aroma compound

Note: Carvone, depending on its chirality, offers two different smells.

• Furaneol (strawberry)
• 1-Hexanol (herbaceous, woody)
• cis-3-Hexen-1-ol (fresh cut grass)
• Menthol (peppermint)

High concentrations of aldehydes tend to be very pungent and overwhelming, but low concentrations can evoke a wide range of aromas.

• Acetaldehyde (ethereal)
• Hexanal (green, grassy)
• cis-3-Hexenal (green tomatoes)
• Furfural (burnt oats)
• Hexyl cinnamaldehyde
• Isovaleraldehyde – nutty, fruity, cocoa-like
• Anisic aldehyde – floral, sweet, hawthorn. It is a crucial component of chocolate, vanilla, strawberry, raspberry, apricot, and others.
• Cuminaldehyde (4-propan-2-ylbenzaldehyde) – Spicy, cumin-like, green

• Fructone (fruity, apple-like)
• Ethyl methylphenylglycidate (Strawberry)
• alpha-Methylbenzyl acetate (Gardenia)

• Cyclopentadecanone (musk-ketone){{cite journal | last1 = Gane | first1 = S | last2 = Georganakis | first2 = D | last3 = Maniati | first3 = K | last4 = Vamvakias | first4 = M | last5 = Ragoussis | first5 = N | last6 = Skoulakis | first6 = EMC | last7 = Turin | first7 = L | year = 2013 | title = Molecular-vibration-sensing component in human olfaction | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 1| page = e55780 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0055780 | pmid=23372854 | pmc=3555824| bibcode = 2013PLoSO...855780G | doi-access = free }}
• Dihydrojasmone (fruity woody floral)
• Oct-1-en-3-one (blood, metallic, mushroom-like)
• 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline (fresh bread, jasmine rice)
• 6-Acetyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine (fresh bread, tortillas, popcorn)

• gamma-Decalactone intense peach flavor
• gamma-Nonalactone coconut odor, popular in suntan lotions
• delta-Octalactone creamy note
• Jasmine lactone powerful fatty-fruity peach and apricot
• Massoia lactone powerful creamy coconut
• Wine lactone sweet coconut odor
• Sotolon (maple syrup, curry, fenugreek)

{{Main|Thiol}}

• Thioacetone (2-propanethione) A lightly studied organosulfur. Its smell is so potent it can be detected several hundred meters downwind mere seconds after a container is opened.
• Allyl thiol (2-propenethiol; allyl mercaptan; CH₂=CHCH₂SH) (garlic volatiles and garlic breath){{cite book |author=Block, E. |title=Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-85404-190-9 }}
• (Methylthio)methanethiol (CH₃SCH₂SH), the "mouse thiol", found in mouse urine and functions as a semiochemical for female mice{{cite journal | last1 = Lin | first1 = D.Y. | last2 = Zhang | first2 = S.Z. | last3 = Block | first3 = E. | last4 = Katz | first4 = L.C. | s2cid = 162036 | year = 2005 | title = Encoding social signals in the mouse main olfactory bulb | journal = Nature | volume = 434 | issue = 7032| pages = 470–477 | doi=10.1038/nature03414 | pmid=15724148| bibcode = 2005Natur.434..470L }}
• Ethanethiol, commonly called ethyl mercaptan (added to propane or other liquefied-petroleum gases used as fuel gases)
• 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol, commonly called tert-butyl mercaptan, is added as a blend of other components to natural gas used as fuel gas.
• Butane-1-thiol, commonly called butyl mercaptan, is a chemical intermediate.
• Grapefruit mercaptan (grapefruit)
• Methanethiol, commonly called methyl mercaptan (after eating Asparagus)
• Furan-2-ylmethanethiol, also called furfuryl mercaptan (roasted coffee)
• Benzyl mercaptan (leek or garlic-like)

• Methylphosphine and dimethylphosphine (garlic-metallic, two of the most potent odorants known){{cite journal

| author= Glindemann, D.

| author2= Dietrich, A.

| author3= Staerk, H.

| author4= Kuschk, P.

| title = The Two Odors of Iron when Touched or Pickled: (Skin) Carbonyl Compounds and Organophosphines

| journal = Angewandte Chemie International Edition

| year = 2005

| volume = 45

| issue = 42

| pages = 7006–7009

| doi = 10.1002/anie.200602100

| pmid= 17009284| doi-access =

}}

• Phosphine (zinc phosphide poisoned bait)
• Diacetyl (butter flavor)
• Acetoin (butter flavor)
• Nerolin (orange flowers)
• Tetrahydrothiophene (added to natural gas)
• 2,4,6-Trichloroanisole (cork taint)
• Substituted pyrazines

