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Gravity and Extreme Magnetism Small Explorer

{{Short description|NASA satellite of the Explorer program}}

{{Use American English|date=December 2021}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}

{{Infobox spaceflight

| name = Gravity and Extreme Magnetism Small Explorer

| names_list = Explorer
GEMS
SMEX-13

| image = GEMS spacecraft model 1.png

| image_caption = Artist's impression of GEMS satellite

| image_size = 300px

| mission_type = X-ray astronomy

| operator = NASA

| website = https://gems.gsfc.nasa.gov/

| mission_duration = 9 months (planned)
15 months (possible extension)

| spacecraft = Explorer

| spacecraft_type = Gravity and Extreme Magnetism Small Explorer

| spacecraft_bus = LEOStar-2/750

| manufacturer = Orbital Sciences Corporation
Alliant Techsystems

| launch_mass = {{cvt|289|kg}}

| dimensions = {{cvt|7.12|xx|2.73|m}}

| launch_date = July 2014 (planned) (cancelled)

| launch_rocket = Pegasus XL

| launch_site = Cape Canaveral, Stargazer

| launch_contractor = Orbital Sciences Corporation

| orbit_reference = Geocentric orbit (planned)

| orbit_regime = Low Earth orbit

| orbit_periapsis = {{cvt|575|km}}

| orbit_apoapsis = {{cvt|575|km}}

| orbit_inclination = 28.50°

| orbit_period = 95.00 minutes

| apsis = gee

| instruments = X-ray Polarimeter Instrument

| programme = Explorer program

| previous_mission = IRIS (Explorer 94)

| next_mission = TESS (Explorer 95)

}}

Gravity and Extreme Magnetism Small Explorer (GEMS or SMEX-13) mission was a NASA space observatory mission. The main scientific goal of GEMS was to be the first mission to systematically measure the polarization of X-ray sources. GEMS would have provided data to help scientists study the shape of spacetime that has been distorted by a spinning black hole's gravity and the structure and effects of the magnetic fields around neutron stars. It was cancelled by NASA in June 2012 for potential cost overruns due to delays in developing the technology and never moved into the development phase.

GEMS was managed by the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). The project was an astrophysics program reporting to NASA's Science Mission Directorate (SMD) in Washington, D.C.{{cite web|url=https://science.nasa.gov/missions/gems/|title=NASA Science Mission Directorate - Gravity and Extreme Magnetism Small Explorer|publisher=NASA|date=28 May 2015|access-date=12 December 2021|archive-date=25 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925212415/https://science.nasa.gov/missions/gems/|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}

Cancelled missions can be reinstated - for example, NuSTAR was cancelled in 2006, but reinstated a year later and launched in June 2012.{{cite web |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2012/06/orbitals-pegasus-launch-nasas-nustar-spacecraft/|title=Orbital's Pegasus successfully launches NASA's NuSTAR spacecraft|publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com|date=13 June 2012|access-date=12 December 2021}} However, NuSTAR was not cancelled due to project overruns, but rather due to changes in the overall NASA budget, so the circumstances for cancellation were very different. Small missions of the Explorer program offer much flexibility and launch opportunities, and the lessons learned can be applied to the same missions goals, but on a different mission (compare, for instance, Vanguard 1 to Explorer 1). Several years later two new X-ray polarimetry missions won a NASA award to develop X-ray polarimetry missions.{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-selects-proposals-to-study-neutron-stars-black-holes-and-more|title=NASA Selects Proposals to Study Neutron Stars, Black Holes and More|publisher=NASA|date=30 July 2015|access-date=12 December 2021}} {{PD-notice}} NASA's IXPE X-ray polarimetry telescope was launched in 2021; its X-ray observational capabilities and mission objectives are very similar to those (proposed) of the GEMS.

Launch

The spacecraft would have been launched in July 2014 on a nine-month mission with a possible 15-month extension for a guest observer phase;{{cite journal |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AAS...21548113K/abstract|title=The Gravity and Extreme Magnetism Small Explorer (GEMS)|publisher=Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO)|date=January 2010|bibcode=2010AAS...21548113K|access-date=12 December 2021|last1=Kallman|first1=Timothy R.|last2=Swank|first2=J.|last3=Jahoda|first3=K.|last4=Kaaret|first4=P.|author5=GEMS Team|journal=American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts #215|volume=215}} but the mission was terminated at the Confirmation Review stage on 10 May 2012 due to expected cost overruns.

Mission

File:GEMS MoviePoster.jpg

The GEMS X-ray telescope was designed to indirectly measure the regions of distorted space around spinning black holes through a measurement of the polarization of X-rays emitted. It would have also probed the structure and effects of the magnetic fields around magnetars and other star remnants with magnetic fields trillions of times stronger than Earth's.

GEMS could reveal:

  • How spinning black holes affect space-time and matter as it is drawn in and compressed by strong gravitational fields
  • What happens in the very strong magnetic fields near pulsars and magnetars
  • How cosmic rays are accelerated by shocks in supernova remnants {{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2008/gems.html|title=Proposed NASA Mission Could Explore Twisted Space Around Black Holes|publisher=NASA|date=30 June 2008|access-date=12 December 2021}} {{PD-notice}}

Current missions cannot do this because the required angular resolution is limited and magnetic fields are invisible.

