Grand railway hotels of Canada
{{short description|Railway hotels built across Canada}}
File:Banff Spring Hotel Alberta Kim Payant 02.jpg is one of several grand railway hotels built across the country.]]
Canada's grand railway hotels are a series of railway hotels across the country, each a local and national landmark, and most of which are icons of Canadian history and architecture; some are considered to be the grand hotels of the British Empire. Each hotel was originally built by the Canadian railway companies, or the railways acted as a catalyst for the hotel's construction. The hotels were designed to serve the passengers of the country's then expanding rail network, and they celebrated rail travel in style.
Architecture
File:Royal Alexandra Hotel Winnipeg.jpg
File:Château Frontenac 02.jpg is an early example of a Canadian Châteauesque-styled hotel. The style was used for many of Canada's railway hotels.]]
Many of the railway hotels were built in the Château style (also termed the "Neo-château" or "Châteauesque" style), which as a result became known as a distinctly Canadian form of architecture. The use of towers and turrets, and other Scottish baronial and French château architectural elements, became a signature style of Canada's majestic hotels. Architects also used the style for important public buildings, such as the Confederation and Justice buildings in Ottawa.
In later years, the railway companies departed from the Château style for some of their properties, notably with the construction of Winnipeg's Royal Alexandra Hotel in 1906; the Palliser Hotel in Calgary, built in 1914; and the elaborate second Hotel Vancouver, designed in grand Italianate style, unlike any of the previous Canadian railway hotels.
History
Canada's first grand railway hotel, the Windsor Hotel in Montreal, opened in 1878. Although it was not owned by a railway company, it was built to serve railway visitors from nearby Windsor Station. Given its location next to Montreal's main train station, the Windsor served for years as the permanent residence of executives of both the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) and Grand Trunk Railway.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}
The railways' development role in the construction and operation of large hotels was inaugurated with Canadian Pacific Railway's opening of the Hotel Vancouver on May 16, 1888. This was the first of three railway-owned hotels by that name in Vancouver. Two weeks later, the Canadian Pacific Railway officially opened the Banff Springs Hotel on June 1, 1888. The president of the Canadian Pacific Railway, William Cornelius Van Horne, had personally chosen the site in the Rocky Mountains for the new hotel. He envisioned a string of grand hotels across Canada that would draw visitors from abroad to his railway. Van Horne famously remarked: "If we can't export the scenery, we'll import the tourists."{{cite book| editor-last=Chisholm| editor-first=Barbara| title=Castles of the North: Canada's Grand Hotels| location=Toronto| publisher=Lynx Images Inc.| year=2001| isbn=1-894073-14-2}}{{page needed|date=April 2021}} The original Banff Springs Hotel, of wooden construction, was destroyed by fire in 1926 and replaced by the present structure.{{cite web| title=History of The Fairmont Banff Springs| url=http://www.fairmont.com/banff-springs/promotions/hotelhistory/| access-date=2 May 2015| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211143602/http://www.fairmont.com/banff-springs/promotions/hotelhistory/| archive-date=11 February 2015}}
File:Toronto - ON - Royal York Hotel.jpg, the Royal York is the largest railway hotel built in Canada.]]
Canadian Pacific next built the Château Frontenac in Quebec City, which quickly came to be the symbol of the city. It was designed to rival any hotel in Europe. Its elevated location overlooking the city also made it a readily identifiable landmark as viewed from passing trains as well as ships plying the waters of the Saint Lawrence River en route to or from Montreal. Place Viger followed in Montreal, followed by The Empress in Victoria, British Columbia, and the Château Lake Louise in Alberta. The largest of the railway hotels is the Royal York in Toronto, which opened in 1929.
The main competitor to Canadian Pacific, the Grand Trunk Railway, was not prepared to leave the field solely to its rival. It also determined to build a chain of luxury hotels across the country, which it did in the château style. The GTR built the Château Laurier in Ottawa in 1912, with the Fort Garry Hotel in Winnipeg and the Hotel Macdonald in Edmonton following in 1913 and 1915 respectively.{{citation needed|date = January 2012}}
File:The Queen Elizabeth.jpg was the last railway hotel built in Canada.]]
