Grubb Parsons

File:Description of the Equatorial Mounting of Mr. Cooper's Great Achromatic Telescope, 1835 (IA jstor-30004014) (page 2 crop).jpg

The Grubb Telescope Company was founded in Dublin by the Irish engineer Thomas Grubb in 1833.{{cite web |title=Grubbs of Dublin / Grubb Parsons 1830-1985 |page=1 |url=http://www.backyardvoyager.com/Grubb.html |website=Backyard Voyager |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707203927/http://www.backyardvoyager.com/Grubb.html |archive-date=7 July 2011}} He ran a precision engineering company whose cast iron products included billiard tables and printing presses for banknotes. Grubb had a personal interest in optics and was a friend of the Irish astronomer Thomas Romney Robinson. His first foray into telescope construction was his own {{convert|9|in|adj=on}} refractor, which he operated as a public observatory in Portobello, Dublin, as a visitor attraction.

The company's first order was the mount for the {{convert|13.3|in|adj=on}} telescope at Markree Observatory, completed in 1834 as the largest refracting telescope in the world. Edward Joshua Cooper, the owner of Markree Castle, had purchased the optics from Robert-Aglaé Cauchoix of Paris and commissioned Grubb (on Robinson's recommendation) to construct the mechanical supports. Grubb provided an equatorial mount that could track targets automatically using a clock drive; although this was not the first telescope with an equatorial mount, it was far larger than previous examples. This was followed in 1835 by a {{convert|15|in|adj=on}} reflecting telescope for Armagh Observatory (run by Robinson), which used the Cassegrain layout and another equatorial mount.{{cite web |title=Thomas Romney Robinson and the New Instruments |url=https://www.armagh.space/heritage/armagh-observatory/history/thomas-romney-robinson-and-the-new-instruments |publisher=Armagh Observatory |access-date=13 February 2023}} The combination of an equatorial mount with the Cassegrain layout was innovative and had not been used on large telescopes before; it was widely adopted thereafter.{{cite journal |last1=Butler |first1=C. J. |title=The 15-inch Equatorial Reflector by Thomas Grubb at Armagh Observatory |journal=Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society |date=June 2016 |issue=129 |pages=2-9 |url=https://scientificinstrumentsociety.org/BulletinArticles_public/Bulletin129_Butler,C.J._15-inch-equatorial-by-Thomas-Grubb.pdf}}

Orders from outside Ireland soon followed, including the {{convert|6.7|in|adj=on}} Sheepshanks equatorial refractor for the Royal Observatory, Greenwich (London, 1838) and a {{convert|6.0|in|adj=on}} refractor for the United States Military Academy (West Point, 1840), both using lenses that had been produced by Cauchoix in Paris.{{cite web |title=Sheepshanks telescope |url=http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/11074.html |publisher=Royal Museums Greenwich |access-date=11 November 2024}} In the 1850s and 60s, the company also produced compound microscopes.{{cite web |title=Compound Microscope, by Thomas Grubb, Dublin, c. 1860 |url=https://www.hsm.ox.ac.uk/collections-online#/item/hsm-catalogue-34879 |website=History of Science Museum |publisher=University of Oxford |access-date=27 March 2023 |language=en}}

File:EngelgardtTelescope.jpg, built in 1875 by the Grubb Telescope Company.]]

With Thomas Grubb approaching retirement, in 1865 he was joined in managing the company by his son Howard Grubb.{{cite web |title=Grubbs of Dublin / Grubb Parsons 1830-1985 |page=2 |url=http://www.backyardvoyager.com/Grubb2.html |website=Backyard Voyager |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904212756/http://www.backyardvoyager.com/Grubb2.html |archive-date=4 September 2011}} Thomas Grubb retired in 1868 and died in 1878. Howard Grubb solidified the company's reputation for high-quality optical instruments, and was knighted in 1887.

