Mausoleum

{{Short description|Burial chamber of a deceased person}}

{{Other uses}}

{{more citations needed|date=December 2024}}

File:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus at the Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology.jpg (near modern-day Bodrum in Turkey), the grave of King Mausolus, the Persian satrap of Caria from which the word mausoleum was derived.]]

File:Taj Mahal (Edited).jpeg in Agra, India, a UNESCO World Heritage Site]]

File:Ankara asv2021-10 img04 Anıtkabir.jpg is the mausoleum of Atatürk, leader of the Turkish National Movement during the Turkish War of Independence, the founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey. It attracts around 3.5 million tourists yearly.{{Cite web |title=Anıtkabir'de yabancı ziyaretçi rekoru kırıldı |url=https://www.sozcu.com.tr/hayatim/yasam-haberleri/anitkabirde-yabanci-ziyaretci-rekoru-kirildi/ |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=www.sozcu.com.tr |language=tr}}]]

File:Thalmayer-mauzóleum_2022_februárjában_előlről1.jpg, Budapest, Fiume Road Graveyard)]]

A mausoleum is an external free-standing building constructed as a monument enclosing the burial chamber of a deceased person or people. A mausoleum without the person's remains is called a cenotaph. A mausoleum may be considered a type of tomb, or the tomb may be considered to be within the mausoleum.

Overview

The word mausoleum (from the {{langx|grc|μαυσωλεῖον}}) derives from the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus (near modern-day Bodrum in Turkey), the grave of King Mausolus, the Persian satrap of Caria, whose large tomb was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.{{cite journal |last1=Toms |first1=J. Mason |title=Arkansas Listings in the National Register of Historic Places: The Community Mausoleums of Cecil E. Bryan |journal=Arkansas Historical Quarterly |date=Winter 2019 |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=423–431 |issn=0004-1823}}

Mausolea were historically, and still may be, large and impressive constructions for a deceased leader or other person of importance. However, smaller mausolea soon became popular with the gentry and nobility in many countries. In the Roman Empire, these were often in necropoles or along roadsides: the via Appia Antica retains the ruins of many private mausolea for kilometres outside Rome. When Christianity became dominant, mausolea were out of use.Paul Veyne, in A History of Private Life: I. From Pagan Rome to Byzantium, Veyne, ed. (Harvard University Press) 1987:416.

Later, mausolea became particularly popular in Europe and its colonies during the early modern and modern periods. A single mausoleum may be permanently sealed. A mausoleum encloses a burial chamber either wholly above ground or within a burial vault below the superstructure. This contains the body or bodies, probably within sarcophagi or interment niches. Modern mausolea may also act as columbaria (a type of mausoleum for cremated remains) with additional cinerary urn niches. Mausolea may be located in a cemetery, a churchyard or on private land.

In the United States, the term may be used for a burial vault below a larger facility, such as a church. The Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels in Los Angeles, California, for example, has 6,000 sepulchral and cinerary urn spaces for interments in the lower level of the building. It is known as the "crypt mausoleum". In Europe, these underground vaults are sometimes called crypts or catacombs.

A chapel mausoleum or mausoleum chapel in a cemetery can be used for closed-casket funeral services prior to interments.https://www.legacy.com/advice/the-pros-and-cons-of-a-mausoleum/https://www.mausoleums.com/inside-the-chapel-mausoleum/

Notable mausoleums

{{Main|List of mausoleums}}

= Africa =

== Algeria ==

File:Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania 2014.jpg|Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania (Tipaza)

File:Medracen tomb (Numidian) (15687525397).jpg|Madghacen, a royal Numidian mausoleum (Batna)

File:DJEDDAR à Frenda wilaya de Tiaret.jpg|Frenda Jedars (Frenda)

File:Tomb of Massinissa 01.jpg|The tomb of Massinissa (El Khroub)

File:Sidi Abder Rahman of Algiers.png|Mausoleum of Sidi Abderrahmane Et-Thaalibi (Algiers)

== Others ==

Rabat Mausole MohammedV.jpg|Mausoleum of Mohammed V in Rabat, Morocco

TUNISIE MONASTIR MAUSOLEE BOURGHIBA 03.jpg|Habib Bourguiba's mausoleum in Monastir, Tunisia

Gamal Abdel Nasser Mosque2.jpg|Gamal Abdel Nasser Mosque in Cairo, Egypt

Memorial Antonio Agostinho Neto (19882325368).jpg|Agostinho Neto's Mausoleum in Luanda, Angola

Kwame Nkrumah Memorial Park.jpg|Kwame Nkrumah Memorial Park and Mausoleum in Accra, Ghana

Kenyatta Mausoleum (1295043494).jpg|Mausoleum of the late President of Kenya Mzee Jomo Kenyatta in Nairobi, Kenya

Banda-mausoleum.jpg|Kamuzu Banda Mausoleum in Lilongwe, Malawi

Amílcar Cabral mausoleum in Bissau 1.jpg|Amilcar Cabral's mausoleum in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau

Her Community Walkathon 58.jpg|Nnamdi Azikiwe's burial site, Onitsha, Nigeria.