The GTR was amalgamated into the Canadian National Railway (CNR) in 1920. During the decades that followed, the hotel divisions of CPR and CNR, Canadian National Hotels and Canadian Pacific Hotels, continued to expand their competing hotel chains across the country. The Queen Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal, built in 1958 over that city's Central Station, was perhaps the last true railway hotel built in Canada. Both railways continued to open new establishments in subsequent years, although none had any connection to the railways, except through their ownership.{{citation needed|date = January 2012}}
In 1988, Canadian Pacific acquired Canadian National Hotels.{{Cite news| url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75074470/red-deer-advocate/| title=CP's hotel takeover makes it king of hill| page=21| newspaper=Red Deer Advocate| date=8 February 1988| via=Newspapers.com}} {{open access}} For the first time, many of Canada's railway hotels were operated by the same company. In 2001, Canadian Pacific Hotels was renamed Fairmont Hotels and Resorts, using the name of an American company it had purchased in 1999.{{cite web| url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/cp-hotels-take-fairmont-name/article25575776/| title=CP hotels take Fairmont name| work=The Globe and Mail| access-date=12 September 2018| publisher=The Globe and Mail Inc.| date=9 December 2000}} Fairmont continues to operate most of Canada's landmark hotels (see Canadian Pacific Hotels).
Inventory
The majority of Canada's grand railway hotels were built by three railway companies, Canadian National Railway, Canadian Pacific Railway, and Grand Trunk Railway. However, a few railway hotels were built and operated by other companies. Great Northern Railway was the only American company that built a railway hotel in Canada, the Prince of Wales Hotel in Waterton, Alberta, within {{convert|7|km}} of the US border, overlooking the trans-border Waterton Lake.
=Canadian National Railway=
The following are grand railway hotels built for Canadian National Railway, and its hotel division Canadian National Hotels.
=Canadian Pacific Railway=
The following are grand railway hotels built for Canadian Pacific Railway, and its hotel division Canadian Pacific Hotels.
| class="wikitable"
!Name !Year opened !Location !Architect !class="unsortable"|Status !class="unsortable"|Photo |
| The Algonquin
|1889 |St. Andrew's, New Brunswick |Rand & Taylor (1899 hotel); Barott Blackadder and Webster (1915 hotel) |Purchased by CPR in 1903. Original building burned down in 1914. The current building opened a year later. Operated by New Castle Hotels & Resorts. |
| Banff Springs Hotel
|1888 |Banff, Alberta |Bruce Price (original) Walter Painter (tower) John Orrock (main block) |Operated by Fairmont Hotels and Resorts |
| Cameron Lake Chalet
|1912 |Cameron Lake, British Columbia | |Closed 1966 | |
| Château Champlain
|1966 |Montreal, Quebec |Roger d'Astous, Jean-Paul Pothier |Operated by Marriott |
| Château Frontenac
|1893 |Quebec City, Quebec |Operated by Fairmont Hotels and Resorts |
| Château Lake Louise
|1890 |Lake Louise, Alberta |Thomas Sorby (1899–1901 additions); Francis Rattenbury (1902–06 additions);Anthony A. Barrett and Rhodri Liscombe, Francis Rattenbury and British Columbia: Architecture and Challenge in the Imperial Age, (University of British Columbia Press, 1983), 299. Walter Painter (1906–11 additions, 1912 wing); Barott & Blackader (1924 wing) |Operated by Fairmont Hotels and Resorts |
| Château Montebello
|1930 |Montebello, Quebec |Lawson and Little, with Edwin S. Kent and George W. White{{Cite web |title=Lawson, Harold {{!}} Biographical Dictionary of Architects in Canada |url=http://www.dictionaryofarchitectsincanada.org/node/1440 |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=www.dictionaryofarchitectsincanada.org}} |Operated by Fairmont Hotels and Resorts |
| Emerald Lake Lodge
|1902 |Emerald Lake, British Columbia |Possibly Thomas Charles Sorby |Operated by Canadian Rocky Mountain Resorts |
