Green Dome#Tomb of Muhammad and early caliphs

{{short description|Architectural dome on the Mosque of the Prophet in Medina, Saudi Arabia}}

{{Infobox religious building

| building_name = Green Dome

| native_name = {{transliteration|ar|Al-Qubbah Al-Khaḍrāʾ}} ({{lang|ar|ٱَلْقُبَّة ٱلْخَضْرَاء}})

| image = Dome of Prophet's Mosque - Medina.jpg

| image_upright = 1.4

| alt =

| caption = The Green Dome at the Prophet's Mosque

| map_caption = Location of the Green Dome in present-day Saudi Arabia

| relief = yes

| location = {{nowrap|Al-Masjid an-Nabawi,}}
Medina, Al-Madinah Province, Hejaz

| country = Saudi Arabia

| coordinates = {{coord|24|28|03.22|N|39|36|41.18|E|type:landmark_scale:5000_region:SA|display=it|name=Green Dome}}

| religious_affiliation = Islam

| tradition = Ziyarat

| status = Mausoleum

| website =

| architecture_style = Islamic

| architect =

| architecture_type = Tomb

| established =

| administration = The Agency of the General Presidency for the Affairs of the Two Holy Mosques

| founded_by = Mamluk Sultan Al Mansur Qalawun

| groundbreaking =

| year_completed = {{ah|678}}

| length =

| width =

| height_max =

| materials = Wood, brick

}}

The Green Dome ({{langx|ar|{{Script|Arab|ٱَلْقُبَّة ٱلْخَضْرَاء}}|al-Qubbah al-Khaḍrāʾ}}, {{IPA|acw|al.ɡʊb.ba al.xadˤ.ra}}) is a green-coloured dome built above the tombs of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the early Rashidun Caliphs Abu Bakr ({{Reign|632|634}}) and Omar ({{Reign|634|644}}), which used to be the Noble Chamber of Aisha. The dome is located in the southeast corner of Al-Masjid al-Nabawi in Medina, present-day Saudi Arabia.{{Cite book |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0203203873 |last=Petersen |first=Andrew |title=Dictionary of Islamic Architecture |date=2002 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofisla00andr/page/183 183] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofisla00andr/page/183}} Millions visit it every year, since it is a tradition to visit the mosque after or before the pilgrimage to Mecca.

The structure dates from {{AH|678}}, when an unpainted wooden cupola was built over the tomb. It was later rebuilt and painted using different colours (blue and silver) twice in the late 15th century and once in 1817 CE. The dome was first painted green in 1837 CE, and hence became known as the "Green Dome".{{Cite book |publisher=Penerbit UTM |isbn=978-9835203732 |last=Ariffin |first=Syed Ahmad Iskandar Syed |title=Architectural Conservation in Islam: Case Study of the Prophet's Mosque |year=2005 |pages=88–89, 109}}

History

File:Burial of Muhammad.jpg

Built in {{AH|678}}, during the reign of Mamluk Sultan Al Mansur Qalawun,{{cite web| url=http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=10061| title=Prophet's Mosque| publisher=ArchNet| access-date=2012-04-13| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323131933/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=10061| archive-date=2012-03-23}} the original structure was made out of wood and was colourless,{{cite web| title=The history of Green Dome in Madinah and its ruling| url=http://peacepropagation.com/2009/06/the-history-of-green-dome-in-madinah-and-its-ruling/| publisher=Peace Propagation Center| date=4 June 2009| access-date=2012-04-13| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824060013/http://peacepropagation.com/2009/06/the-history-of-green-dome-in-madinah-and-its-ruling/| archive-date=24 August 2011| url-status=dead}} painted white and blue in later restorations. After a serious fire struck the mosque in 1481 CE, the mosque and dome had been burnt and a restoration project was initiated by Sultan Qaitbay who had most of the wooden base replaced by a brick structure in order to prevent the collapse of the dome in the future, and used plates of lead to cover the new wooden dome. The building, including the Tomb of the Prophet, was extensively renewed through Qaitbay's patronage.{{cite book |first=Michael |last=Meinecke |author-link=Michael Meinecke |title=Mamlukische Architektur |language=de |volume=2 |pages=396–442 |year=1993}} The current dome was added in 1818 CE by the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II. The dome was first painted green in 1837 CE.

When Saud bin Abdul-Aziz took Medina in 1805 CE, his followers, the Wahhabis, demolished nearly every tomb dome in Medina based on their belief that the veneration of graves and places claimed to possess supernatural powers is an offense against the oneness of God (tawhid) and supposedly associates partners with Him (shirk).{{Cite encyclopedia |edition=2nd |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |volume=11 |pages=40, 42 |last=Peskes |first=Esther |title=Wahhābiyya |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |year=2000 |isbn=9004127569}} The tomb was stripped of its gold and jewel ornaments, but the dome was preserved either because of an unsuccessful attempt to demolish its hardened structure, or because some time ago Ibn Abd al-Wahhab wrote that he did not wish to see the dome destroyed despite his aversion to people praying at the tomb.{{cite book |author=Weston, Mark |title=Prophets and princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EEEFsVYLko4C |year=2008 |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |isbn=978-0470182574 }}{{rp|102–103}} Similar events took place in 1925 when the Saudi militias retook—and this time managed to keep—the city.{{rp|136}}{{cite book|author=Cornell, Vincent J. |title=Voices of Islam: Voices of the spirit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8dNKFLJVvNkC&pg=PA84 |year=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0275987343 |page=84}}{{cite book |author=Ernst, Carl W. |title=Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOWn22EkJsQC&pg=PA1173 |year=2004 |publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0807855775 |pages=173–174}} Most of the famous Muslim scholars of the Wahhabi Sect support the decision made by Saudi authorities not to allow veneration of the tomb as it was built much later after the death of Muhammad and considered it as an "innovation" (bid'ah sayyi’ah).{{Cite web |title=Kya gumbad e Khazra ko gira dena chahye Reply to Bol TV Ulamaa {{!}} Engineer Muhammad Ali Mirza |via=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=AOhOPI97BzQ&feature=youtu.be |access-date=2020-12-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}

Tomb of Muhammad and early caliphs

Muhammad's grave is believed to lie within the confines of what used to be his and his wife Aisha's house, during the Hijra. During his lifetime, it adjoined the mosque. The first and second Rashidun Caliphs, Abu Bakr and Umar are buried next to where Muhammad is believed to have been buried. Umar was given a spot next to Abu Bakr by Aisha, originally intended for her. The mosque was expanded during the reign of Umayyad Caliph al-Walid I to include their tombs. The graves themselves cannot be seen.{{Cite news|date=2012-02-16|title=Important Sites: The Prophet's Mosque|language=en-US|work=Inside Islam|url=http://insideislam.wisc.edu/2012/02/important-sites-the-prophets-mosque/|access-date=2018-08-13}}

The graves and what remains of Aisha's house are enclosed by a 5-sided wall, without doors or windows, built by the caliph Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz. The irregular pentagon shape was chosen deliberately, to make it look different from the rectangular Kaaba, and to discourage people from performing tawaf around it. The enclosure has been inaccessible since Mamluk Sultan Qaitbay's reconstruction of 1481. Only the outer southern wall, draped in green cloth, can be seen through the grilles built several centuries later.{{cn|date=March 2024}}