Gobioidei

Not all the species in the Gobiiformes are referred to as gobies; "true gobies" are placed in the family Gobiidae, while other species referred to as gobies have been placed in the Oxudercidae. Goby is also used to describe some species which are not classified within the order Gobiiformes, such as the engineer goby or convict blenny (Pholidichthys leucotaenia).{{FishBase|Pholidichthys|leucotaenia|month=June|year=2018}} The word goby derives from the Latin gobius meaning "gudgeon",{{cite web | url = https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/goby | title = Definition of 'goby' | access-date = 25 August 2018 | publisher = Collins English Dictionary}} and some species of goby, especially the sleeper gobies in the family Eleotridae and some of the dartfishes are called "gudgeons", especially in Australia.{{cite book | author1 =Helfman G. | author2 = Collette B. | author3 = Facey D | name-list-style = amp | title = The Diversity of Fishes | publisher = Blackwell Publishing | page = 264 | year = 1997| isbn =0-86542-256-7}}

The earliest known fossil member of the group is Carlomonnius Bannikov & Carnevale, 2016, an indeterminate gobioid from the Early Eocene of Italy.{{Cite journal |last1=Bannikov |first1=A.F. |last2=Carnevale |first2=G. |date=2016-03-17 |title=†Carlomonnius quasigobius gen. et sp. nov.: the first gobioid fish from the Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy |url=http://www.geology.cz/bulletin/contents/art1577 |journal=Bulletin of Geosciences |pages=13–22 |doi=10.3140/bull.geosci.1577 |issn=1802-8225 |hdl-access=free |hdl=2318/1632180}} Phylogenetic evidence suggests that two of the most diverse families within the group, Gobiidae and Oxudercidae, are relatively young compared to many other fish families, diverging during the Late Eocene or middle Oligocene. Uniquely, they appear to have diversified during the midst of the Eocene-Oligocene extinction event.{{Cite journal |last1=McCraney |first1=W. Tyler |last2=Thacker |first2=Christine E. |last3=Faircloth |first3=Brant C. |last4=Harrington |first4=Richard C. |last5=Near |first5=Thomas J. |last6=Alfaro |first6=Michael E. |date=2025-06-01 |title=Explosion of goby fish diversity at the Eocene-Oligocene transition |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=207 |pages=108342 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2025.108342 |issn=1055-7903|doi-access=free}}

Until the early 21st century, the gobies were placed within the Perciformes as the suborder Gobioidei. However, phylogenetic studies identified them as being a particularly basal percomorph group related to the cardinalfish and nurseryfish.{{Cite journal |last1=Betancur-R |first1=Ricardo |last2=Wiley |first2=Edward O. |last3=Arratia |first3=Gloria |last4=Acero |first4=Arturo |last5=Bailly |first5=Nicolas |last6=Miya |first6=Masaki |last7=Lecointre |first7=Guillaume |last8=Ortí |first8=Guillermo |date=2017-07-06 |title=Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=162 |doi=10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3 |doi-access=free |issn=1471-2148 |pmc=5501477 |pmid=28683774|bibcode=2017BMCEE..17..162B}} For this reason, the 5th Edition of the Fishes of the World reclassified the former superfamily Goboidei as the order Gobiiformes and also rearranged the families within the order compared to the previous edition. The largest change is that the Oxudercidae and the Gobiidae are split into two families, with the Oxudercidae containing the species formerly classified as the Gobiidae subfamilies Amblyopinae, Gobionellinae, Oxudercinae and Sicydiinae while merging the families Kraemeriidae, Microdesmidae, Ptereleotridae and Schindleriidae into the family Gobiidae, though no subfamilies within the Gobiidae were proposed.

More recently, Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes has retained aspects of this classification, but returned the Gobioidei to being a suborder, now within an expanded Gobiiformes that also includes the Apogonoidei and the Trichonotoidei. In addition, Xenisthmidae is now recognized as its own family, while Butidae and Milyeringidae have returned to being treated as subfamilies of Eleotridae.

