Grapefruit#Grapefruit relatives

{{hatnote group |

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{{Speciesbox

|name = Grapefruit

|image = Grapefruits - whole-halved-segments.jpg

|genus = Citrus

|species = × paradisi

|authority = Macfad.

}}

The grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi) is a subtropical citrus tree known for its relatively large, sour to semi-sweet, somewhat bitter fruit.{{cite book |last=Morton |first=Julia Frances |title=Grapefruit, Citrus paradisi, In: Fruits of Warm Climates |pages=152–158 |publisher=NewCROP, New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-9610184-1-2 |oclc=16947184 |url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/grapefruit.html |access-date=2003-03-28 |archive-date=2000-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001006072046/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/grapefruit.html |url-status=live }} The flesh of the fruit is segmented and varies in color from pale yellow to dark red.

Grapefruits originated in Barbados in the 18th century. They are a citrus hybrid that was created through an accidental cross between the sweet orange (C. × sinensis) and the pomelo (C. maxima), both of which were introduced to the Caribbean from Asia in the 17th century.{{cite book |last1=Carrington |first1=Sean |last2=Fraser |first2=Henry C. |title=A~Z of Barbados Heritage |year=2003 |publisher=Macmillan Caribbean |isbn=978-0-333-92068-8 |pages=90–91 |chapter=Grapefruit |quote=One of many citrus species grown in Barbados. This fruit is believed to have originated in Barbados as a natural cross between sweet orange (C. sinesis) and pomelo (C. grandis), both of which originated in Asia and were introduced by Europeans in the 17th century. The grapefruit first appeared as an illustration entitled 'The Forbidden Fruit Tree' in The Natural History of Barbados (1750) by Rev. Griffith Hughes. This accords with the scientific name, which literally is 'citrus of paradise'. The fruit seems to have been fairly commonly available around that time, since George Washington in his Barbados Journal (1750–1751) mentions 'the Forbidden Fruit' as one of the local fruit available at a dinner party he attended. The plant was later described in the 1837 Flora of Jamaica as the Barbados Grapefruit. The historical arguments and experimental work on leaf enzymes and oils from possible parents all support a Barbadian origin for the fruit.}} It has also been called the 'forbidden fruit'. In the past it was called the pomelo,The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (1973) defines "pomelo" simply as "The grapefruit". but that term is now mostly used as the common name for Citrus maxima.{{cite journal |last=Li |first=Xiaomeng |author2=Xie, R. |author3=Lu, Z. |author4=Zhou, Z. |title=The Origin of Cultivated Citrus as Inferred from Internal Transcribed Spacer and Chloroplast DNA Sequence and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Fingerprints |journal=Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science |date=July 2010 |volume=135 |issue=4 |page=341 |doi=10.21273/JASHS.135.4.341 |doi-access=free}}

Grapefruit–drug interactions are common, as the juice contains furanocoumarins that interfere with the metabolism of many drugs. This can prolong and intensify the effects of those drugs, leading to multiple side-effects such as abnormal heart rhythms, bleeding inside the stomach, low blood pressure, difficulty breathing, and dizziness.

Description

File:Grapefruit.ebola.jpeg

The evergreen grapefruit trees usually grow to around {{convert|4.5|–|6|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall, although they may reach {{convert|13.7|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The leaves are up to {{convert|15|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, thin, glossy, and dark green. They produce {{convert|5|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} white flowers with four or five petals. The fruit is yellow-orange skinned and generally an oblate spheroid in shape; it ranges in diameter from {{convert|10|to|15|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}. Its flesh is segmented and acidic, varying in color depending on the cultivars, which include white, pink, and red pulps of varying sweetness (generally, the redder varieties are the sweetest).

= Varieties =

File:Citrus paradisi (Grapefruit, pink) white bg.jpg

White grapefruit varieties include Camulos, Cecily, Duncan, Frost Marsh, Genetic Dwarf Marsh, Hall, Jochimsen, Marsh seedy, Nicholson navel, Perlis, Reed Marsh, Tetraploid, Warren Marsh, and Whitney Marsh.{{cite web |title=White grapefruits |url=https://citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus-varieties/category-or-type/grapefruit/white |publisher=University of California Riverside |access-date=31 December 2024}}

