Gram panchayat#Gram Sabhas

{{Short description|Local self-government organisation in India}}

{{Infobox political system

|name=Gram Panchayat

|government=* Local government

|type=

|legislature=Gram-sabha{{cite web |title=The Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992 |url=http://legislative.gov.in/constitution-seventy-third-amendment-act-1992 |date=21 March 2018 |website=Government of India – Ministry of Law and Justice – Legislative Department |access-date=4 December 2020 |archive-date=5 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005184915/http://legislative.gov.in/constitution-seventy-third-amendment-act-1992 |url-status=live }}

|native_name=ग्राम पंचायत

|part_of=Panchayati Raj System (Zilla Parishad, Panchayat Samiti)

|background_color=Green|cabinet_appointer=Block Development Officer|native_name_lang=Sanskrit|title_leader=President ({{Small|Pradhan/Sarpanch}})|civil_service_head_title=|courts=Nyaya Panchayat|formation=2 October 1959|leader_cs=|civil_service=|chief_cs=|cabinet_leader=|cabinet_deputyleader=}}

Gram Panchayat ({{translation|'village council'}}) is a basic governing institution in Indian villages. It is a political institution, acting as the cabinet of a village or group of villages. The Gram Sabha works as the general body of the Gram Panchayat. The members of the gram panchayat are elected directly by the people. The gram panchayat is headed by an elected President and Vice President, assisted by a Secretary who serves as the administrative head of the panchayat. The president of a gram panchayat is known as a "Pradhan" or "Sarpanch" in Northern India. There are about 250,000 gram panchayats present in India.{{cite book|last1=Chaturvedi|first1=Mahesh Chandra|title=India's waters|date=2012|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton, Florida|isbn=978-1439872833|page=74|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b39UVL6nO_0C&q=how+many+grampanchayats+in+india&pg=PA74|access-date=14 July 2015}}{{cite web |title=Ground Rules |url=http://scroll.in/article/706266/two-village-councils-have-governance-lessons-for-the-rest-of-india |website=Scroll.in |date=14 February 2015 |access-date=4 December 2020 |archive-date=15 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615033254/https://scroll.in/article/706266/two-village-councils-have-governance-lessons-for-the-rest-of-india |url-status=live }}

History

Established in various states of India, the Panchayat Raj system has three tiers: Zila Parishad, at the district level; Panchayat Samiti, at the block level; and Gram Panchayat, at the village level. Rajasthan was the first state to establish Gram Panchayat, Bagdari Village, Nagaur District being the first village where Gram Panchayat was established, on 2 October 1959.{{cite web|title=Panchayati Raj – History|url=http://www.rajpanchayat.rajasthan.gov.in/en-us/aboutus/history.aspx#:~:text=Th%20e%20system%20later%20came,held%20in%20September|access-date=2020-12-01|website=www.rajpanchayat.rajasthan.gov.in|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124033558/http://rajpanchayat.rajasthan.gov.in/en-us/aboutus/history.aspx#:~:text=Th%20e%20system%20later%20came,held%20in%20September|url-status=live}}

In 1992, the institution of Gram Panchayat was modified in order to deepen democracy. The 73rd Amendment to the Constitution re-introduced panchayats as the institutions of local self-governance, with a basic structure for operations at three administrative levels; villages, groups of villages and districts.{{cite web |last=Sapra |first=Ipsita |title=Living in the villages |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/after-25-years-elected-village-councils-india-democracy-still-needs-be-deepened |website=D+C Development and Cooperation |department=Rural Democracy |date=February 2013 |access-date=24 April 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065324/http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/after-25-years-elected-village-councils-india-democracy-still-needs-be-deepened |url-status=live }}

Structure

Gram Panchayats are at the lowest level of Panchayat Raj institutions (PRIs), whose legal authority is the 73rd Constitutional Amendment of 1992, which is concerned with rural local governments.{{cite book |author1=Benoy Banerjee |author2=Irfaan Khan |author3=Rajeev Kumar |display-authors=etal |chapter=Chapter Eight: Local Governments |title=India Constitution at Work: Textbook in Political Science for Class XI |url=https://schools.aglasem.com/ncert/ncert-books-class-11-political-science-indian-constitution-at-work-chapter-8/ |date=2006 |publisher=National Council of Educational Research and Training |isbn=81-7450-550-4 |access-date=29 August 2020 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201204654/https://schools.aglasem.com/ncert/ncert-books-class-11-political-science-indian-constitution-at-work-chapter-8/ |url-status=live }}

Panchayat at District (or apex) Level
Panchayat at Intermediate Level
Panchayat at Base Level

