Google Code Jam

{{short description|Programming competition hosted by Google}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}

{{Infobox recurring event

| name = Google Code Jam

| native_name =

| native_name_lang =

| logo = Google Code Jam logo.png

| logo_caption =

| image =

| caption =

| status = Discontinued

| genre =

| date =

| begins =

| ends =

| frequency = Annually

| venue = Online

| coordinates =

| country = Worldwide

| years_active = 2003–2022

| first = 2003

| founder_name =

| last =

| prev =

| next =

| participants =

| attendance = 35,500 (2019){{r|"2019 Qual"}}

| area =

| budget = $15,000 for winner, smaller prizes for runners-up

| activity =

| patron = Google

| organised =

| filing =

| people =

| member =

| website = https://codingcompetitions.withgoogle.com/codejam (shut down on July 1, 2023)

| footnotes =

}}

Google Code Jam was an international programming competition hosted and administered by Google.{{r|"Dyer Gregersen Christensen 2011 p. 196"}} The competition began in 2003.{{r|"Lowe 2009 p. 284"}} The competition consists of a set of algorithmic problems which must be solved in a fixed amount of time. Competitors may use any programming language and development environment to obtain their solutions. From 2003 to 2007, Google Code Jam was deployed on Topcoder's platform. Since 2008 Google has developed their own dedicated infrastructure for the contest.

Between 2015 and 2018{{r|"2019 FAQ"}}, Google also ran Distributed Code Jam, with the focus on distributed algorithms.{{r|"Ghoshal 2015"}} This was run in parallel with the regular Code Jam, with its own qualification and final round, for a top prize of $10,000, but was only open for people who qualified to Round 2 of Code Jam (up to 3000 people).

Several Google Code Jam problems have led to academic research.{{r|"acm2696032"}}

On February 22, 2023, Google announced that Code Jam was to be discontinued alongside their other programming competitions, Hash Code and Kick Start.{{Cite tweet|number=1628448086572793856|user=gcodingcomps|title=20 years, more than a million participants and billions of lines of code later, our coding competitions are coming to a close. It's been an honor to learn and enjoy coding with you. Thank you. Join us 4/15 at 2 p.m. UTC for farewell rounds of competition: https://goo.gle/3SlSIGA|author=Google's Coding Competitions|date=|access-date=February 23, 2023}} A series of four "farewell rounds" took place on April 15, 2023 from 14:00 until 18:00 UTC, with all rounds taking place at the same time.{{Cite web |title=Celebrate Google’s Coding Competitions with a final round of programming fun |url=https://developers.googleblog.com/en/celebrate-googles-coding-competitions-with-a-final-round-of-programming-fun/ |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=Google Developers Blog |language=en}} Login functionality for Google's programming competitions was disabled on June 1, 2023, followed by the shut down of the competitions' hosting platform exactly one month later, on July 1, 2023. A permanent archive of all Code Jam, Hash Code and Kick Start problems is available for download on GitHub.{{Cite web |title=Code Jam - Google's Coding Competitions |url=https://codingcompetitions.withgoogle.com/codejam/faq |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524161837/https://codingcompetitions.withgoogle.com/codejam/faq |archive-date=2023-05-24 |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=Coding Competitions |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=google/coding-competitions-archive: Google Coding Competitions problem archive |url=https://github.com/google/coding-competitions-archive |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=GitHub}}

Past winners

= Google Code Jam =

class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
Tournament

! Finals location

!Registrants

! data-sort-type="number" | Qual Advancers

! style="text-align:center" | 1st place

! style="text-align:center" | 2nd place

! style="text-align:center" | 3rd place

2021

|Online

| style="text-align:center" | {{Nts|93000}}

| style="text-align:center" |{{nts|25961}}{{Cite web|url=https://codingcompetitions.withgoogle.com/codejam/round/000000000043580a|title=Google Code jam 2021 Qual|website=codingcompetitions.withgoogle.com|access-date=2021-08-08}}