Red or pink grapefruit varieties include Flame, Foster Pink, Henderson Ruby, Hudson Foster, Marsh Pink, Ray Ruby, Redblush, Rio Red, Shambar, and Star Ruby.{{cite web |title=Red/Pink grapefruits |url=https://citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus-varieties/category-or-type/grapefruit/red-pink |publisher=University of California Riverside |access-date=31 December 2024}}

{{anchor |Ruby Red}}The 1929 'Ruby Red' (or 'Redblush') patent was associated with real commercial success, which came after the discovery of a red grapefruit growing on a pink variety. The Texas Legislature designated this variety the official "State Fruit of Texas" in 1993.{{cite book |editor-last=Hatch |editor-first=Rosie |title=Texas Almanac 2022-2023 |date=2022 |publisher=Texas State Historical Association |location=Austin, Texas |isbn=978-1-62511066-4 |page=21}}

Using radiation to trigger mutations, new varieties were developed to retain the red tones that typically faded to pink.{{cite news |last=Broad |first=William J. |title=Useful Mutants, Bred With Radiation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/28/science/28crop.html?_r=1&pagewanted=print&oref=slogin |work=The New York Times |date=28 August 2007 |access-date=22 February 2017 |archive-date=1 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201131515/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/28/science/28crop.html?_r=1&pagewanted=print&oref=slogin |url-status=live }} The 'Rio Red' variety is a 1984 registered Texas grapefruit with registered trademarks Rio Star and Ruby-Sweet, also sometimes promoted as Reddest and Texas Choice. The 'Rio Red' is a mutation-bred variety that was developed by treatment of bud sticks with thermal neutrons. Its improved attributes of mutant variety are fruit and juice color, deeper red, and wide adaptation.{{cite web |url=http://mvgs.iaea.org/Search.aspx?ID=282 |title=MVD |website=mvgs.iaea.org |access-date=2017-03-30 |archive-date=2014-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319233559/http://mvgs.iaea.org/Search.aspx?ID=282 |url-status=live}}

The 'Star Ruby' is the darkest of the red varieties. Developed from an irradiated 'Hudson' grapefruit ('Hudson' being a limb sport of 'Foster', itself a limb sport of the 'Walters'),{{cite journal |last1=Ahloowalia |first1=B.S. |last2=Maluszynski |first2=M. |last3=Nichterlein |first3=K. |date=2004 |title=Global impact of mutation-derived varieties |journal=Euphytica |volume=135 |issue=2 |pages=187–204 |doi=10.1023/B:EUPH.0000014914.85465.4f |s2cid=34494057 }} it has found limited commercial success because it is more difficult to grow than other varieties.{{cite web |url=http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/citrus/grapefruit.htm |title=Home fruit Production-Grapefruit |last=Sauls |first=Julian W. |year=1998 |access-date=2013-07-22 |archive-date=2013-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730035626/http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/citrus/grapefruit.htm |url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=http://www.citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/starruby.html |title=Star Ruby grapefruit |website=Citrus Variety Collection |access-date=2013-07-22 |archive-date=2013-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619074412/http://www.citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/starruby.html |url-status=live}}

As food

= Nutrition =

{{Nutritional value

|name=Grapefruit, raw, white, all areas

|kJ=138

|protein=0.8 g

|fat=0.10 g

|water=90.48 g

|carbs=8.41 g

|fiber=1.1 g

|sugars=7.31 g

|glucose=

|fructose=

|iron_mg=0.06

|manganese_mg=0.013

|calcium_mg=12

|magnesium_mg=9

|phosphorus_mg=8

|potassium_mg=148

|zinc_mg=0.07

|vitC_mg=33.3

|pantothenic_mg=0.283

|vitB6_mg=0.043

|folate_ug=10

|choline_mg=7.7

|thiamin_mg=0.037

|riboflavin_mg=0.020

|niacin_mg=0.269

|vitE_mg=0.13

|source_usda=1

|note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/1102591/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]

}}

Raw white grapefruit is 90% water, 8% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and contains negligible fat (table). In a reference amount of {{convert |100 |g |oz |abbr=off |frac=2}}, raw grapefruit provides {{convert |138 |kJ |kcal |abbr=off}} of food energy and is a rich source of vitamin C (37% of the Daily Value), with no other micronutrients in significant amounts (table).