| Empress Hotel
|1908 |Winnipeg Beach, Manitoba |Developed by Edward Windebank but sold to the CPR during construction. Burned down in 1935. |
| Fraser Canyon House
|1897 |North Bend, British Columbia |Thomas Charles Sorby{{Cite web |title=Sorby, Thomas Charles {{!}} Biographical Dictionary of Architects in Canada |url=http://www.dictionaryofarchitectsincanada.org/node/1317 |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=www.dictionaryofarchitectsincanada.org}}Harold Kalman, "Thomas Charles Sorby," in Building the West: The Early Architects of British Columbia, (Talonbooks, 2003), 125. |Burned down in 1927 |
| Glacier House
|1887 |Glacier National Park, British Columbia |Thomas Charles Sorby, 1902 addition by Francis Rattenbury |Demolished in 1929 |
| Hotel Incola
|1912 |Penticton, British Columbia |Demolished in 1980 | |
| Hotel Saskatchewan
|1927 |Regina, Saskatchewan |Operated by Marriott International |
| Hotel Vancouver (first)
|1888 |Vancouver, British Columbia |Demolished in 1912 |
| Hotel Vancouver (second)
|1916 |Vancouver, British Columbia |Francis S. SwalesDonald Luxton, "Francis S. Swales," in Building the West: The Early Architects of British Columbia, (Talonbooks, 2003), 382. |Demolished in 1949 |
| Hotel Sicamous
|1900 |Sicamous, British Columbia |Edward Maxwell |Demolished in 1964 |
| Hotel Revelstoke
|1897 |Revelstoke, British Columbia |Francis RattenburyBarrett and Liscombe, 126. |Closed in 1927 and dismantled in 1928 | |
| Kootenay Lake Hotel
|1911 |Balfour, British Columbia |Demolished in 1929 |
| McAdam Hotel
|1901 |McAdam, New Brunswick |Edward Maxwell |Hotel closed in 1959. Building now operates as a museum. |
| Mount Stephen House
|1886 |Field, British Columbia |Thomas Charles Sorby,Harold Kalman, "Thomas Charles Sorby," in Building the West: The Early Architects of British Columbia, (Talonbooks, 2003), 125. 1901 addition by Francis RattenburyBarrett and Liscombe, 297. |Demolished in 1963. |File:Canadian Pacific Railroad Hotel and Mount Stephen, Field, British Columbia, c. 1908.jpg |
| Palliser Hotel
|1914 |Calgary, Alberta |E. and W.S. Maxwell |Operated by Fairmont Hotels and Resorts. |
| Place Viger
|1898 |Montreal, Quebec |Hotel closed in 1935. Now used as office building. |
| Royal Alexandra Hotel
|1911 |Winnipeg, Manitoba |E. and W. S. Maxwell |Hotel closed in 1967. Demolished in 1971. |File:Main Street Subway, Winnipeg, looking south, circa 1910.jpg |
| Royal York
|1929 |Toronto, Ontario Sproatt and Rolph |Operated by Fairmont Hotels and Resorts. |
| The Empress
|1908 |Victoria, British Columbia |Francis RattenburyBarrett and Liscombe, 300. |Operated by Fairmont Hotels and Resorts. |File:Fairmont Empress, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada 08.jpg |
=Grand Trunk Railway=
The following are grand railway hotels built for Grand Trunk Railway and its western subsidiary, Grand Trunk Pacific Railway.
| class="wikitable"
!Name !Year opened !Location !Architect !class="unsortable"|Status !class="unsortable"|Photo |
| Château Laurier
|1912 |Ottawa, Ontario |Bradford Gilbert, Ross and Macfarlane |Operated by Fairmont Hotels and Resorts. |
| Fort Garry Hotel
|1913 |Winnipeg, Manitoba |Operated independently. |File:FORT GARRY HOTEL NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE OF CANADA 01.jpg |
| Highland Inn
|1908 |Algonquin Park, Ontario | |Closed in 1954. Demolished in 1957. | |
| Hotel Macdonald
|1915 |Edmonton, Alberta |Operated by Fairmont Hotels and Resorts. |
| Minaki Lodge
|1914 |Minaki, Ontario |Burned down in 2003 |
= Dominion Atlantic Railway =
The Dominion Atlantic Railway was purchased by the CPR in 1911, however, it retained its operational independence.
=Other companies=
In addition to Canadian National Railways, Canadian Pacific Railways, and Grand Trunk Railways, several other companies built "grand railway hotels" in Canada. The Prince of Wales Hotel is the only grand railway hotel to be built by an American company, Great Northern Railway.