{{cladogram|title=Phylogeny of Gobiiformes{{cite journal | last1 = Thacker | first1 = Christine E. | last2 = Satoh | first2 = Takashi P. | last3 = Katayama | first3 = Eri | last4 = Harrington | first4 = Richard C. | last5 = Eytand | first5 = Ron I. | last6 = Near | first6 = Thomas J. | year = 2015| title = Molecular phylogeny of Percomorpha resolves Trichonotus as the sister lineage to gobioidei (Teleostei: Gobiiformes) and confirms the polyphyly of Trachinoidei. | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume =93| pages =172–179 |doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.08.001 | pmid = 26265255 | bibcode = 2015MolPE..93..172T}}|

{{clade|style=font-size:80%

|1={{clade

|label1=Trichonotoidei

|1=Trichonotidae

|label2=Gobioidei

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|1=Rhyacichthyidae

|2=Odontobutidae

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|1=MilyeringidaeProsanta Chakrabarty, 2010: Status and phylogeny of Milyeringidae (Teleostei: Gobiiformes), with the description of a new blind cave-fish from Australia, Milyeringa brooksi, n. sp. Zootaxa 2557: 19-28. [http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2010/f/z02557p028f.pdf Preview] (PDF-Datei; 23 kB) [https://lsu.academia.edu/ProsantaChakrabarty/Papers/612858/Status_and_phylogeny_of_Milyeringidae_Teleostei_Gobiiformes_with_the_description_of_a_new_blind_cave-fish_from_Australia_Milyeringa_brooksi_new_sp online]

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|1=Eleotridae

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|1=Butidae

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|1=ThalasseleotrididaeAnthony C. Gill & Randall D. Mooi (2012): Thalasseleotrididae, new family of marine gobioid fishes from New Zealand and temperate Australia, with a revised definition of its sister taxon, the Gobiidae (Teleostei: Acanthomorpha). Zootaxa, 3266: 41–52. [http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2012/f/zt03266p052.pdf PDF]

|2={{clade

|1=Oxudercidae (Gobionellidae)

|2=Gobiidae

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The following classification is based on Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes, with fossil taxa also added:

• Suborder Gobioidei
• Genus †Carlomonnius Bannikov & Carnevale, 2016 (fossil; Early Eocene of Italy)
• Genus †Laubeichthys Reichenbacher & Přikryl, 2024 (fossil; Early Oligocene of the Czech Republic){{Cite journal |last1=Reichenbacher |first1=Bettina |last2=and Přikryl |first2=Tomáš |title=Revision and phylogenetic placement of one of the earliest freshwater gobies from the Lower Oligocene of Central Europe |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2024.2406964 |journal=Historical Biology |date=2024 |volume=0 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2024.2406964 |issn=0891-2963|doi-access=free}}
• Genus †Paralates Sauvage, 1883 (fossil; Late Eocene of England & Early Oligocene of France){{Cite journal |last1=Gierl |first1=C |last2=Reichenbacher |first2=B |date=2017 |title=Revision of so-called Pomatoschistus (Gobiiformes, Teleostei) from the late Eocene and early Oligocene |url=http://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2017/1909-revision-of-pomatoschistus |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |language=en |doi=10.26879/721 |issn=1094-8074|doi-access=free }}
• Genus †Simpsonigobius Dirnberger, Bauer & Reichenbacher, 2024 (fossil; Early Miocene of Turkey){{Cite journal |last1=Dirnberger |first1=Moritz |last2=Bauer |first2=Elena |last3=Reichenbacher |first3=Bettina |date=2024-12-31 |title=A new freshwater gobioid from the Lower Miocene of Turkey in a significantly amended total evidence phylogenetic framework |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14772019.2024.2340498 |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=2340498 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2024.2340498 |bibcode=2024JSPal..2240498D |issn=1477-2019|doi-access=free}}
• Family Rhyacichthyidae Jordan, 1905 (loach gobies)
• Family Odontobutidae Hoese & Gill, 1993 (Asian freshwater sleepers)
• Family Milyeringidae Whitley, 1945 (cave gudgeons)
• Family Eleotridae Bonaparte, 1835 (sleepers or bullies)
• Family Xenisthmidae Miller, 1973 (collared wrigglers)
• Family Butidae Bleeker, 1874 (gudgeons)
• Family Thalasseleotrididae Gill & Mooi, 2012 (ocean sleepers)
• Family †Pirskeniidae Obrhelová, 1961 (fossil; Early Oligocene of the Czech Republic){{Cite journal |last1=Reichenbacher |first1=Bettina |last2=Přikryl |first2=Tomáš |last3=Cerwenka |first3=Alexander F. |last4=Keith |first4=Philippe |last5=Gierl |first5=Christoph |last6=Dohrmann |first6=Martin |date=2020-08-24 |title=Freshwater gobies 30 million years ago: New insights into character evolution and phylogenetic relationships of †Pirskeniidae (Gobioidei, Teleostei) |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=15 |issue=8 |pages=e0237366 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0237366 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=7446829 |pmid=32834000|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1537366R }}
• Family Oxudercidae Günther, 1861 (mudskippers and allies)
• Subfamily Oxudercinae Günther, 1861 (mudskippers)
• Subfamily Amblyopinae Günther, 1861 (mudburrowing gobies)
• Subfamily Gobionellinae Bleeker, 1874 (estuarine gobies)
• Subfamily Sicydiinae Gill, 1860 (rock-climbing gobies)
• Family Gobiidae Cuvier, 1816 (gobies)
• Subfamily Kraemeriinae Whitley, 1935 (1911) (sand darts)
• Subfamily Ptereleotrinae Bleeker, 1875 (dart-gobies)
• Subfamily Gobiinae Cuvier, 1816 (sea gobies)
• Subfamily Microdesminae Regan, 1912 (wormfishes)