|{{flagicon|CHN}} Xiuhan Wang

|{{flagicon|JPN}} Shogo Murai

|{{flagicon|USA}} Scott Wu

style="text-align:center" | 2020

| Online{{efn|group=h|Originally scheduled to take place in Munich, Germany, but later was converted to online format in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.}}

| style="text-align:center" | {{Nts|96000}}

| style="text-align:center" |{{nts|30221}}{{Cite web|url=https://codingcompetitions.withgoogle.com/codejam/round/000000000019fd27|title=Google Code jam 2020 Qual|website=codingcompetitions.withgoogle.com|access-date=2020-04-05|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122031332/https://codingcompetitions.withgoogle.com/codejam/round/000000000019fd27|url-status=dead}}

| {{flagicon|BLR}} Gennady Korotkevich

| {{flagicon|CAN}} Kevin Sun

| {{flagicon|USA}} Andrew He

style="text-align:center" | 2019

| San Francisco, United States

| style="text-align:center" | {{Nts|74000}}

| style="text-align:center" | {{nts|27610}}{{Cite web|url=https://codingcompetitions.withgoogle.com/codejam/round/0000000000051705|title=Google Code jam 2019|website=codingcompetitions.withgoogle.com|access-date=2020-04-05|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122061034/https://codingcompetitions.withgoogle.com/codejam/round/0000000000051705|url-status=dead}}

| {{flagicon|BLR}} Gennady Korotkevich

| {{flagicon|JPN}} Makoto Soejima

| {{flagicon|USA}} Andrew He

style="text-align:center" | 2018

| Toronto, Canada

| style="text-align:center" | {{Nts|62000}}

| style="text-align:center" | {{nts|14093}}{{Cite web|url=https://codingcompetitions.withgoogle.com/codejam/round/00000000000000cb|title=Google Code jam 2018|website=codingcompetitions.withgoogle.com|access-date=2020-04-05|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027130118/https://codingcompetitions.withgoogle.com/codejam/round/00000000000000cb|url-status=dead}}

| {{flagicon|BLR}} Gennady Korotkevich

| {{Flagicon|POL}} Kamil Debowski

| {{flagicon|JPN}} Makoto Soejima

style="text-align:center" | 2017

| Dublin, Ireland

| style="text-align:center" | {{Nts|64,000}}

| style="text-align:center" | {{nts|18331}}{{Cite web|url=https://code.google.com/codejam/contest/scoreboard?c=3264486|title=Scoreboard - Qualification Round 2017 - Google Code Jam|website=code.google.com|access-date=2020-04-05}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

| {{flagicon|BLR}} Gennady Korotkevich

| {{Flagicon|Russia}} Konstantin Semenov

| {{Flagicon|Russia}} Vladislav Epifanov

style="text-align:center" | 2016

| New York City, United States

| style="text-align:center" | {{Nts|58,520}}

| style="text-align:center" | {{nts|22,154}}{{Cite web|url=https://code.google.com/codejam/contest/6254486/scoreboard?c=6254486|title=Scoreboard - Qualification Round 2016 - Google Code Jam|website=code.google.com|access-date=2020-04-05}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

| {{flagicon|BLR}} Gennady Korotkevich{{r|"mL4Ix"}}

| {{flagicon|PHI}} Kevin Atienza

| {{flagicon|RUS}} Egor Kulikov

style="text-align:center" | 2015

| Seattle, United States

| style="text-align:center" | {{Nts|56,749}}

| style="text-align:center" | {{nts|12438}}{{Cite web|url=https://code.google.com/codejam/contest/6224486/scoreboard?c=6224486|title=Scoreboard - Qualification Round 2015 - Google Code Jam|website=code.google.com|access-date=2020-04-05}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