Mwanawasa’s mausoleum 2.png|Mausoleum of late President Levy Mwanawasa at Embassy Park Presidential Burial in Lusaka, Zambia.

Chiluba's mausoleum.png|Mausoleum of late President Frederick Chiluba at Embassy Park Presidential Burial in Lusaka, Zambia.

Sata's mausoleum.png|Mausoleum of late President Michael Sata at Embassy Park Presidential Burial in Lusaka, Zambia.

= Asia, Eastern, Southern, Central, and Southeast =

== Afghanistan ==

Tomb of former King Zahir Shah - panoramio.jpg|Mausoleum of Mohammad Zaher Shah (Hill of Teppe Maranjan) in Kabul

Amir Abdurahman Khan's Tomb.jpg|Abdur Rahman Khan's Mausoleum in Kabul

TOMB OF BABUR IN KABUL.jpg|Bagh-e Babur, mausoleum of the founder of the Mughal Empire

== Bangladesh ==

== China ==

Tomb of the First Emperor Qin Shi Huang Di, Xi'an, China - panoramio.jpg|Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor in Xi'an, China

Sun mausoleum.jpg|Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, Nanjing, China

Yuan Shikai Mausoleum - 袁林 (5067194466).jpg|Mausoleum of Yuan Shikai, Beiguan, Anyang, China

MausoleumMaoZedongpic.jpg|Mausoleum of Mao Zedong in Beijing, China

== India ==

== Indonesia ==

== Japan ==

Taiyuin Honden Ai no ma.jpg|Taiyū-in Reibyō at Nikkō, Tochigi Prefecture

Sennyuji Kyoto11o4592.jpg|Tsuki no wa no misasagi in Sennyū-ji, Kyoto

Fushimi momoyaja jyou 13.jpg|Fushimi Momoyama no Misasagi in Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture

HO Mausoleum EntranceIn KyotoJapan.jpg|The entrance to Higashi Otani Mausoleum, Kyoto

== Malaysia ==

== Pakistan ==

Tomb Jinnah.jpg|Muhammad Ali Jinnah Mausoleum in Karachi, Pakistan

"Samadhi of Ranjit Singh at Sunrise.".jpg|Samadhi of Ranjit Singh, founder of the Sikh Empire at Lahore, Pakistan

Grave of Sultan Qutb al-Din Aibak.jpg|Tomb of Qutb ud-Din Aibak, founder of the Delhi Sultanate at Lahore, Pakistan

Shrine Of Allo Mahar sharif.jpg|Shrine of Islamic Naqshbandi saints of Allo Mahar Sharif.

Muhammad Allama Iqbal’s Tomb.JPG|Tomb of Allama Iqbal at Lahore, Pakistan

Tomb of Jahangir and gardens.jpg|The exterior view of the Mausoleum of Emperor Jahangir, located in Punjab, Pakistan

== Philippines ==

== Taiwan ==

== Others ==

Sejong tomb 2.jpg|Yeongneung, King Sejong's mausoleum in Yeoju, South Korea

Kumsusan Memorial Palace, Pyongyang.jpg|Kumsusan Palace of the Sun, Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il's mausoleum in Pyongyang, North Korea

Lăng chủ tịch Hồ Chí Minh về đêm.jpg|Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum in Hanoi, Vietnam

The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi at the Mausoleum of the First President of Turkmenistan, in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan on July 11, 2015 (2).jpg|Türkmenbaşy Ruhy Mosque in Gypjak, Ashgabat, Turkmenistan

= Asia, western =

File:Anıtkabir, Ankara.jpg|Anıtkabir, the mausoleum of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in Ankara, Turkey

File:Seyed Ruhollah Khomeini's tomb in 2023.jpeg|Mausoleum of Khomeini in Tehran, Iran

File:Hafez Fixed.jpg|Tomb of Hafez (Hāfezieh) in Shiraz, Iran

File:Mausoleum of Hafez al-Assad 2.jpg|Mausoleum of the Assad family in Qardaha, Syria

File:Treasury Petra.jpg|The Khazneh at Petra is believed to be Nabataean King Aretas IV's mausoleum.