The Grubbs contributed to the early development of astronomical spectroscopy by producing various spectroscopes. Surviving examples include spectroscopes with two{{cite web |title=2-prism Astronomical Spectroscope |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/rmgc-object-11240 |publisher=Royal Museums Greenwich |access-date=11 November 2024}} and six prisms (the latter completed in 1867).{{cite web |last1=Clackson |first1=Saffron |title=spectroscope, astronomical, by Grubb and Son, Irish, 1867 (c) |url=https://collections.whipplemuseum.cam.ac.uk/objects/13253/ |website=Whipple Museum |publisher=University of Cambridge |access-date=27 March 2023}}

File:Refraktor Wien Kerschbaum 1.jpg, built by the Grubb Telescope Company in 1878.|alt=|left]]

In 1868 the company completed the {{convert|48|in|m|adj=on}} Great Melbourne Telescope, one of the last large instruments to use a speculum primary mirror. It was the second largest telescope in the world at that time, and the largest that was fully steerable. In 1871 they produced a {{convert|18|in|m|adj=on}} reflector, also using speculum, for the private observatory of William Huggins at Tulse Hill.{{cite web |last1=Nall |first1=Joshua |title=18-inch telescope primary mirror, speculum, from William Huggins’ Tulse Hill Observatory, by Howard Grubb, Irish, 1871 |url=https://collections.whipplemuseum.cam.ac.uk/objects/13295/ |website=Whipple Museum |publisher=University of Cambridge |access-date=27 March 2023}} A {{convert|24|in|m|adj=on}} reflector was produced for Royal Observatory, Edinburgh (1872, at Calton Hill Observatory). The company constructed a {{convert|27|in|m|adj=on}} refractor for the Vienna Observatory in 1878, which was then the largest refractor in the world and regarded as being of high optical quality.

The Melbourne and Vienna telescopes substantially enhanced the reputation of the company, leading to numerous orders for new telescopes. Some of the largest constructed in this period included a {{convert|24|in|m|adj=on}} for the private observatory of William Edward Wilson (1881, Daramona House, Ireland); a {{convert|19|in|m|adj=on}} heliostat for the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (1890, Washington DC, USA); and the Greenwich 28 inch refractor at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich (1893, still the largest refractor in the UK). In 1887 Grubb's firm built seven identical astrographs for the international Carte du Ciel project; the 13 inch refracting telescopes were designed to produce uniform photographic plates.{{cite journal |last=Jones |first=Derek |date=October 2000 |title= The scientific value of the Carte du Ciel |journal=Astronomy & Geophysics |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=16–20 |doi=10.1046/j.1468-4004.2000.41516.x |bibcode=2000A&G....41e..16J |doi-access=free}} In 1896 they produced a {{convert|30|in|m|adj=on}} reflector for the Royal Observatory, Greenwich.{{cite web |title=Dome A - The Thompson 30-inch reflecting telescope |url=https://www.the-observatory.org/dome-a |publisher=Herstmonceux Observatory Science Centre |access-date=16 February 2023 |language=en}} The company produced an 18/24-inch double refractor for the Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope (South Africa, 1897) and a copy for the Radcliffe Observatory (Oxford, 1901).{{cite web |title=The Radcliffe Telescope |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/ucl-observatory/telescopes/radcliffe-telescope |publisher=UCL Observatory |access-date=13 February 2023 |language=en |date=29 October 2018}}

After the submarine periscope was invented in 1902, Howard Grubb patented several improvements to their design. The Grubb factory began manufacturing the new instruments, which became their primary business by 1914.{{cite journal |last1=Martin |first1=L. C. |title=Prof. A. E. Conrady |journal=Nature |date=October 1944 |volume=154 |issue=3911 |page=491 |doi=10.1038/154491b0 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/154491b0 |language=en |issn=1476-4687|doi-access=free }} During the First World War, most British submarines were equipped with a periscope built by Grubb; following the 1916 Easter Rising in Dublin, the periscope workshop was moved to St Albans in 1918 for better security.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KAWwzHlDVksC&pg=PA387 |page=387 |title=The History of the Telescope |author=Henry C. King |publisher=Courier Corporation |date=2003 |orig-date=1955 |edition=Dover |publication-date=1979 |isbn=9780486432656 }} When the military contracts ended and peace returned in 1919, the company struggled to return to profitability. Howard Grubb, then in his 70s, attempted to revive the sale of large telescopes but the company began to lose money.{{cite web |last1=Glass |first1=Ian |author1-link=Ian Glass |title=Victorian Telescope Makers: The Lives and Letters of Thomas and Howard Grubb |url=https://www.saao.ac.za/~isg/grubb.html |work=Ian Glass Astronomer Home Page |access-date=7 February 2023}} Several telescopes had been delayed or not completed due to the war, such as a {{convert|24|in|m|adj=on}} reflector for the National Astronomical Observatory of Chile (Santiago), which had been ordered in 1909, partially constructed in 1913, but was not operational until 1925.