| {{flagicon|BLR}} Gennady Korotkevich

| {{flagicon|JPN}} Makoto Soejima

| {{flagicon|ZAF}} Bruce Merry

style="text-align:center" | 2014

| Los Angeles, United States{{r|"Dickey 2014"}}

| style="text-align:center" | {{Nts|49,066}}

| style="text-align:center" | {{nts|20,595

}}{{Cite web|url=https://code.google.com/codejam/contest/2974486/dashboard#s=a|title=Dashboard - Qualification Round 2014 - Google Code Jam|website=code.google.com|access-date=2020-04-05|archive-date=4 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504010506/https://code.google.com/codejam/contest/2974486/dashboard#s=a|url-status=dead}}

| {{flagicon|BLR}} Gennady Korotkevich

| {{flagicon|RUS}} Evgeny Kapun

| {{flagicon|CHN}} Yuzhou Gu

style="text-align:center" | 2013

| London, United Kingdom

| style="text-align:center" | {{Nts|45754}}

| style="text-align:center" | {{nts|17059}}{{Cite web|url=https://code.google.com/codejam/contest/2270488/scoreboard?c=2270488|title=Scoreboard - Qualification Round 2013 - Google Code Jam|website=code.google.com|access-date=2020-04-05|archive-date=29 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529061031/http://code.google.com/codejam/contest/2270488/scoreboard?c=2270488|url-status=dead}}

| {{flagicon|BLR}} Ivan Metelsky{{r|"Barreiro 2014"}}

| {{flagicon|UKR}} Vasil Bileckiy

| {{flagicon|RUS}} Vladislav Isenbaev

style="text-align:center" | 2012

| New York City, United States

| style="text-align:center" | {{Nts|20613}}

| style="text-align:center" | {{nts|15692}}{{Cite web|url=https://code.google.com/codejam/contest/1460488/scoreboard?c=1460488|title=Scoreboard - Qualification Round 2012 - Google Code Jam|website=code.google.com|access-date=2020-04-05|archive-date=28 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928145339/https://code.google.com/codejam/contest/1460488/scoreboard?c=1460488|url-status=dead}}

| {{flagicon|POL}} Jakub Pachocki

| {{flagicon|USA}} Neal Wu

| {{flagicon|SVK}} Michal Forišek

style="text-align:center" | 2011

| Tokyo, Japan

| style="text-align:center" | {{Nts|21,940}}

| style="text-align:center" | {{nts|10,336}}{{Cite web|url=https://code.google.com/codejam/contest/975485/scoreboard?c=975485#sp=11821|title=Scoreboard - Qualification Round 2011 - Google Code Jam|website=code.google.com|access-date=2020-04-05|archive-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619014913/http://code.google.com/codejam/contest/975485/scoreboard?c=975485#sp=11821|url-status=dead}}

| {{flagicon|JPN}} Makoto Soejima

| {{flagicon|BLR}} Ivan Metelsky

| {{flagicon|POL}} Jakub Pachocki

style="text-align:center" | 2010

| Dublin, Ireland

| style="text-align:center" | {{Nts|12092}}

| style="text-align:center" | {{nts|8308}}{{Cite web|url=https://code.google.com/codejam/contest/433101/scoreboard?c=433101|title=Scoreboard - Qualification Round 2010 - Google Code Jam|website=code.google.com|access-date=2020-04-05}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

| {{flagicon|RUS}} Egor Kulikov

| {{flagicon|NLD}} Erik-Jan Krijgsman

| {{flagicon|RUS}} Sergey Kopeliovich

style="text-align:center" | 2009

| Mountain View, United States

| style="text-align:center" | {{Nts|10,000}}

| style="text-align:center" | {{nts|7516}}{{r|"A New Learning Paradigm: Competition Supported by Technology 2010 p. 8"}}

| {{flagicon|CHN}} Tiancheng Lou

| {{flagicon|CHN}} Zichao Qi

| {{flagicon|JPN}} Yoichi Iwata

style="text-align:center" | 2008

| Mountain View, United States{{r|"Reardon 2008"}}

| style="text-align:center" | {{Nts|11044}}

| style="text-align:center" | {{nts|6774}}

| {{flagicon|CHN}} Tiancheng Lou

| {{flagicon|CHN}} Zeyuan Zhu

| {{flagicon|ZAF}} Bruce Merry

style="text-align:center" | 2006

| New York City, United States

|

| style="text-align:center" | ?