= Culinary =

Like other citrus fruits, grapefruits are sour because of their citric acid content; grapefruit juice contains about half the citric acid content of lemon juice, and nearly 50% more than orange juice.{{cite journal |last1=Penniston |first1=Kristina L. |last2=Nakada |first2=Stephen Y. |last3=Holmes |first3=Ross P. |last4=Assimos |first4=Dean G. |title=Quantitative Assessment of Citric Acid in Lemon Juice, Lime Juice, and Commercially-Available Fruit Juice Products |journal=Journal of Endourology |volume=22 |issue=3 |year=2008 |doi=10.1089/end.2007.0304 |doi-access=free |pages=567–570|pmid=18290732 |url=https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC2637791&blobtype=pdf|pmc=2637791 }} In Costa Rica, especially in Atenas, grapefruit are often cooked with sugar to balance their sourness, rendering them as sweets; or they are stuffed with dulce de leche as a dessert.{{cite book |editor=Ben Box |others=Sarah Cameron, Sebastian Ballard |title=1994 Mexico & Central America Handbook |edition=4 |year=1993 |publisher=Trade and Travel Publications |isbn=978-0900751462 |page=682 |chapter=Costa Rica - The Meseta Central}} In Haiti, grapefruit is used primarily for its juice (jus de Chadèque), but also is used to make jam (confiture de Chadèque).{{cite web |url=http://www.memoireonline.com/03/09/2031/Standardisation-dune-formulation-de-confiture-de-chadeque-et-evaluation-des-parametres-physico-chim.html |title=Standardisation d'une formulation de confiture de chadèque et évaluation des paramètres physico-chimiques, microbiologiques et sensoriels |language=fr |trans-title=Standardization of a chadek jam formulation and evaluation of physicochemical, microbiological and sensory parameters |editor=Monrose, Gregory Salomon |publisher=Université d'Etat d'Haiti (UEH / FAMV) - Ingenieur Agronome 2009 |via=Memoire Online |access-date=5 June 2017 |archive-date=7 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607105620/http://www.memoireonline.com/03/09/2031/Standardisation-dune-formulation-de-confiture-de-chadeque-et-evaluation-des-parametres-physico-chim.html |url-status=live}}{{cite book |editor=Bidault, Blandine |editor2=Gattegno, Isabelle |page=46 |year=1984 |title=Le point sur la transformation des fruits tropicaux |language=fr |trans-title=Update on the processing of tropical fruits |publisher=Groupe de recherche et d'echanges technologiques (GRET) |location=Paris}}

Grapefruit varieties are differentiated by the flesh color of fruit they produce. Common varieties are yellow and pink pulp colors. Flavors range from highly acidic and somewhat sour to sweet and tart, resulting from composition of sugars (mainly sucrose), organic acids (mainly citric acid), and monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes providing aromas.{{cite journal |last1=Zheng |first1=Huiwen |last2=Zhang |first2=Qiuyun |last3=Quan |first3=Junping |last4=Zheng |first4=Qiao |last5=Xi |first5=Wanpeng |title=Determination of sugars, organic acids, aroma components, and carotenoids in grapefruit pulps |journal=Food Chemistry |volume=205 |year=2016 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.007 |pages=112–121 |pmid=27006221 |s2cid=41172984 }} Grapefruit mercaptan, a sulfur-containing terpene, is one of the aroma compounds influencing the taste and odor of grapefruit, compared with other citrus fruits.{{cite journal |title= Characterization of the Most Odor-Active Volatiles in Fresh, Hand-Squeezed Juice of Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfayden) |last1=Buettner |first1=A. |last2=Schieberle |first2=P. |journal=J. Agric. Food Chem. |year=1999 |volume= 47 |pages=5189–5193 |doi=10.1021/jf990071l |pmid=10606593 |issue= 12|bibcode=1999JAFC...47.5189B }}

File:Caramelized Grapefruit at Palace Diner in Biddeford ME.jpg |Caramelized grapefruit

File:Roasted Grapefruit Chicken.jpg|Roasted grapefruit chicken

File:Laksetatar med spinat og rød grape (4357301784).jpg|Salmon tartar with spinach and red grapefruit

File:Greyhound Cocktail.jpg|Greyhound cocktail, with gin and juice

Drug interactions

File:Bergamottin-3D-balls.png, one of the furanocoumarins which inhibit the metabolism of many drugs, causing multiple side-effects. ]]

Grapefruit and grapefruit juice interact with many drugs, resulting in numerous adverse effects including bone marrow suppression, nephrotoxicity, abnormal heart rhythm, rhabdomyolysis, hypotension, gastrointestinal bleeding, dizziness, and respiratory depression, according to the drug involved.