File:The Grubb Parsons Reflecting Telescope.webm]]

In 1925, with Howard Grubb aged 81 and the company on the verge of bankruptcy, it was sold to Charles Parsons. Parsons was an Anglo-Irish engineer with family connections to telescope making – Parson's father William Parsons had constructed the Leviathan of Parsonstown (the largest telescope in the world from 1845-1917). The families had been friends for two generations.{{cite journal |title=Massive optics at Grubb Parsons |journal=Journal of the British Astronomical Association |date=December 1999 |volume=109 |issue=6 |page=339 |bibcode=1999JBAA..109..339S}} Charles Parsons renamed the company Grubb Parsons and moved the factory to Newcastle-upon-Tyne, where his other engineering companies were already located.

The first large telescope completed under the new management (though not the first ordered) was a {{convert|36|in|m|adj=on}} reflector for the Royal Observatory Edinburgh, which saw first light in 1930. A year later the Royal Greenwich Observatory ordered a copy of this instrument, which was constructed as the Yapp telescope. In 1931 the company provided both a {{convert|40|in|m|adj=on}} reflector and a 24/20-inch double refractor for the new site of the Stockholm Observatory (Sweden).

Charles Parsons died in 1931,{{cn|date=February 2023}} but Grubb Parsons remained a subsidiary of his engineering business, C. A. Parsons and Company.{{cite journal |last1=Sisson |first1=George M. |title=Sir Howard Grubb, Parsons and Company |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society |date=21 June 1955 |volume=230 |issue=1181 |pages=147–157 |doi=10.1098/rspa.1955.0118 |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspa.1955.0118 |series=Series A - Mathematical and Physical Sciences|doi-access=}} In 1938, the company acquired the telescope manufacturing arm of Cooke, Troughton & Simms.{{cite journal |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/JRASC/0032//0000363.000.html |title=Acquisition of telescope-making business |journal=J. R. Astron. Soc. Can. |volume=32 |year=1938 |page=363 |bibcode=1938JRASC..32..362H}}{{cite journal |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/JRASC/0032//0000399.000.html |title=Clarification that only telescope-making business was acquired |journal=J. R. Astron. Soc. Can. |volume=32 |year=1938 |page=399 |bibcode=1938JRASC..32R.396H}}

File:Toronto 74" Reflector (9293222318).jpg

The company found the standardisation of designs to be profitable, so continued the approach with a series of six near-identical {{convert|74|in|m|adj=on}} telescopes for the David Dunlap Observatory (Ontario, Canada, 1935), Radcliffe Observatory (South Africa, construction completed 1938 but first light delayed until after the Second World War), Mount Stromlo Observatory (Canberra, Australia, 1955), Haute-Provence Observatory (France, 1956, with a metric {{convert|1.93|m|in|adj=on}} mirror), Okayama Observatory (Japan, 1960) and Helwan Observatory (Egypt, 1963). They continued to produce numerous smaller telescopes in this period, including a {{convert|36|in|m|adj=on}} for Cambridge Observatory (UK, 1955), a {{convert|40|in|m|adj=on}} for the South African Astronomical Observatory (1963), and a {{convert|48|in|m|adj=on}} for Dominion Astrophysical Observatory (Victoria, Canada, 1961).

The next major project was the {{convert|98|in|m|adj=on|sigfig=3}} Isaac Newton Telescope for Royal Greenwich Observatory, which had moved to Herstmonceux Castle, completed in 1965. The location was later deemed unsuitable, so from 1979-84 this telescope was moved to Roque de los Muchachos Observatory in the Canary Islands, during which Grubb Parsons upgraded it with a {{convert|100|in|m|adj=on|sigfig=3}} mirror.