| {{flagicon|RUS}} Petr Mitrichev

| {{flagicon|CHN}} Ying Wang

| {{flagicon|RUS}} Andrey Stankevich

style="text-align:center" | 2005

| Mountain View, United States

|

| style="text-align:center" | ?

| {{flagicon|POL}} {{ill|Marek Cygan|pl}}{{r|"Informationweek 2005 p. 77"}}

| {{flagicon|NLD}} Erik-Jan Krijgsman

| {{flagicon|RUS}} Petr Mitrichev

style="text-align:center" | 2004

| Mountain View, United States

|

| style="text-align:center" | ?

| {{flagicon|ARG}} Sergio Sancho

| {{flagicon|USA}} Po-Ru Loh

| {{flagicon|USA}} Reid Barton

style="text-align:center" | 2003

| Mountain View, United States

|

| style="text-align:center" | ?

| {{flagicon|SWE}} Jimmy Mårdell

| {{flagicon|CAN}} Christopher Hendrie

| {{flagicon|RUS}} Eugene Vasilchenko

{{notelist|group=h}}

= Distributed Code Jam =

class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
Tournament

! Finals location

! data-sort-type="number" | Competitors

! style="text-align:center" | 1st place

! style="text-align:center" | 2nd place

! style="text-align:center" | 3rd place

style="text-align:center" | 2018

| Toronto, Canada

| style="text-align:center" | ?