| class="wikitable"
!Name !Year opened !Location !Architect !Railway !class="unsortable"|Current status !class="unsortable"|Photo |
| Prince Arthur Hotel
|1911 |Thunder Bay, Ontario |Warren and Wetmore{{Cite web |title=Warren, Whitney {{!}} Biographical Dictionary of Architects in Canada |url=http://www.dictionaryofarchitectsincanada.org/node/310 |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=www.dictionaryofarchitectsincanada.org}} |Independently operated. |
| Prince Edward Hotel
|1916 |Brandon, Manitoba |Closed in 1976 and demolished in 1980. | |
| Prince of Wales Hotel
|1927 |Waterton, Alberta |Thomas D. McMahon |Operated by Glacier Park Company. |
= Unexecuted projects =
| class="wikitable"
! scope=col | Name ! scope=col | Location ! scope=col | Architect ! scope=col | Railway ! class="unsortable" scope=col | Notes ! class="unsortable" scope=col | Image |
| Campanile Hotel
|Victoria, British Columbia |Was to be built on the current site of the Royal British Columbia Museum. In January 1913, construction was said to be starting that spring. Project revived in 1928 but cancelled at the start of the Great Depression.Anthony A. Barrett and Rhodri Windsor Liscombe, Francis Rattenbury and British Columbia: Architecture and Challenge in the Imperial Age, (UBC Press, 1983), 305, 307. | |
| Château Miette
|Miette, Alberta |A 250-room hotel. Design included a centre block flanked by two three-storey wings.Barrett and Liscombe, 305. |
| Château Mount Robson
|Mount Robson, British Columbia |Rattenbury devised two concepts for the hotel. The first had a low central block with six three-storey bedroom wings radiating out. The second was a tower block similar in design to the Empress. The former appears to have been preferred.Barrett and Liscombe, 305. |
| Château Prince Rupert
|Prince Rupert, British Columbia |To have had a main block of 12 storeys with two nine-storey wings. Foundation trenches dug in 1913, project then abandoned. The development was also to include ocean and railway terminals.Barrett and Liscombe, 305. |
| Château Qu'Appelle
|Regina, Saskatchewan | |
| Fort George Hotel
|Prince George, British Columbia |Holabird & RocheRobert Bruegmann, Holabird & Roche, Holabird & Root: An Illustrated Catalog of Works, (Garland Publishing, 1991). | | |
| Hotel Vancouver
|Vancouver, British Columbia |In 1900, Rattenbury designed a château-style hotel to replace Sorby's 1888 building. The design was later adapted for The Empress. He redesigned the project in 1902 in a Renaissance style. One wing of this was built.Barrett and Liscombe, 296-7. |
| Hotel Vancouver
|Vancouver, British Columbia |Canadian National Railway |In 1926 Warren and Wetmore designed a $5 million hotel for the CNR. Their design was passed over for that of John S. Archibald (see Hotel Vancouver).{{Cite web |title=Warren, Whitney {{!}} Biographical Dictionary of Architects in Canada |url=http://www.dictionaryofarchitectsincanada.org/node/310 |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=www.dictionaryofarchitectsincanada.org}} | |
| Donaldson Hotel
|Willow River, British Columbia | | |
| Glacier House
|Glacier, British Columbia |John Thomas AlexanderDavid Finch, A History of the Canadian Pacific Railway in Glacier National Park, British Columbia, 1884-1930, (Environment Canada, 1987), 81. |After the Glacier House resort closed in 1925, in 1926 the railway planned a new, five-storey, Château-style hotel on the site.David A. A. Finch, A History of the Canadian Pacific Railway in Glacier National Park, British Columbia, 1884–1930, (Environment Canada, 1987), 81. That same year, architect Alexander designed an addition to the Banff Springs. | |
| Mountain Inn
|Jasper, Alberta |Likely intended for the site that was later used for the Jasper Park Lodge.Barrett and Liscombe, 306. | |
| Winnipeg Hotel
|Winnipeg, Manitoba |A station-hotel similar to the Place Viger. Designed by Maxwell in 1899 and drafted by David MacFarlane. Four years later the Royal Alexandra Hotel was built instead.Rose, David (1993). "The Canadian Railway Hotel Revisited: The Chateau Style Hotels of Ross & MacFarlane". Bulletin (Society for the Study of Architecture in Canada). 18 (2): 40. |
See also
- {{portal-inline|Canada}}
- {{portal-inline|Hotels}}
Notes
{{reflist|group=note}}
References
{{reflist}}
Further reading
- {{cite book |editor1-last=Chisholm |editor1-first=Barbara |title=Castles of the North : Canada's grand hotels |date=2001 |publisher=Lynx Images |location=Toronto |isbn=978-1-894073-14-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/castlesofnorthca0000unse |url-access=registration}}
- Kalman, Harold D. [https://winnipegarchitecture.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/The-Railway-hotels-and-the-Development-of-the-Chateau-Style-in-Canada.pdf The Railway Hotels and the Development of the Château Style in Canada]. University of Victoria, 1968.
- {{cite book| last=Knowles| first=Valerie| title=From Telegrapher to Titan: The Life of William C. Van Horne| location=Toronto| publisher=Dundurn Group| year=2004| isbn=1-55002-488-4}}
- Liscombe, Rhodri Windsor. “Nationalism or Cultural Imperialism? The Château Style in Canada.” Architectural History, vol. 36, 1993, pp. 127–144.
- {{cite journal |last1=Rose |first1=David |title=The Canadian Railway Hotel Revisited: The Chateau Style Hotels of Ross & MacFarlane |journal=Bulletin (Society for the Study of Architecture in Canada) |date=1993 |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=32–42 |issn=0228-0744 |hdl=10222/71283 |hdl-access=free}}
- Thomas, Christopher. " 'Canadian Castles?' The Question of National Styles in Architecture Revisited." Journal of Canadian Studies, vol. 32 no. 1, 1997, pp. 5-27.
External links
- {{Commons category-inline}}
{{Canada's railway hotels}}
Category:Canadian architectural styles