{{Main|Rhyacichthyidae}}

The loach-gobies are a small family, with only three species split between two genera, which inhabits marine and fresh water in Oceania and the western Pacific. These are thought to be among the more primitive species of the Gobioidei.

{{Main|Odontobutidae}}

The Odontobutidae, or freshwater sleepers, contains 22 species between 6 genera from eastern Asia. This family is the sister to all the other Gobioidei in a clade with the Rhyacichthyidae.

{{Main|Milyeringidae}}

The Milyeringidae contains two genera of cave fish, one in Western Australia and one at the other side of the Indian Ocean in Madagascar; both genera contain three recognized species. This family forms a second clade of the Gobioidei.

{{Main|Eleotridae}}

The sleeper gobies are a family of twenty six genera and 126 species found in freshwater and mangrove habitats throughout the tropical and temperate parts of the world as far north as the eastern United States and as far south as Stewart Island, New Zealand, except for the eastern Atlantic. Fossils of Eleotrid gobies are known from the Late Oligocene. The families Milyeringidae and Butidae were formerly classified as subfamilies of the Eleotridae but are not found to be close to the Eleotridae senus stricto in this system.

{{Main|Butidae}}

The Butidae are one of the two families which are given the common name "sleeper gobies", and indeed were formerly classified as subfamily of the traditional sleeper goby family Eleotridae, although some phylogenies have placed them closer to the Oxucerdidae and the Gobiidae than to the Eleotridae. They are found in the Indo-Pacific and in West Africa, and contains 10 genera with 46 species split between them.

{{Main|Thalasseleotrididae}}

The family Thalasseleotrididae is considered to be a sister group to the family Gobiidae and is separated as a family by the authors of this classification based on recent molecular studies. It comprises two genera of marine gobies from the temperate waters of Australia and New Zealand, with a total of three species between them.

{{Main|Oxudercidae}}

Oxudercidae is a family of gobies comprising species previously split between four subfamilies of the family Gobiidae. The family is sometimes referred to as the Gobionellidae, but Oxucerdidae has priority. The species in this family have a cosmopolitan distribution in temperate and tropical areas and are found in marine and freshwater environments, typically in inshore, euryhaline areas with silt and sand substrates. The family contains 86 genera and about 600 species. Many species in this family can be found in fresh water and a number of species are found on wet beaches; some are able to survive for extended periods out of water, most famously the mudskippers.