One interaction occurs from grapefruit furanocoumarins, such as bergamottin and 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin, which occur in both flesh and peel. Furanocoumarins inhibit the CYP3A4 enzyme (among others from the cytochrome P450 enzyme family responsible for metabolizing 90% of drugs).{{cite journal |last1=Kakar |first1=S.M. |last2=Paine |first2=M.F. |last3=Stewart |first3=P.W. |last4=Watkins |first4=P.B. |title=6',7'-Dihydroxybergamottin contributes to the grapefruit juice effect |journal=Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics |pmid=15179411 |year=2004 |volume=75 |issue=6 |pages=569–579 |doi=10.1016/j.clpt.2004.02.007 |hdl=2027.42/109773 |hdl-access=free}} The action of the CYP3A4 enzyme itself is to metabolize many medications.{{NCBI RefSeq |title=CYP3A4 cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A member 4 [Homo sapiens (human)] |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1576}} If a drug's breakdown for removal is lessened, then the level of that drug in the blood may become and remain high, leading to adverse effects. On the other hand, some drugs must be metabolized to become active, and inhibiting CYP3A4 may lead to reduced drug effects.

Another effect is that grapefruit compounds may inhibit the absorption of drugs in the intestine. If a drug is not absorbed, then not enough of it is in the blood to have a therapeutic effect. Each affected drug has either a specific increase of effect or decrease.{{Cite web |date=2022-09-29 |title=How the "Don't take this medication with grapefruit juice" warning originated {{!}} Science-Based Medicine |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/how-the-dont-take-this-medication-with-grapefruit-juice-warning-originated/ |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=sciencebasedmedicine.org |archive-date=2022-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104121805/https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/how-the-dont-take-this-medication-with-grapefruit-juice-warning-originated/ |url-status=live }}

One whole grapefruit or a glass of {{convert |200 |ml |usoz |sigfig=1 |abbr=on}} of grapefruit juice is enough to cause drug overdose toxicity.{{cite journal |last1=Bailey |first1=D. G. |last2=Dresser |first2=G. |last3=Arnold |first3=J. M. O. |title=Grapefruit-medication interactions: Forbidden fruit or avoidable consequences? |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=185 |issue=4 |year=2012 |pages=309–316 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.120951 |pmid=23184849 |pmc=3589309}} Typically, drugs that are incompatible with grapefruit are marked as such on the container or package insert.

class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:12em; text-align:center;" \|+ Grapefruit production {{small\|2023, millions of tonnes}}
{{CHN}}	5.20
{{VIE}}	1.20
{{MEX}}	0.49
{{SAF}}	0.41
{{USA}}	0.30
World	9.93
colspan=2\|{{small\|Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations}}{{cite web\|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL\|title=Grapefruit production in 2023, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)\|date=2025\|publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)\|access-date=8 May 2025}}

Production

In 2023, world production of grapefruits (combined with pomelos) was 9.93 million tonnes, led by China with 52% of the total and Vietnam as a secondary producer (table).

= Pests and diseases =

Grapefruits are hosts for fruit flies (family Tephritidae) such as A. suspensa, which lay their eggs in overripe or spoiled grapefruits, sometimes causing serious damage in plantations in the Americas.{{cite journal |last=van Whervin |first=L. Walter |date=March 1974 |title=Some Fruitflies (Tephritidae) in Jamaica |journal=Pest Articles & News Summaries |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=11–19}} In sub-Saharan Africa, the Citrus swallowtail, Papilio demodocus, is a minor pest of Citrus plantations.{{cite journal |title=Papilio demodocus (citrus swallowtail) |date=2022 |publisher=CABI |doi=10.1079/cabicompendium.38757 |last1=Areces-Berazain |first1=Fabiola |journal=CABI Compendium |volume=CABI Compendium |page=38757 |doi-access=free }} Grapefruits are subject to several diseases of Citrus trees, including citrus tristeza virus, citrus canker (caused by a bacterium, Xanthomonas), and the vector-transmitted citrus greening disease, where the vector is a psyllid bug, and the pathogen is a bacterium, Liberibacter.{{cite journal |last1=Louzada |first1=Eliezer S. |last2=Ramadugu |first2=Chandrika |title=Grapefruit: history, use, and breeding |journal=Horttechnology |volume=31 |issue=3 |year=2021 |pages=243–258 |doi=10.21273/HORTTECH04679-20 |url=https://journals.ashs.org/downloadpdf/journals/horttech/31/3/article-p243.pdf}}