The detector in GEMS would have been a small chamber filled with gas. When an X-ray is absorbed in the gas, an electron carries off most of the energy, and starts out in a direction related to the polarization direction of the X-ray. This electron loses energy by ionizing the gas; the instrument measures the direction of the ionization track, and thereby the polarization of the X-ray. The GEMS detector readout was to employ a time projection chamber to image the track. The GEMS instrument was planned to be about 100 times more sensitive than previous X-ray polarization experiments.

Cancellation

Mission costs were capped at US$105 million (in Fiscal Year 2008 dollars), excluding the launch vehicle, but an independent confirmation review board at NASA claimed it would grow to an estimated US$150 million, leading to cancellation of the mission. The cancellation of GEMS marked the end of a multi-year-long binge of cancellations and attempted cancellations of current and future missions: it was at the time the last funded future U.S. space telescope besides James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). The cancellation of GEMS may have jeopardized the Pegasus XL launcher.[https://archive.today/20130202151557/http://www.spacenews.com/civil/1206-demise-gems-cost-orbital-jobs.html - Demise of GEMS May Cost Orbital 150 Jobs, Doom Pegasus (2012) - Space News] (The Pegasus XL has successfully launched other small explorer missions)

Project status

GEMS was one of six Small Explorer missions selected in May 2008 for the NASA Small Explorer (SMEX) Program Phase A study.{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2008/may/HQ_C08029_SMEX_Awards.html |title=NASA Selects Small Explorer Investigations for Concept Studies |publisher=NASA |date=2008-05-29 |access-date=2009-08-14}} {{PD-notice}} In June 2009, GEMS was chosen to be the second of these missions to go forward into Phase B, starting in October 2010 for a launch in April 2014.{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2009/jun/HQ_09-141_SMEX_Selections.html|title=NASA Awards Two Small Explorer Development Contracts|publisher=NASA|date=19 June 2009|access-date=12 December 2021}} {{PD-notice}}

The project completed and successfully passed the Systems Requirements Review (SRR) in December 2010.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100416031531/http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/welcome/ NASA SMD Astrophysics Program Letter], NASA, 2011-04-28, accessed 2010-05-23 {{PD-notice}}

GEMS did not pass a confirmation review conducted on 10 May 2012, which effectively cancelled the project. The project team intended to appeal the cancellation.{{cite web |url=http://spacenews.com/civil/nasa-cancel-gems-x-ray-telescope.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203005819/http://spacenews.com/civil/nasa-cancel-gems-x-ray-telescope.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|title=NASA To Cancel GEMS X-Ray Telescope|publisher=SpaceNews|date=4 June 2012}}

On 7 June 2012, NASA officially announced the cancellation of the GEMS project. The mission was supposed to launch in July 2014 to study black holes and neutron stars, but external reviews found the project would likely exceed its budget. GEMS was supposed to hold at US$119 million, not counting the launch vehicle. NASA's astrophysics director, Paul Hertz, says the technology needed for the instrument took longer to develop than expected, and that drove up the price.[http://phys.org/news/2012-06-nasa-gems-x-ray-telescope-blames.html NASA kills GEMS X-ray telescope, blames project's cost]

NASA continued studying X-ray polarimetry missions in 2015 for future Explorer program observatories.

Project and Science Team

File:376203main_GEMS_labeled.jpg

The GEMS principal investigator was Dr Jean H. Swank, of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland.

= Project Team =

  • GSFC was responsible for the GEMS instrument, system engineering, spacecraft contract, and the overall program management.
  • Ames Research Center would have provided co-investigators and performed the Education and Public Outreach (EPO) support.
  • The satellite would have been built by Orbital Sciences Corporation using its LEOStar-2 satellite bus design, and would also conduct mission operations, under a US$40 million contract.{{cite web|url=http://www.spacemart.com/reports/Orbital_To_Build_New_Space_Science_Satellite_To_Study_X_Ray_Polarization_999.html|title=Orbital To Build New Space Science Satellite To Study X-Ray Polarization|date=2009-07-09|publisher=SpaceMart|access-date=2009-08-14}}
  • Alliant Techsystems (ATK) would build a deployable boom to place the X-ray mirrors at the proper distance from the detectors or polarimeters.
  • University of Iowa would have provided instrument calibration assistance and would have had students prepare a small instrument that could be part of the mission.

= Science Team =

== Co-investigators ==

== Science collaborators ==

Other GEMS collaborators are from universities include:{{Cite web|url=http://gems.gsfc.nasa.gov/|title=GEMS Project Website|publisher=NASA|access-date=May 22, 2011}} {{PD-notice}}GEMS home page, accessed 2009-08-14 {{PD-notice}}

See also

{{Portal|Spaceflight}}

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

External links

{{commons category|GEMS (space telescope)}}

  • [http://gems.gsfc.nasa.gov/ NASA Project Homepage]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20080917142953/http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/gems/ NASA Science Homepage]
  • [http://www.orbital.com/SatellitesSpace/ScienceTechnology/GEMS/ GEMS Homepage at Orbital Sciences]
  • [http://astro.physics.uiowa.edu/~www/research/astronomical_instrumentatio.html GEMS Homepage at University of Iowa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516214133/http://astro.physics.uiowa.edu/~www/research/astronomical_instrumentatio.html |date=16 May 2010 }}

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