Gleichenia microphylla
{{short description|Species of plant}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Coral Fern Elvina Bay.jpg
| image_caption = G. microphylla at Elvina Bay, Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park, Australia
| genus = Gleichenia
| species = microphylla
| authority = R.Br.
| synonyms = Platyzoma microphyllum R.Br.
Pteris platyzomopsis Christenh. & H.Schneid.Christenhusz, M.J.M. & H. Schneider (2011) "Corrections to Phytotaxa 19: Linear sequence of lycophytes and ferns"; Phytotaxa 28: 51. 2011 [14 Sep 2011].
G. semivestita Labill.
}}
Gleichenia microphylla is a small fern growing in Australia and New Zealand.
Some of the other common names include: scrambling coral fern, umbrella fern, parasol fern, carrier tangle, matua-rarauhe, matuku, tapuwae kotuku, waewae kaka, waewae kotuku and waewae matuku.
A common plant, often seen growing under waterfalls, in swamps, under cliffs and in tall open forest. It prefers high humidity and good levels of sunshine and moisture.{{cite web |title=Gleichenia microphylla|work= PlantNET - NSW Flora Online|url=http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Gleichenia~microphylla|accessdate=2010-07-09}} It can form large colonies.
In 1810 it appeared in Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae, authored by Robert Brown.
Description
File:Gleichenia microphylla Tasmania.jpg
Gleichenia microphylla's rachis on major branches has conspicuous and numerous bundles of bristles that are shiny, short, and amber to dark brown in colour. It also has less numerous and scattered fringed scales. It has 2 to 6 cm long linear ultimate branches with close-set pinnules. The undersurface of pinna-rachis has no hairs or scales. The uncoiling tips and young rachises are covered in red-brown bristles and have some fringed scales. The pinnules are 1 to 3 mm long and have a blunt, oblong-triangular shape. The lower surface of the pinnules are flat or slightly concave and never rolled inwards on all edges to make a pocket. The underside of a fertile frond has 2 to 4 of sori (or rarely 1 or 5). The sporangia have a shiny, bright yellow to yellow-brown colour and exist around the central projection. Fronds are forked several times and they grow to 2 to 4 m in length.{{cite web |title=Gleichenia microphylla|work= Flora of Victoria – Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria Online|url=https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/4b23cbe1-ae0d-4180-84bc-44248cebe045|accessdate=2019-11-26}}{{cite web |title=Gleichenia microphylla|work= Yarra Ranges Plant Directory |url=http://fe.yarraranges.vic.gov.au/Residents/Trees_Vegetation/Yarra_Ranges_Plant_Directory/Yarra_Ranges_Local_Plant_Directory/Middle_Storey/Ferns/Gleichenia_microphylla |accessdate=2019-11-26}}
Distribution and habitat
=Habitat=
Gleichenia microphylla forms large scrambling colonies in sunny damp sites around swamps, on exposed banks and along creek margins. Stunted plants are often seen in wet rock crevices.{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=D.L. |last2=Clemesha |first2=S.C. |date=1981 |title=Australian Ferns and Fern Allies 2nd. ed.}} It occurs from near sea level to 600 m above sea level, reaching 760 m on Stewart Island, New Zealand. G. micorophylla is widespread in Australia and New Zealand.{{cite book
| last=Perrie
| first=L.R.
| last2=Brownsey
| first2=P.J.
| title=Gleicheniaceae
| year=2015
| publisher= Manaaki Whenua Press
| place=Lincoln
| series=Flora of New Zealand – Ferns and Lycophytes
| isbn= 978-0-478-34781-4
| doi=10.7931/B1VC77
| chapter=12
}}
=Australia=
In Australia, it is common in Victoria and Tasmania (including Flinders Island and King Island) and also can be found in New South Wales, Queensland, Northern Territory, South Australia, and Australian Capital Territory. It has not been recorded in Western Australia.{{cite web
| title = Gleichenia microphylla
| work=The Australasian Virtual Herbarium
| url =https://avh.ala.org.au/occurrences/search?taxa=Gleichenia+microphylla#tab_mapView
| access-date = 27 November 2019}}
=New Zealand=
In New Zealand, it can be found both in North Island and South Island and also in Stewart Island but often absent from the eastern side of the islands. In North Island, it can be seen in Northland, Auckland, Volcanic plateau, Taranaki, and Southern North Island. In South Island, It can be seen in Western Nelson, Sounds-Nelson, Marlborough, Westland, Fiordland, and, Southland.
===Other Distribution===
It is said that G. microphylla is also found in Southeast Asia, Malesia, and New Caledonia. However, the records in those areas are not well supported.
G. semivestita Labill., which is a synonym of G. microphylla{{cite journal
| last1 = Perrie | first1 = L.R.
| last2 = Brownsey | first2 = P.J.
| title = Taxonomic notes on the New Zealand flora: lectotypes in the fern family Gleicheniaceae
| journal = New Zealand Journal of Botany
| volume = 53
| issue = 4
| pages = 183–191
| date = 20 December 2015
| issn =0028-825X
| doi = 10.1080/0028825X.2015.1045529
| doi-access = free
}} was recorded from New Caledonia.{{cite book
| last = Brownlie
| first = G.
| title = Fasc. 3, Ptéridophytes
| publisher = Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle
| series = Flore de la Nouvelle Calédonie et Dépendances
| location = Paris
| date = 1969
}} However, the presence of G. microphylla in New Caledonia is not confirmed from modern collections. Therefore, it is considered that Labillardière (1824), who named G. semivestita in New Caledonia, has mistakenly attributed Australian material of G. microphylla to New Caledonia.{{cite book
| last = de Labillardière
| first = J.J.H.
| title = Sertum Austro-Caledonicum
| publisher = Huzard
| location = Paris
| date = 1824
}}
Although Malesian plants have also been attributed to G. microphylla,{{cite book
| last = Holttum
| first = R.E.
| title = Gleicheniaceae
| series = Flora Malesiana, Series II - Pteridophyta
| date = 1959
| volume = 1
| pages = 1–36
}} some of those plants are distinctly different from Australian and New Zealand material. Therefore, the reexamination of those plants is required.
Hybridisation
Gleichenia microphylla can hybridise with G. dicarpa and the hybrids are called G. xpunctulata and they are morphologically intermediate between both species. It can be found in the broad area of overlapping distributions of the parental species.
