Gisella Perl

{{Infobox person

| name = Gisella Perl

| image = Gisella Perl - I was a doctor in Auschwitz (cover).jpg

| image_size =

| caption = Gisella Perl on the cover of her Auschwitz memoir first published in 1948

| birth_name =

| birth_date = {{birth date|1907|12|10|df=y}}

| birth_place = Máramarossziget, Austria-Hungary ({{small|modern day}} Sighetu Marmației, Romania)

| death_date = {{dda|1988|12|16|1907|12|10|df=y}}

| death_place = Herzliya, Israel

| known_for = Holocaust memoir I was a doctor in Auschwitz
{{OCLC|2355040}}

| occupation = Doctor

| nationality = Hungarian Jewish;

| spouse = Ephraim Krauss (murdered in the Holocaust)

| children = 2

}}

Gisella Perl (10 December 1907 – 16 December 1988) was a Hungarian Jewish gynecologist deported to Auschwitz concentration camp in 1944, where she helped hundreds of women, serving as an inmate gynecologist. She worked without the bare necessities required to practice medicine. Perl survived the Holocaust, emigrated to New York, and became one of the first women to publicize the Holocaust experience in English through her 1948 memoir, I Was a Doctor in Auschwitz. She later specialized in infertility treatment at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York and eventually moved with her daughter to live in Herzliya, Israel, where she died.

Early life and education

Gisella Perl was born and grew up in Máramarossziget (now Sighetu Marmaţiei), then part of Hungary. Following the Trianon peace treaty of 1920, the area became part of Romania and from 1940–1944, it was again under Hungarian control. In 1923, at age 16, she graduated first in her secondary school class—the only woman and the only Jew. Her father, Maurice Perl, initially forbade her from studying medicine, fearing she would “lose her faith and break away from Judaism". He relented a few months later.{{cite web |last=Brozan |first=Nadine |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9901EFDE1539F936A25752C1A964948260&sec=health&spon=&pagewanted=1 |title=Out of Death, a Zest for Life |work=New York Times |date=November 15, 1982}}

Career

Perl became a successful gynecologist in Sighetu Marmaţiei. She married internist Dr. Ephraim Krauss,{{Cite web |last=hersh |date=2022-06-26 |title=The Abortionist of Auschwitz - aish.com People, History, Featured, Holocaust Studies |url=https://aish.com/the-abortionist-of-auschwitz/ |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=aish.com |language=en-US}} and practiced until 1944, when Nazi Germany occupied her hometown during its invasion of Hungary and deported her and her family to Auschwitz concentration camp. At Auschwitz, Dr. Josef Mengele assigned her to work as a gynecologist in the women’s camp, where she treated inmates without access to basic medical supplies such as antiseptics, clean wipes, or running water.

She is best known for temporarily saving the lives of hundreds of women by performing secret abortions—pregnant women were often executed or used in Mengele’s medical experiments.

She was later transferred to Bergen-Belsen, where she was ultimately liberated. After the war, Perl discovered that her husband, only son, parents, and extended family had all perished in the Holocaust. In despair, she attempted suicide by poisoning herself and was sent to a convent in France to recover until 1947.

In March 1947, she arrived in New York City on a temporary visa to lecture, sponsored by the Hungarian-Jewish Appeal and the United Jewish Appeal. She lived in an affluent neighborhood in New York. U.S. Representative Sol Bloom petitioned the Justice Department to grant her permanent residency, but the request was initially denied.

On March 12, 1948, President Harry Truman signed a bill allowing her to remain in the U.S. Perl was questioned by the INS under suspicion of collaborating with Nazi doctors at Auschwitz, but she was cleared. Later that year, Eleanor Roosevelt encouraged her to resume practicing medicine. Perl began working as a gynecologist at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, initially as the only female physician in the labor and delivery department. She eventually became a specialist in infertility treatment. She became a U.S. citizen in 1951 at age 44.

Perl authored or coauthored nine medical papers on vaginal infections, published between 1955 and 1972.

