Ground tyrant
{{short description|Genus of birds}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Ground tyrants
| image = Perched Spot-billed Ground-tyrant (Muscisaxicola maculirostris) side view.jpg
| image_caption = Spot-billed ground tyrant (Muscisaxicola maculirostris)
| taxon = Muscisaxicola
| authority = d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837
| type_species = Muscisaxicola rufivertex{{cite web |url= https://www.aviansystematics.org/4th-edition-checklist?viewfamilies=107 |title= Tyrannidae |author= |date= |website= aviansystematics.org |publisher= The Trust for Avian Systematics |access-date= 2023-07-16}}
| type_species_authority = d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837
}}
The ground tyrants (Muscisaxicola) are a genus of passerine birds belonging to the tyrant flycatcher family Tyrannidae. There are about 13 different species. They are ground-dwelling birds which inhabit open country in South America, particularly the Andes and Patagonia. Several southern species are migratory, moving northward for the winter. Ground tyrants feed on insects and other invertebrates, mainly by picking them from the ground.
A flight display is performed during the breeding season. The nest is a cup of twigs or grass which, in most species, is built in a burrow, crevice or under rocks.
Ground tyrants are fairly small (13–20 cm in length) with longish legs, a slender bill and an erect posture. The plumage is dull and mainly grey or brown with paler underparts. The head is variably patterned with several species having rufous patches on the crown or white between the bill and eye. The birds have simple calls and are often silent.
Systematics and taxonomy
A study of mitochondrial DNA by Chesser (2000) has shown that the little ground tyrant (M. fluviatilis) is highly divergent and not closely related to the other ground tyrants. All the remaining species are related and form a monophyletic group, although the spot-billed ground tyrant (M. maculirostris) is somewhat divergent from the others. The little and spot-billed ground tyrants are smaller and browner than the other species and the little ground tyrant also differs in its habitat, occurring near rivers in the Amazon rainforest.
The paramo ground tyrant (M. alpinus) and Taczanowski's ground tyrant (M. griseus) were previously treated as a single species but are genetically divergent with the paramo ground tyrant belonging to a southern Andean and Patagonian clade within the genus and Taczanowski's ground tyrant belonging to a central Andean clade. The name plain-capped ground tyrant is used by some authors to refer to M. griseus with paramo ground tyrant used for M. alpinus.
The genus name Muscisaxicola is masculine, therefore the species names griseus, cinereus, maclovianus, alpinus and capistratus are correct rather than grisea, cinerea, macloviana, alpina and capistrata. The names flavinucha and albilora are invariable.
=Species list=
| class="wikitable" | |||
| Image | Scientific name | Common Name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| - | Spot-billed ground tyrant | Muscisaxicola maculirostris | Andes |
| - | White-fronted ground tyrant | Muscisaxicola albifrons | Puna grassland |
| 125px | Ochre-naped ground tyrant | Muscisaxicola flavinucha | southern Andes ; winters to northern Peru |
| 125px | Paramo ground tyrant | Muscisaxicola alpinus | Andes of Colombia and Ecuador |
| 125px | Taczanowski's ground tyrant | Muscisaxicola griseus | Puna grassland |
| 125px | Cinereous ground tyrant | Muscisaxicola cinereus | Puna grassland |
| 125px | Rufous-naped ground tyrant | Muscisaxicola rufivertex | Puna grassland, southern Andes and Sierras Pampeanas |
| 125px | Dark-faced ground tyrant | Muscisaxicola maclovianus | southern Andes ; winters to coastal Peru and throughout southern cone |
| 125px | White-browed ground tyrant | Muscisaxicola albilora | southern Andes ; winters north to Ecuador |
| 125px | Cinnamon-bellied ground tyrant | Muscisaxicola capistratus | southern Patagonia ; winters north to southeastern Peru |
| 125px | Puna ground tyrant | Muscisaxicola juninensis | Puna grassland |
| 125px | Black-fronted ground tyrant | Muscisaxicola frontalis | southern Andes ; winters in Puna grassland |
The little ground tyrant was formerly placed in Muscisaxicola but was moved to the monotypic genus Syrtidicola following the publication of a phylogenetic study in 2020.{{Cite journal | last1=Chesser | first1=R.T. | last2=Harvey | first2=M.H. | last3=Brumfield | first3=R.T. | last4=Derryberry | first4=E.P. | date=2020 | title=A revised classification of the Xolmiini (Aves: Tyrannidae: Fluvicolinae), including a new genus for Muscisaxicola fluviatilis | journal=Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington | volume=133 | issue=1 | pages=35–48 | doi=10.2988/20-00005 }}
References
{{Reflist|refs=
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=Further reading=
- Jaramillo, Alvaro; Burke, Peter & Beadle, David (2003) Field Guide to the Birds of Chile, Christopher Helm, London
- Vuilleumier, François (1994) [https://sora.unm.edu/node/119193 Nesting, behavior, distribution and speciation of Patagonian and Andean ground tyrants (Myiotheretes, Xolmis, Neoxolmis, Agriornis and Muscisaxicola)], Ornitologia Neotropical, 5: 1–55
External links
Video, spottings and photos on Birds of the world.
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- Muscisaxicola albifrons—[https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/wfgtyr1/cur/introduction Videos and Photos]
- Muscisaxicola albilora—[https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/wbgtyr1/cur/introduction Videos and Photos]
- Muscisaxicola alpinus—[https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/plcgrt1/cur/introduction Videos and Photos]
- Muscisaxicola capistratus—[https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/cibgrt1/cur/introduction Videos and Photos]
- Muscisaxicola cinereus—[https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/cingrt1/cur/introduction Videos and Photos]
- Muscisaxicola flavinucha—[https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/ongtyr1/cur/introduction Videos and Photos]
- Muscisaxicola frontalis—[https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/bfgtyr1/cur/introduction Videos and Photos]
- Muscisaxicola griseus—[https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/tacgrt1/cur/introduction Videos and Photos]
- Muscisaxicola juninensis—[https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/pugtyr1/cur/introduction Videos and Photos]
- Muscisaxicola maclovianus—[https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/dafgrt1/cur/introduction Videos and Photos]
- Muscisaxicola maculirostris— [https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/sbgtyr1/cur/introduction Videos and Photos]
- Muscisaxicola rufivertex—[https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/rngtyr1/cur/introduction Videos and Photos]
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{{Passeriformes|T.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1059499}}