Animals that are capable of smell detect aroma compounds with their olfactory receptors. Olfactory receptors are cell-membrane receptors on the surface of sensory neurons in the olfactory system that detect airborne aroma compounds. Aroma compounds can then be identified by gas chromatography-olfactometry, which involves a human operator sniffing the GC effluent.{{cite journal |last1=Brattoli |first1=M |last2=Cisternino |first2=E |last3=Dambruoso |first3=PR |last4=de Gennaro |first4=G |last5=Giungato |first5=P |last6=Mazzone |first6=A |last7=Palmisani |first7=J |last8=Tutino |first8=M |title=Gas chromatography analysis with olfactometric detection (GC-O) as a useful methodology for chemical characterization of odorous compounds. |journal=Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) |date=5 December 2013 |volume=13 |issue=12 |pages=16759–800 |doi=10.3390/s131216759 |pmid=24316571 |pmc=3892869|bibcode=2013Senso..1316759B |doi-access=free }}

In mammals, olfactory receptors are expressed on the surface of the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity.

File:Epikutanni-test.jpg]]

In 2005–06, fragrance mix was the third-most-prevalent allergen in patch tests (11.5%).{{Cite journal |last=Zug |first=Kathryn A. |last2=Warshaw |first2=Erin M. |last3=Fowler |first3=Joseph F. |last4=Maibach |first4=Howard I. |last5=Belsito |first5=Donald L. |last6=Pratt |first6=Melanie D. |last7=Sasseville |first7=Denis |last8=Storrs |first8=Frances J. |last9=Taylor |first9=James S. |last10=Mathias |first10=C. G. Toby |last11=Deleo |first11=Vincent A. |last12=Rietschel |first12=Robert L. |last13=Marks |first13=James |date=2009 |title=Patch-test results of the North American Contact Dermatitis Group 2005-2006 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19470301/ |journal=Dermatitis: Contact, Atopic, Occupational, Drug |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=149–160 |issn=2162-5220 |pmid=19470301}} 'Fragrance' was voted Allergen of the Year in 2007 by the American Contact Dermatitis Society. An academic study in the United States published in 2016 has shown that "34.7 % of the population reported health problems, such as migraine headaches and respiratory difficulties, when exposed to fragranced products".Anne Steinemann, [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11869-016-0442-z "Fragranced consumer products: exposures and effects from emissions"], Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, December 2016, Volume 9, Issue 8, pp 861–866.

The composition of fragrances is usually not disclosed in the label of the products, hiding the actual chemicals of the formula, which raises concerns among some consumers.Anne C. Steinemann et al., [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195925510001125 "Fragranced Consumer Products: Chemicals Emitted, Ingredients Unlisted"], Environmental Impact Assessment Review, Vol. 31, Issue 3, April 2011, pp. 328-333. In the United States, this is because the law regulating cosmetics protects trade secrets.{{Cite web |date= |title=Fragrances in Cosmetics {{!}} FDA |url=https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-ingredients/fragrances-cosmetics |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=Food and Drug Administration}}

In the United States, fragrances are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration if present in cosmetics or drugs, by the Consumer Products Safety Commission if present in consumer products. No pre-market approval is required, except for drugs. Fragrances are also generally regulated by the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 that "grandfathered" existing chemicals without further review or testing and put the burden of proof that a new substance is not safe on the EPA. The EPA, however, does not conduct independent safety testing but relies on data provided by the manufacturer.{{cite book |author=Randall Fitzgerald |author-link=Randall Fitzgerald | title=The Hundred Year Lie| publisher=Dutton, 2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/hundredyearlieho00fitz/page/23 23] |isbn=978-0-525-94951-0|title-link=The Hundred Year Lie |year=2006 }}

A 2019 study of the top-selling skin moisturizers found 45% of those marketed as "fragrance-free" contained fragrance.{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/10/02/554365324/hypoallergenic-and-fragrance-free-moisturizer-claims-are-often-false |title='Hypoallergenic' And 'Fragrance-Free' Moisturizer Claims Are Often False|author=Patti Neighmond|publisher=NPR|date=2 October 2017}}

In 2010, the International Fragrance Association published a list of 3,059 chemicals used in 2011 based on a voluntary survey of its members, identifying about 90% of the world's production volume of fragrances.{{cite web| url=http://www.ifraorg.org/en-us/ingredients#.VH-EkXsdXYg|title=IFRA Survey:Transparency List |publisher=IFRA|

access-date=December 3, 2014}}

• Aroma of wine
• Eau de toilette
• Flavour and Fragrance Journal
• Fragrances of the World
• Foodpairing
• Odor
• Odor detection threshold
• Odorizer, a device for adding an odorant to gas flowing through a pipe
• Olfaction
• Olfactory receptor
• Olfactory system
• Pheromone
• vabbing

{{Perfume}}

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Category:Olfaction

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