{{Main|Gobiidae}}

File:Gobius niger (Stefano Guerrieri) 1.jpg, the type species of Gobius, which is the type genus of Gobiidae, which in turn gives the name of the order Gobioidei]]

The Gobiidae as recognized in this classification now includes the former members of several families which other classifications have regarded as valid families. As classified in this work the family remains one of the most speciose families of marine fish, as well as being one of the most numerous groups of fishes in freshwater habitats on oceanic islands.

They are most diverse in the tropical Indo-West Pacific but the family is well represented in temperate waters in both the northern and southern hemispheres. They are mostly free living fishes found alone or in small schools, but some form associations with invertebrates, especially in coral reefs. About 120 species are known to form such symbiotic relationships; members of the genera Amblyeleotris and Cryptocentrus, for example, cohabit in burrows with alpheid shrimps, while other species live as cleaner fish, e.g Elacatinus. They can be sequential hermaphrodites and numerous species are known to exhibit parental care. Many species have fused pelvic fins that can be used as a suction device#In fish; some island species, such as the red-tailed stream goby (Lentipes concolor), are able to use these pelvic fins to ascend rock faces alongside waterfalls, allowing them to inhabit waters far from the ocean.{{cite book|last=Ziegler|first=Alan|title=Hawaiian Natural History, Ecology, and Evolution|year=2002|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|pages=154}} Some of the species that are found in fresh water as adults spawn in the ocean and are catadromous, not unlike the eels of the family Anguillidae. Along with the blennies, the Gobiidae constitute a dominant part of the benthic, small fish fauna in tropical reef habitats.

File:Rhyacichthys aspro 43696913 (cropped).jpg|Rhyacichthys aspro; Rhyacichthyidae

File:Odontobutis obscura1.jpg|Odontobutis obscura; Odontobutidae

File:Typhleotris madgascarensis.jpg|Typhleotris madagascariensis; Milyeringidae

File:Eleotrinae oxycephala(Yaizu,Shizuoka,Japan,2007).jpg|Eleotris oxycephala; Eleotridae

File:Butis koilomatodon (Bleeker, 1849).jpg|Butis koilomatodon; Butidae

File:ThalasseleotAdelaHolotype.jpg|Thalasseleotris adela; Thalasseleotrididae

File:Clariger taiwanensis paratype - ZooKeys-199-013-g002-a.jpeg|Clariger taiwanensis; Oxudercidae

File:Nemateleotris magnifica 1.jpg|Nemateleotris magnifica; Gobiidae

{{Reflist}}

{{refbegin|30em}}

• {{cite journal|doi=10.32473/edis-fa226-2020 |title=Aquaculture Applications of the Family Gobiidae |date=2020 |last1=Ohs |first1=Cortney |last2=Patterson |first2=Joshua |last3=von Linden |first3=Jesse |last4=Dimaggio |first4=Matt |journal=Edis |issue=3 |page=7 }}
• Milius, Susan. "Goby Fish React To Corals' Cue By Helping Keep Algae At Bay." Science News 182 no. 11 (2012): 7–8.
• Olivotto, Ike, Alessio Zenobi, Arianna Rollo, Beatrice Migliarini, Matteo Avella, and Oliana Carnevali. "Breeding, Rearing And Feeding Studies In the Cleaner Goby Gobiosoma evelynae." Aquaculture 250 no. 1-2 (2005): 175–182.
• Quintao, Thais L., Ryan Andrades, Raphael M. Macieira, Ana Carolina Loss, and Jean-Christophe Joyeux. "The Evolutionary History Of Priolepis (Gobiidae) In The Atlantic Ocean." Marine Biology 169 no. 7 (2022): 1–17.

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Category:Percomorpha

Category:Ray-finned fish orders

Category:Taxa named by Albert Günther