The Gram Panchayat is divided into wards and each ward is represented by a Ward Member or Commissioner, also referred to as a Panch or Panchayat Member, who is directly elected by the villagers.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDoppmCmeqUC&q=sarpanch|title=Citizen Participation in Rural Development|last=Seetharam|first=Mukkavilli|date=1 January 1990|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170992271|page=34|language=en}} The Panchayat is chaired by the president of the village, known as a Sarpanch.{{cite web|date=2021-01-30|title=Rajasthan Sarpanch Salary 2021 – What is the Salary Of Sarpanch|url=https://examcraze.in/rajasthan-sarpanch-salary/|access-date=2021-12-03|website=Exam Craze|language=en-US|archive-date=3 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203041543/https://examcraze.in/rajasthan-sarpanch-salary/|url-status=live}} The term of the elected representatives is five years. The Secretary of the Panchayat is a non-elected representative, appointed by the state government, to oversee Panchayat activities.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xKEQxEtNR-AC&q=village%2520ward%2520member&pg=PA117|title=Social Science|publisher=Vk Publications|isbn=9788179732144|page=117|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{chart|BK| |MC| |MS| |CC|BK=Blocks
(Tehsils/Talukas)|MC=Municipal Corporations
(Nagar Nigam/Maha Nagar Palika)|MS=Municipalities
(Nagar Palika)|CC=City Councils
(Nagar Panchayat)}}

{{chart|VS| | | | | |WS|VS=Villages
(Gram Panchayat/Gram Sabha)|WS=Wards}}

=Meetings=

According to Section. 6 (3) of the Andhra Pradesh Panchayat Raj Act of 1994, a state's gram sabha has to conduct a meeting at least once within every two months.{{cite web |title=The Andhra Pradesh Panchayat Raj Act, 1994 |url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/andhra_pradesh/1994/1994AP13.pdf |date=2002 |at=Section 6.(3) |website=Lawsofindia.org |access-date=30 September 2015 |archive-date=13 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713235139/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/andhra_pradesh/1994/1994AP13.pdf |url-status=usurped }}

Election

Gram Panchayat elections in India occur every five years. The village is divided into wards, and people in each ward vote for their representative. These elected members, along with the president (sarpanch) and vice president, form the Gram Panchayat. The president (sarpanch) and vice president (upa-sarpanch) in a gram Panchayat are elected from among the elected ward members. the term of office for elected members in a Gram Panchayat, including the Sarpanch and Upa-Sarpanch, is typically five years. All people over the age of 18 who are residents of the territory of that village's Gram panchayat can vote.{{cite web |url=https://vikaspedia.in/social-welfare/community-power/role-of-gram-sabha/what-is-gram-sabha |title=What is Gram Sabha |publisher=Vikaspedia |date= |access-date=2022-02-28 |archive-date=2 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202205555/https://vikaspedia.in/social-welfare/community-power/role-of-gram-sabha/what-is-gram-sabha |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=Panchayati Raj System in India {{!}} Definition, Examples, Diagrams |url=https://www.toppr.com/en-in/content/concept/panchayati-raj-system-in-india-204086 |access-date=4 December 2020 |website=www.toppr.com |language=en}}

For women's empowerment and to encourage participation of women in the democratic process, the government of India has set some restrictions on [https://www.nokriwale.in/gujarat-gram-panchayat-election-result-2021/ Gram panchayat elections], reserving one-third of the seats for women, as well as reserving seats for scheduled castes and tribes.

Functions

Administrative functions
Public work and welfare functions, such as maintenance, repair and construction of roads, drains, bridges, and wells.
Install and maintain street lamps.
Provide primary education.
Social and Economic functions (not obligatory)
Construct libraries, marriage halls, etc.
Establish and run fair-price shops and cooperative credit societies.
Establish gardens, ponds, and orchards.
Judicial functions (Nyaya Panchayat; the state judicial service decides jurisdiction.)
Ensure quick and inexpensive justice.
Can impose fines up to {{currency|100|INR}}.
Not represented by lawyers.

References

External links

[http://www.panchayat.gov.in website of Ministry of Panchayati Raj] Government of India
{{cite news|url=http://www.indiatogether.org/2003/apr/gov-kardcrefm.htm|title=Ugly duckling to swan|author=Subramaniam Vincent|publisher=India Together|date=28 February 2002}}
[http://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/rpande/papers/politics.pdf "Indian local governments" (Harvard University)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126060415/http://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/rpande/papers/politics.pdf |date=26 January 2016 }}
[https://web.archive.org/web/20160609164208/http://www.nbkeduit.in/ "Indian local governments" (National Backward Krishi Vidyapeeth Solapur in India)]

Category:Panchayati raj (India)

Category:Fifth-level administrative divisions by country