| {{flagicon|POL}} Mateusz Radecki

| {{flagicon|PHI}} Kevin Atienza

| {{flagicon|POL}} {{ill|Tomasz Czajka|pl}}

style="text-align:center" | 2017

| Dublin, Ireland

| style="text-align:center" | {{nts|3,000}}

| {{flagicon|USA}} Andrew He

| {{flagicon|RUS}} Evgeny Kapun

| {{flagicon|NLD}} Erik-Jan Krijgsman

style="text-align:center" | 2016

| New York City, New York, United States

| style="text-align:center" | {{nts|3,000}}

| {{flagicon|ZAF}} Bruce Merry

| {{flagicon|CHN}} Yuzhou Gu

| {{flagicon|CZE}} Filip Hlasek

style="text-align:center" | 2015

| Seattle, Washington, United States

| style="text-align:center" | {{nts|3,000}}

| {{flagicon|ZAF}} Bruce Merry

| {{flagicon|POL}} Marcin Smulewicz

| {{flagicon|TWN}} Ting Wei Chen

Results by country

class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
Country

! style="text-align:center" | 1st place

! style="text-align:center" | 2nd place

! style="text-align:center" | 3rd place

{{flagicon|BLR}} Belarus

| style="text-align:center" |9

| style="text-align:center" | 1

| style="text-align:center" | 0

{{flagicon|CHN}} China

| style="text-align:center" | 3

| style="text-align:center" | 4

| style="text-align:center" | 1

{{flagicon|RUS}} Russia

| style="text-align:center" | 2

| style="text-align:center" | 2

| style="text-align:center" | 7

{{flagicon|POL}} Poland

| style="text-align:center" | 2

| style="text-align:center" | 1

| style="text-align:center" | 1

{{flagicon|JPN}} Japan

| style="text-align:center" | 1

| style="text-align:center" | 3

| style="text-align:center" | 2

{{flagicon|ARG}} Argentina

| style="text-align:center" | 1

| style="text-align:center" | 0

| style="text-align:center" | 0

{{flagicon|SWE}} Sweden

| style="text-align:center" | 1

| style="text-align:center" | 0

| style="text-align:center" | 0

{{flagicon|USA}} USA

| style="text-align:center" | 0

| style="text-align:center" | 2

| style="text-align:center" | 4

{{flagicon|CAN}} Canada

| style="text-align:center" | 0

| style="text-align:center" | 2

| style="text-align:center" | 1

{{flagicon|Netherlands}} Netherlands

| style="text-align:center" | 0

| style="text-align:center" | 2

| style="text-align:center" | 0

{{flagicon|PHL}} Philippines

| style="text-align:center" | 0

| style="text-align:center" | 1

| style="text-align:center" | 0

{{flagicon|UKR}} Ukraine

| style="text-align:center" | 0

| style="text-align:center" | 1

| style="text-align:center" | 0

{{flagicon|SA}} South Africa

| style="text-align:center" | 0

| style="text-align:center" | 0

| style="text-align:center" | 2

{{flagicon|SVK}} Slovakia

| style="text-align:center" | 0

| style="text-align:center" | 0

| style="text-align:center" | 1

See also

References

{{reflist|refs=

{{cite book

| title = A New Learning Paradigm: Competition Supported by Technology

| publisher = Centro para el Desarrollo de las Comunicaciones de Castilla y Leon (CEDETEL)

| year = 2010

| isbn = 978-84-937580-3-5

| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9IvInLTne0wC&pg=PA8

| access-date = 5 August 2018

| page = 8

}}

{{cite book

| last1 = Dymchenko

| first1 = Sergii

| last2 = Mykhailova

| first2 = Mariia

| title = Proceedings of the 30th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing

| chapter = Declaratively solving tricky google code jam problems with prolog-based ECLiPSe CLP system

| series = Sac '15

| pages = 2122–2124

| doi = 10.1145/2695664.2696032

| chapter-url = https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2696032

| access-date = 4 August 2018

| year = 2015

| isbn = 978-1-4503-3196-8

| arxiv= 1412.2304

| s2cid = 817897

}}

{{cite web

| last = Barreiro

| first = Victor Jr.

| title = Filipino engineer tops Southeast Asia in Google Code Jam

| website = Rappler

| date = 24 June 2014

| url = http://www.rappler.com//technology/news/61475-filipino-engineer-tops-southeast-asia-in-google-code-jam

| access-date = 30 July 2018

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170801102044/http://www.rappler.com/technology/news/61475-filipino-engineer-tops-southeast-asia-in-google-code-jam

| archive-date = 1 August 2017

| url-status = live

| df = dmy-all

}}

{{cite web

| last = Dickey

| first = Josh

| title = Belarus 18-Year-Old Wins Google's Code Jam on His First Try

| website = Mashable

| date = 16 August 2014

| url = https://mashable.com/2014/08/15/teen-from-belarus-wins-google-code-jam-on-his-first-try/

| access-date = 30 July 2018

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171230070959/http://mashable.com/2014/08/15/teen-from-belarus-wins-google-code-jam-on-his-first-try/

| archive-date = 30 December 2017

| url-status = live

| df = dmy-all

}}

{{cite book

| last1 = Dyer

| first1 = J.

| last2 = Gregersen

| first2 = H.

| last3 = Christensen

| first3 = C.M.

| title = The Innovator's DNA: Mastering the Five Skills of Disruptive Innovators

| publisher = Harvard Business Review Press

| year = 2011

| isbn = 978-1-4221-4271-4

| url = https://archive.org/details/innovatorsdnamas0000dyer

| url-access = registration

| access-date = 30 July 2018

| page = [https://archive.org/details/innovatorsdnamas0000dyer/page/196 196]

| df = dmy-all

}}

{{cite web

| last = Ghoshal

| first = Abhimanyu

| title = Registration for Google's Code Jam 2015 is Now Open

| website = The Next Web

| date = 11 March 2015

| url = https://thenextweb.com/google/2015/03/11/googles-code-jam-2015-features-a-new-competition-track-for-distributed-computations/

| access-date = 30 July 2018

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161204194058/http://thenextweb.com/google/2015/03/11/googles-code-jam-2015-features-a-new-competition-track-for-distributed-computations//

| archive-date = 4 December 2016

| url-status = live

| df = dmy-all

}}

{{cite book

| title = Informationweek

| publisher = CMP Publications

| issue = nos. 1058–1069

| year = 2005

| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_wUUAQAAMAAJ

| access-date = 5 August 2018

| page = 77

| quote = Warsaw University student Marek Cygan got noticed by entering the search-technology company's third annual computer-programming competition—the 2005 Google Code Jam – and scoring the $10,000 grand prize, beating 14,500 ...