The company began to concentrate on optical systems, not mechanical designs, producing thousands of small mirrors, lenses and prisms for spectrometers as well as small telescopes. They ground and polished the primary mirror for the {{convert|3.9|m|in|adj=on}} Anglo-Australian Telescope (AAT) (at Siding Spring Observatory, Australia), which was completed in 1965, though its design and mounting were completed by other companies. Grubb Parsons also produced the {{convert|49|in|m|adj=on}} UK Schmidt Telescope in 1973, located adjacent to the AAT.{{cite journal |title=Demise of Grubb Parsons |journal=Monthly Notes of the Astronomical Society of Southern Africa |date=1984 |volume=43 |page=26 |bibcode=1984MNSSA..43Q..26.}} They produced the optical components of the {{convert|3.8|m|in|adj=on}} UK Infrared Telescope (1979, then the largest infrared telescope in the world), but not the mechanical parts. Smaller telescopes produced by Grubb Parsons in this period included the {{convert|1.0|m|in|adj=on}} Jacobus Kapteyn Telescope (Roque de los Muchachos Observatory, 1979) and the optics for the {{convert|60|in|m|adj=on}} Danish National Telescope (La Silla Observatory, Chile, 1976).

File:William Herschel Telescope at twilight.jpg in the Canary Islands, Spain.]]

The company traded until 1985,{{why|date=February 2023}} with its last project being the {{convert|4.2|m|in|adj=on}} William Herschel Telescope.{{Cite journal |first=Ian |last=Ridpath |author-link=Ian Ridpath |date=August 1990 |title=The William Herschel telescope |journal=Sky & Telescope |volume=80 |page=136 |bibcode=1990S&T....80..136R |url=http://www.ing.iac.es/PR/wht_info/sandt.pdf |access-date = 13 February 2023}}

The surviving archives of the company are held at the Tyne and Wear Archives, part of the Discovery Museum in Newcastle.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-tyne-25627747|title=When Geordies reached for the stars|last1=Armstrong|first1=Simon|last2=Bayman|first2=Hannah|date=11 January 2014|publisher=BBC News}}

Ian Glass, a historian of astronomy, wrote a history of the company under the management of Thomas and Howard Grubb, based mostly on their letters.{{cite book |last1=Glass |first1=I. S. |author1-link=Ian Glass |title=Victorian telescope makers : the lives and letters of Thomas and Howard Grubb |date=1997 |publisher=Institute of Physics Publishing |location=Bristol, UK |isbn=9780750304542 |bibcode=1997vtml.book.....G}} Glass also produced catalogues of the telescopes known to have been produced by Grubb{{cite web |last1=Glass |first1=Ian |author1-link=Ian Glass |title=Telescopes and other instruments by Thomas and Howard Grubb |url=https://www.saao.ac.za/~isg/g.html |publisher=South African Astronomical Observatory |access-date=8 February 2023}} and by Grubb Parsons.{{cite web |last1=Glass |first1=Ian |author1-link=Ian Glass |title=Telescopes made by Grubb Parsons (Partial list) |url=https://www.saao.ac.za/~isg/gp.html |publisher=South African Astronomical Observatory |access-date=8 February 2023}}

A partial history of the company under Parsons was written by its last managing director, George Sisson.{{cite journal|last1=Sisson|first1=G.M.|title=Mirror Images|journal=Vistas in Astronomy|volume=35|page=345|date=1992|issue=4|doi=10.1016/0083-6656(92)90001-m|bibcode=1992VA.....35..345S}}

• List of largest optical telescopes in the 19th century
• List of largest optical telescopes in the 20th century
• T. Cooke & Sons - contemporary British telescope company, founded in 1837

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{{Reflist|colwidth=25em}}

• {{cite web |title=Sir Howard Grubb, Parsons and Co |url=https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Sir_Howard_Grubb,_Parsons_and_Co |website=Graces Guide |access-date=13 June 2024}}
• [https://www.dur.ac.uk/physics/newsandevents/lectures/grubbparsons-micro/ Durham University Grubb Parson Lectures]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20110607042012/http://www.star.ucl.ac.uk/~sk/osl/omt/omt.html Former Grubb Parsons large mirror polishing machine]
• {{cite web |last1=Fagan |first1=William |title=Grubb and Parsons: Optical and engineering giants |url=https://www.macfilos.com/2017/04/11/2017-4-9-grubb-and-parsons-optical-and-engineering-giants/ |website=Macfilos |access-date=11 November 2024 |date=11 April 2017}}
• [http://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?txtkeys1=Sir+Howard+Grubb,+Parsons+and Grubb Parsons telescope construction photos]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20100126002920/http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/about_ioa/history/36-inch.php The 36-inch telescope at Cambridge University]

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Category:Telescope manufacturers

Category:Manufacturing companies based in Newcastle upon Tyne

Category:British companies established in 1833

Category:British companies disestablished in 1985

Category:1833 establishments in England

Category:1985 disestablishments in England