File:Caribbean fruit fly Anastrepha suspensa.jpg|The fruit fly Anastrepha suspensa, a serious pest in the New World

File:Citrus swallowtail caterpillar.jpg|Citrus swallowtail, Papilio demodocus caterpillar, Africa

History

File:Hybrid origins of orange.svg species, is a hybrid, in its case of the sweet orange and pomelo.]]

Grapefruit originated as a natural hybrid.{{cite web |author1=Xiaomeng Li |author2=Rangjin Xie |author3=Zhenhua Lu |author4=Zhiqin Zhou |title=Genetic origin of cultivated citrus determined: Researchers find evidence of origins of orange, lime, lemon, grapefruit, other citrus species |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/01/110118101600.htm |website=Science Daily |access-date=21 September 2017 |archive-date=21 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921192729/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/01/110118101600.htm |url-status=live}} One ancestor of the grapefruit was the Jamaican sweet orange (Citrus sinensis), itself an ancient hybrid of Asian origin; the other was the Indonesian pomelo (C. maxima). The pomelo was the female ancestor; the sweet orange, itself a hybrid, was the male.{{cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Guohong Albert |last2=Terol |first2=Javier |last3=Ibanez |first3=Victoria |last4=López-García |first4=Antonio |last5=Pérez-Román |first5=Estela |last6=Borredá |first6=Carles |last7=Domingo |first7=Concha |last8=Tadeo |first8=Francisco R. |last9=Carbonell-Caballero |first9=Jose |last10=Alonso |first10=Roberto |last11=Curk |first11=Franck |last12=Du |first12=Dongliang |last13=Ollitrault |first13=Patrick |last14=Roose |first14=Mikeal L. Roose |last15=Dopazo |first15=Joaquin |last16=Gmitter Jr |first16=Frederick G. |last17=Rokhsar |first17=Daniel |last18=Talon |first18=Manuel |display-authors=5 |title=Genomics of the origin and evolution of Citrus |journal=Nature |year=2018 |volume=554 |issue=7692 |pages=311–316 |doi=10.1038/nature25447 |pmid=29414943 |bibcode=2018Natur.554..311W |doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.11939/5741 |hdl-access=free}} and Supplement Both C. sinensis and C. maxima were present in the West Indies by 1692. One story of the fruit's origin is that a 17th-century trader named 'Captain Shaddock'{{cite journal |last1=Kumamoto |first1=J. |last2=Scora |first2=R. W. |last3=Lawton |first3=H. W. |last4=Clerx |first4=W. A. |date=1987-01-01 |title=Mystery of the forbidden fruit: Historical epilogue on the origin of the grapefruit, Citrus paradisi (Rutaceae) |journal=Economic Botany |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=97–107 |doi=10.1007/BF02859356 |bibcode=1987EcBot..41...97K |s2cid=42178548}} brought pomelo seeds to Jamaica and bred the first fruit, which were then called shaddocks.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080502135258/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0JAW/is_87/ai_n25336559 Grapefruit: a fruit with a bit of a complex] in Art Culinaire (Winter, 2007) The grapefruit then probably originated as a naturally occurring hybrid between the two plants some time after they had been introduced there.

File:Kimball C. Atwood.jpg

A hybrid fruit, called forbidden fruit, was first documented in 1750 (along with 14 other citrus fruits including the guiney orange) by a Welshman, the Rev. Griffith Hughes, in his The Natural History of Barbados. However, Hughes's forbidden fruit may have been a plant distinct from grapefruit although still closely related to it.{{cite journal |last1=Bowman |first1=Kim D. |last2=Gmitter |first2=Frederick Jr. |date=April 1990 |title=Forbidden Fruit (Citrus sp., Rutaceae) Rediscovered in Saint Lucia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4255226 |journal=Economic Botany |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=165–173 |doi=10.1007/BF02860484 |jstor=4255226 |bibcode=1990EcBot..44..165B |s2cid=33098910 |access-date=2022-04-11 |archive-date=2022-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411235306/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4255226 |url-status=live }}