File:Al-Masjid An-Nabawi (Bird's Eye View).jpg|The Green Dome, mausoleum of Muhammad, Abu Bakr, and Omar I, located in the Prophet's Mosque in Medina, Saudi Arabia

File:Karbala City 1.jpg|The mausoleum of Imam Husayn Shrine in Karbala, Iraq

File:طواف - panoramio.jpg|Mausoleum of Cyrus the Great in Pasargadae, Iran

File:Rashed belah tomb.jpg|Mausoleum of later Abbasid Caliph Ar-Rashid bi-llāh

= Europe =

{{See also|Burial sites of European monarchs and consorts}}

Cathédrale Saint-Louis-des-Invalides, 140309 2.jpg|{{lang|fr|Les Invalides|italic=no}} in Paris, France

Paris Pantheon Outside.JPG|The Panthéon in Paris, France

Juselius mausoleum.jpg|Jusélius Mausoleum at the Käppärä Cemetery in Pori, Finland

Njegošev mauzolej na Lovćenu, 2013-05-04 - panoramio (1).jpg|Mausoleum of Njegoš in Lovćen, Montenegro

Mauzoleumlenina (cropped).jpeg|Lenin's Mausoleum in Moscow, Russia

Tito's mausoleu entrance.JPG|House of Flowers in Belgrade, Serbia

Church of St. George in Topola (by Pudelek) 1.JPG|Oplenac in Topola, Serbia

SPA-2014-San Lorenzo de El Escorial-Valley of the Fallen (Valle de los Caídos).jpg|Valle de los Caídos in San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Spain

= South America =

== Argentina ==

== Bolivia ==

Colorados Guard Remains of Mariscal Santa Cruz (41749215151).jpg|Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace, La Paz, mausoleum of Andrés de Santa Cruz, Bolivia

== Brazil ==

Vista aérea do Monumento à Independência.jpg|The Monument to the Independence of Brazil in São Paulo houses the sarcophagi of Emperor Pedro I of Brazil (also King of Portugal as Pedro IV) and his two wives

Petropolis-Cathedral1.jpg|The Imperial Mausoleum in the Cathedral of São Pedro de Alcântara in Petrópolis, Brazil. It is the final resting place of Emperor Pedro II of Brazil and other members of the Brazilian imperial family

Convento de Santo Antônio do Largo da Carioca 09.jpg|A mausoleum containing the remains of several Brazilian royals, as well as those of Franciscan friars, in the Convent of Santo Antônio, Rio de Janeiro

File:Pracinhas-CCBY.jpg|The Monument to the dead of World War II in Rio de Janeiro. The below grade mausoleum holds the remains of 467 servicemen of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force who died in action in Italy during World War II

Tv tower at the sun set in Brasilia 02.jpg|The JK Memorial is the burial place of Brazilian president Juscelino Kubitschek in Brasília, a city founded by Kubitschek himself

== Chile ==

Altar de la patria chile.jpg|Altar de la Patria of Chile

== Colombia ==

== Ecuador ==

== Paraguay ==

Gran Panteón de Asunción by Felipe Méndez.jpg|National Pantheon of the Heroes in Asuncion, Paraguay

== Peru ==

Panteón de los Próceres.JPG|Presbitero Maestro mausoleum and museum in Lima, Peru

== Uruguay ==

File:Artigas Pza Indep2.jpg|Monument at the entrance of the Artigas Mausoleum in Montevideo, Uruguay.

File:Artigas mausoleum.JPG|Inside of the Artigas Mausoleum.

== Venezuela ==

Panteón Nacional de Venezuela desde el MINCI.jpg|National Pantheon of Venezuela, mausoleum of Simón Bolívar in Caracas, Venezuela

= North America =

== Canada ==

== Cuba ==

== Dominican Republic ==

== El Salvador ==

== Guatemala ==

== Haiti ==

== Mexico ==

Monumento a la Independencia (El Angel).jpg|El Ángel Victory column and mausoleum to the heroes of the Mexican Independence in Mexico City, Mexico

Monumento a la revolución2017.jpg|Monumento a la Revolución monument commemorating and mausoleum to the heroes of the Mexican Revolution in Mexico City, Mexico

== Nicaragua ==

== Panama ==

== United States ==

Cemetery of the Holy Rood Section 6 2021c.jpg|Mausolea in Cemetery of the Holy Rood on Long Island, New York

InsideSpringValleyMausoleum.jpg|The interior of the Spring Valley Mausoleum in Minnesota, listed on the National Register of Historic Places

Percival Lowell - Mausoleum 2013.jpg|Percival Lowell – Mausoleum 2013 at the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona

= Oceania =

See also

Notes

  1. {{Note|english}}The plurals mausoleums and mausolea are both used in English, although mausoleums is more common.

Footnotes

{{reflist}}