary items:Capell, Arthur. 1941-1942, 1942-1943. [https://glottolog.org/resource/reference/id/104191 Languages of Arnhem Land, North Australia]. Oceania 12: 364-392, 13: 24-51.

:

class="wikitable sortable"

! gloss !! Mangeri !! Uningangk

man

| {{lang|zme|wurilg}} || {{lang|urc|wurig}}

woman

| {{lang|zme|ŋeːn}} || {{lang|urc|ŋeːn}}

head

| {{lang|zme|wiliŋerm}} || {{lang|urc|ulŋerb}}

eye

| {{lang|zme|iːm}} || {{lang|urc|iːm}}

nose

| {{lang|zme|jingolm}} || {{lang|urc|ingolb}}

mouth

| {{lang|zme|jagir}} || {{lang|urc|indjaːd}}

tongue

| {{lang|zme|nindjadj}} || {{lang|urc|indjaːd}}

stomach

| {{lang|zme|abeɽweɽe}} || {{lang|urc|abeɽwe}}

bone

| {{lang|zme|ijerm}} || {{lang|urc|mulgud}}

blood

| {{lang|zme|maneŋulm}} || {{lang|urc|waija}}

kangaroo

| {{lang|zme|oidjbaɣar}} || {{lang|urc|wurulamb}}

opossum

| {{lang|zme|muŋaːd}} || {{lang|urc|malijarŋ}}

emu

| {{lang|zme|wiwijüw}} || {{lang|urc|iwidjiw}}

crow

| {{lang|zme|gagud}} || {{lang|urc|gagud}}

fly

| {{lang|zme|muɳimuɳi}} || {{lang|urc|maŋanaŋaɳ}}

sun

| {{lang|zme|muɣaːliŋ}} || {{lang|urc|indjuwawi}}

moon

| {{lang|zme|järagäl}} || {{lang|urc|järagäl}}

fire

| {{lang|zme|wiɽumgarm}} || {{lang|urc|widjälim}}

smoke

| {{lang|zme|wuŋɛŋg}} || {{lang|urc|wuŋɛŋg}}

water

| {{lang|zme|ogog}} || {{lang|urc|ogog}}

References

{{reflist}}

{{sister project |project=wiktionary |text=Wiktionary has a word list at Appendix:North Australian word lists}}

  • McConvell, Patrick and Nicholas Evans. (eds.) 1997. Archaeology and Linguistics: Global Perspectives on Ancient Australia. Melbourne: Oxford University Press

{{Australian Aboriginal languages}}

{{language families}}

Category:Language isolates of Australia

Category:Extinct languages of the Northern Territory