''I Was a Doctor in Auschwitz''

In June 1948, Perl published her memoir I Was a Doctor in Auschwitz, recounting her experiences as a physician in the camp. She described harrowing procedures, including breast surgeries on young women without anesthetics, often using only a knife.Perl, Dr. Gisella [https://books.google.com/books?id=t98WAQAAIAAJ&q=breast I was a doctor in Auschwitz.] Ayer Co., {{ISBN|0-405-12300-0}}. One chapter recounts Irma Grese—a 19-year-old Aufseherin or warden —observing these operations with evident pleasure.Sonja Maria Hedgepeth, Rochelle G. Saidel, [https://books.google.com/books?id=nLdJEZGkwrkC&q=%22cut+open+by+whipping%22 Sexual Violence Against Jewish Women During the Holocaust.] UPNE 2010, page 187. {{ISBN|1584659041}}. Perl wrote that Grese’s “face [was] clear and angelic and her blue eyes the gayest, the most innocent eyes one can imagine.”Kater, Michael H. Hitler Youth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006. These depictions contributed to the portrayal of Grese during her post-war trial, which resulted in her execution.

Perl’s memoir was one of at least eight Holocaust accounts by female survivors, corroborated by other testimonies.{{cite book |title=Thinking the Unthinkable: Meanings of the Holocaust |author=Roger S. Gottlieb |publisher=Paulist Press |year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=syVnAAAAMAAJ&q=Lengyel%2BPrzytyk%2BPerl |pages=151, 164 |isbn=0809131722}} Olga Lengyel, another Hungarian Jewish inmate and surgical assistant, described similar experiences with Grese in her 1947 book, Five Chimneys, the first Holocaust memoir by a woman to be published in English.{{cite book |title=Sex drives: fantasies of fascism in literary modernism |author=Laura Catherine Frost |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=861kAAAAMAAJ&q=Olga%2BLengyel%2BGisela%2BPerl |page=174 |isbn=0801438942}}{{cite book |author=Zoë Waxman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L3m6zHRdPWIC&q=Lengyel+Perl&pg=PP1 |title=Feminism, Literature and Rape Narratives: Violence and Violation |date=6 August 2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136615849 |editor1=Sorcha Gunne |page=124 |editor2=Zoe Brigley Thompson}} Historian Bernard Braxton noted that Perl’s recollections closely matched the testimony of Dr. Olga Sulima, a Soviet inmate physician at Auschwitz.{{cite book |author=Bernard Braxton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G6VIAAAAYAAJ&q=Olga+Sulima |title=Sexual, Racial and Political Faces of Corruption: A View on the High Cost of Institutional Evil |publisher=Verta Press |year=1977 |pages=48–49}}

Personal life and death

Perl was later reunited with her daughter, Gabriella Krauss Blattman, whom she managed to hide during the war. In 1979, the two relocated to Herzliya, Israel. Perl died in there on December 16, 1988, at the age of 81.Anne S. Reamey [http://www.phdn.org/archives/holocaust-history.org/auschwitz/gisella-perl/ Gisella Perl: Angel and Abortionist in the Auschwitz Death Camp] phdn.org

Publications

In 2003, a film entitled Out of the Ashes was released. It was based upon the story of Dr. Perl's life, and starred Christine Lahti as Dr. Perl.

References

External links

[http://www.holocaust-history.org/auschwitz/gisella-perl/ Gisella Perl: Angel and Abortionist in the Auschwitz Death Camp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212105258/http://holocaust-history.org/auschwitz/gisella-perl/ |date=2010-12-12 }} holocaust-history.org
[https://web.archive.org/web/20110226083551/http://www.novelguide.com/a/discover/rghl_01/rghl_01_00171.html Gisella Perl] novelguide.com

{{cite journal |last1=Peleg |first1=Roni |title=Gisella Perl: A Jewish Gynecologist in Auschwitz |journal=Journal of Women's Health |date=September 2005 |volume=14 |issue=7 |pages=588–591 |doi=10.1089/jwh.2005.14.588|pmid=16181013 |url=http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1089/jwh.2005.14.588|url-access=subscription}}

Category:1907 births

Category:1988 deaths

Category:People from Sighetu Marmației

Category:Hungarian Jews

Category:Romanian Jews

Category:American autobiographers

Category:American gynecologists

Category:American people of Hungarian-Jewish descent

Category:Israeli people of Hungarian-Jewish descent

Category:Hungarian emigrants to the United States

Category:Hungarian emigrants to Israel

Category:Hungarian gynaecologists