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180805175915/https://books.google.com/books?id=_wUUAQAAMAAJ

| archive-date = 5 August 2018

| url-status = live

| df = dmy-all

}}

{{cite book

| last = Lowe

| first = J.

| title = Google Speaks: Secrets of the World's Greatest Billionaire Entrepreneurs, Sergey Brin and Larry Page

| publisher = Wiley

| year = 2009

| isbn = 978-0-470-50124-5

| url = https://archive.org/details/googlespeakssecr0000lowe

| url-access = registration

| access-date = 5 August 2018

| page = [https://archive.org/details/googlespeakssecr0000lowe/page/284 284]

| df = dmy-all

}}

{{Cite web

| url = http://eng.belta.by/society/view/belarusian-wins-google-code-jam-contest-again-93452-2016

| title = Belarusian wins Google Code Jam contest again

| date = 9 August 2016

| access-date = 5 August 2018

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161101122120/http://eng.belta.by/society/view/belarusian-wins-google-code-jam-contest-again-93452-2016

| archive-date = 1 November 2016

| url-status = live

| df = dmy-all

}}

{{cite web

| last = Reardon

| first = Marguerite

| title = Google selects Code Jam finalists

| publisher = CNET

| date = 29 September 2008

| url = https://www.cnet.com/news/google-selects-code-jam-finalists/

| access-date = 30 July 2018

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180629045147/https://www.cnet.com/news/google-selects-code-jam-finalists/

| archive-date = 29 June 2018

| url-status = live

| df = dmy-all

}}

{{Cite web

| url=https://codingcompetitions.withgoogle.com/codejam/round/0000000000051705

| title=Qualification Round 2019 Round Overview

| date=2019-04-07

| access-date=13 April 2019

| archive-date=22 January 2021

| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122061034/https://codingcompetitions.withgoogle.com/codejam/round/0000000000051705

| url-status=dead

}}

{{Cite web

| url=https://codingcompetitions.withgoogle.com/codejam/faq

| title=FAQ - Code Jam

| date=2019-04-07

| quote=This year we won't be offering a Distributed Code Jam track, allowing us to focus our attention on evolving our coding competitions and improving the contestant experience.

| access-date=13 April 2019

| archive-date=24 June 2021

| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203747/https://codingcompetitions.withgoogle.com/codejam/faq

| url-status=dead

}}

}}

  • https://code.google.com/codejam/contest/7214486/scoreboard {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203173643/https://code.google.com/codejam/contest/7214486/scoreboard |date=3 December 2015 }}
  • https://code.google.com/codejam/contest/2437491/scoreboard?c=2437491 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405182350/https://code.google.com/codejam/contest/2437491/scoreboard?c=2437491 |date=5 April 2015 }}
  • {{cite book

| last1 = Vance

| first1 = C.M.

| last2 = Paik

| first2 = Y.

| title = Managing a Global Workforce

| publisher = Taylor & Francis

| year = 2015

| isbn = 978-1-317-51661-3

| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=D5WsBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA180

| access-date = 30 July 2018

| pages = 180 ff

}}

  • {{cite book

| last1 = Foley

| first1 = S.N.

| last2 = Gollmann

| first2 = D.

| last3 = Snekkenes

| first3 = E.

| title = Computer Security â€" ESORICS 2017: 22nd European Symposium on Research in Computer Security, Oslo, Norway, September 11-15, 2017, Proceedings

| publisher = Springer International Publishing

| series = Lecture Notes in Computer Science

| issue = pt. 2

| year = 2017

| isbn = 978-3-319-66399-9

| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=waUzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA291

| access-date = 5 August 2018

| page = 291

}}