Grey gurnard

{{Speciesbox

| image = Grey Gurnard, Ards, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom imported from iNaturalist photo 436873353.jpg

| image_caption = Grey gurnard, Northern Ireland

| status = LC

| status_system = IUCN3.1

| status_ref = {{cite iucn | author1 = Keskin, Ç. | author2 = Herrera, J. | author3 = de Sola, L. | name-list-style = amp | year = 2015 | title = Eutrigla gurnardus | page = e.T198754A45901587 | url = https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/198754/45901587 | access-date = 14 March 2020}}{{cite iucn |author=Golani, D. |author2=Palmeri, A. |author3=Keskin, Ç. |year=2011 |title=Eutrigla gurnardus |page=e.T198754A9096486 |doi= |access-date=17 June 2022}}

| parent_authority = Fraser-Brunner, 1938

| display_parents = 2

| taxon = Eutrigla gurnardus

| authority = (Linnaeus, 1758)

| synonyms = *Trigla gurnardus Linnaeus, 1758

Chelidonichthys gurnardus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Trigla milvus Lacepède, 1801

| synonyms_ref = {{FishBase|Eutrigla|gurnardus|month=December|year=2019}}

}}

The grey gurnard (Eutrigla gurnardus) is a species of ray-finned fish from the family Triglidae, the gurnards and sea robins. It is native to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Black Sea. It is caught as a food fish and is known for producing sounds. It is the only member of the monotypic genus Eutrigla.

Taxonomy

The grey gurnard was first formally described in 1758 as Trigla gurnardus by Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of the Systema Naturae with the type locality given as "British seas".{{Cof genus| genus = Eutrigla | access-date = 17 June 2022}} In 1938 the British ichthyologist Alec Frederick Fraser-Brunner classified this species within the monotypic genus Eutrigla.{{Cof family |family = Triglinae | access-date = 17 June 2022}} The genus name combines the prefixc eu meaning "well" or "very" with the genus name Trigla, this species has enlarged, bony, keeled scales along its lateral line. The specific name is a latinisation of the English word gurnard.{{cite web | url = https://etyfish.org/perciformes12/ | title = Order Perciformes (Part 12): Suborder Triglioidei: Families Triglidae and Peristediidae | work = The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database | editor1= Christopher Scharpf | editor2 = Kenneth J. Lazara | name-list-style = amp |date = 10 June 2021 | access-date = 17 June 2022 | publisher = Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}

Description

File:The Grey Gurnard (Eutrigla gurnandus) - geograph.org.uk - 4611135.jpg

The grey gurnard has a large head but does not have a deep occipital groove. There are two dorsal fins, the first has 7–10 spines and the second has 18–20 rays. The anal fin has 17–20 rays, the pectoral fins are short, just extending as far as the anal fin origin. The scales along the lateral line are slightly larger than the scales covering the body, and have a spiny keel and a toothed rear edge. The breast is naked of scales while the belly is partially covered in scales. The colour of this fish is variable but it is usually greyish-brown, rarely dull red, and tinged with red on its back and flanks. The underside is cream coloured and the back and flanks are usually covered with small white spots. The first dorsal fin has a large, circular black mark.{{cite web | author = J.C. Hureau | title = Grey gurnard (Eutrigla gurnardus) | work = The fishes of the NE Atlantic and Mediterranean | publisher = Marine Species Identification Portal | access-date = 14 March 2020 | url = http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=fnam&id=2141}} It can grow to a maximum total length of {{convert|60|cm|in}}, although a more common total length is {{convert|30|cm|in}} while the maximum published weight is {{convert|956|g|lbs}}.

Distribution

The grey gurnard occurs in the eastern Atlantic Ocean from Iceland and Norway south to Morocco, it is found in the North Sea and the southern Baltic Sea as well as off Madeira. In the Mediterranean Sea, its range extends from eastern Spain to Turkey and into the Black Sea.

Habitat and biology

The grey gurnard is a common fish on sandy seabeds but it does occur infrequently on rocky substrates, as well as in mud areas from the shoreline down to {{convert|140|m|ft}}. In the eastern Ionian Sea it has been recorded as deep as {{convert|340|m|ft}}. It is a predatory species which feeds on crustaceans, largely shrimps and shore crabs, and small fish, such as gobies, flatfish, young Atlantic herring and sand eels. As with other sea robins, grey gurnards produce sounds. Sound production in this species is often associated with competition for food. Small individuals produce more sounds than larger ones, and emit more "grunts" than "knocks", probably because they more often compete for food by contest tactics whereas larger specimens predominantly scramble for food.{{Cite journal | last1 = Amorim | first1 = M. C. P. | last2 = Hawkins | first2 = A. D. | doi = 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2004.01061.x | title = Ontogeny of acoustic and feeding behaviour in the grey gurnard, Eutrigla gurnardus| journal = Ethology | volume = 111 | issue = 3 | pages = 255–269| year = 2005 | bibcode = 2005Ethol.111..255A | hdl = 10400.12/1444 | hdl-access = free }}

In Ireland, the fish has been called the cuckoo fish, knoud, or noud.{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientandprese00socigoog |page=[https://archive.org/details/ancientandprese00socigoog/page/n236 231] |quote=knoud fish. |title=The Ancient and Present State of the County of Cork |year=1893 |work=The ancient and present state of the county and city of Cork |publisher=Guy & Co. Ltd. Guy and Co. Ltd. |access-date=30 Nov 2013}}

Fisheries

Grey gurnards are of commercial importance as a food.{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2532/en |title=Eutrigla gurnardus (Linnaeus, 1758) |year=2013 |work=FAO Species Fact Sheets |publisher=FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department |access-date=10 June 2013}} The main producers of grey gurnards are China, Taiwan, and Japan. These three countries account for the vast majority of the world's production, with China alone accounting for over 60% of the total. Other significant producers include Indonesia, India, and Vietnam