In 1814, the British naturalist and plantation owner John Lunan published the term grapefruit to describe a similar Jamaican citrus plant. Lunan reported that the name was due to its similarity in taste to the grape (Vitis vinifera).{{cite book |last=Lunan |first=John |author-link=John Lunan |title=Hortus Jamaicensis |date=1814 |publisher=St. Iago de la Vega Gazette |location=Jamaica |pages=171–173 |url=https://idtools.org/id/citrus/citrusid/factsheet.php?name=Grapefruits+%28Non-pigmented%29 |access-date=24 December 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727134410/http://idtools.org/id/citrus/citrusid/factsheet.php?name=Grapefruits+(Non-pigmented) |url-status=live }} An alternative explanation is that this name may allude to clusters of the fruit on the tree, which often appear similar to bunches of grapes.{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/everyday-mysteries/agriculture/item/how-did-grapefruit-get-its-name-it-doesnt-look-like-a-grape/ |title=How did the grapefruit get its name? |website=Library of Congress |at=Everyday Mysteries |access-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-date=November 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127005023/https://www.loc.gov/everyday-mysteries/agriculture/item/how-did-grapefruit-get-its-name-it-doesnt-look-like-a-grape/ |url-status=live }}

In 1830, the Jamaican version of the plant was given the botanical name Citrus paradisi by the Scottish physician and botanist James Macfadyen. Macfadyen identified two varieties – one called forbidden fruit, the other Barbadoes Grape Fruit. Macfadyen distinguished between the two plants by fruit shape with the Barbados grapefruit being piriform (pear shaped) while the forbidden fruit was "maliformis".{{cite journal |last=Macfadyen |first=James |author-link=James Macfadyen |year=1830 |title=Some remarks on the species of genus Citrus which are cultivated in Jamaica. |journal=Botanical Miscellanea |issue=1 |pages=295–304}} Macfadyen's and Hughes's descriptions differ, so it is not clear that the two reports are describing the same plant. It has been suggested that Hughes's golden orange may actually have been a grapefruit, while his forbidden fruit was a different variety that may since have been lost. A citrus called forbidden fruit or shaddette has been discovered in Saint Lucia; it may be the plant described by Hughes and Macfadyen.

The name grape-fruit was used during the 19th century to refer to pomelos.{{cite book |title=Appendix to the Journals of the Senate and Assembly of the twenty-first Session of the Legislature of the State of California |publisher=Legislature of the State of California |volume=V |chapter=Report of the Secretary–the pomelo |location=Sacramento, California |year=1895 |page=65 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7SNIAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA65 |quote=The pomelo is now marketed under the name 'grape-fruit', which is a misnomer. This is confusing and misleading. The name 'grape-fruit' was given to this fruit in Florida, as it hangs on trees in clusters resembling the grape, but has no relation to it whatever. Growers and shippers should drop the name 'grape-fruit' and apply to it the name pomelo, which is popular, and botanically correct. |author=California |access-date=2020-10-07 |archive-date=2023-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713194320/https://books.google.com/books?id=7SNIAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA65 |url-status=live }} It was brought to Florida by the French businessman Count Odet Philippe in 1823, in what is now known as Safety Harbor. Further crosses have produced the tangelo (1905), the Minneola tangelo (1931), and the oroblanco (1984). Its true origins were not determined until the 1940s, at which point its official name was altered to Citrus × paradisi, the × identifying it as a hybrid.University of Florida: IFAS Extension; The Grapefruit. {{cite web |url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/CH/CH06300.pdf |title=Fact Sheet |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628190748/http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/CH/CH06300.pdf |archive-date=2007-06-28 }} An early pioneer in the American citrus industry was Kimball C. Atwood, a wealthy entrepreneur who founded the Atwood Grapefruit Company in the late 19th century. The Atwood Grove became the largest grapefruit grove in the world, with a yearly output of 80,000 boxes of fruit.{{cite web |url=http://www.heraldtribune.com/article/20040816/NEWS/408160323?tc=ar |title=Manatee County a big part of citrus history |publisher=Herald-Tribune |date=2004-08-16 |access-date=2011-12-17 |archive-date=2012-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012003951/http://www.heraldtribune.com/article/20040816/NEWS/408160323?tc=ar |url-status=live }} There, pink grapefruit was discovered in 1906.{{Clear}}