Guanling Formation

{{Short description|Geological formation in China}}

{{Distinguish|Guanling biota}}

{{Infobox rockunit

| name = Guanling Formation

| image =

| caption =

| type = Geological formation

| age = early-mid Anisian (Pelsonian)
~{{fossil range|247|245}}

| period = Anisian

| prilithology = Mudstone, limestone

| otherlithology = Dolomite

| namedfor =

| namedby =

| region = Guizhou & Yunnan Provinces

| country = China

| coordinates = {{coord|25.5|N|104.9|E|display=inline,title}}

| paleocoordinates = {{coord|11.7|N|94.2|E|display=inline}}

| unitof =

| subunits =

| underlies = Yangliujing Formation

| overlies = Jialingjiang Formation

| thickness =

| extent = Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau

| area =

| map = {{Location map+ | China#China Guizhou

| relief = 1

| width = 250

| float = center

| places =

{{Location map~ | China#China Guizhou

| lat_deg = 25.5

| lon_deg = 104.9

| mark = Pink ff0080 pog.svg

| marksize = 12

}}

}}

| map_caption =

}}

The Guanling Formation is a Middle Triassic (Anisian or Pelsonian in the regional chronostratigraphy) geologic formation in southwestern China.

Geology

The formation encompasses two members. The first member is primarily calcareous mudstone and dolomite, indicative of a coastal environment. The second member is a thicker marine sequence of dark micritic limestone with some dolomite. Two distinct fossil assemblages are found in the second member. The older Luoping biota preserves abundant arthropods (including isopods,{{Cite journal |last=Fu |first=Wan-Lu |last2=Wilson |first2=George D. F. |last3=Jiang |first3=Da-Yong |last4=Sun |first4=Yuan-Lin |last5=Hao |first5=Wei-Cheng |last6=Sun |first6=Zuo-Yu |date=September 2010 |title=A New Species of Protamphisopus Nicholls (Crustacea, Isopoda, Phreatoicidea) from Middle Triassic Luoping Fauna of Yunnan Province, China |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/new-species-of-protamphisopus-nicholls-crustacea-isopoda-phreatoicidea-from-middle-triassic-luoping-fauna-of-yunnan-province-china/70D2CD3E5887BCB5F3BF5631F109EBE0 |journal=Journal of Paleontology |language=en |volume=84 |issue=5 |pages=1003–1013 |doi=10.1666/10-042.1 |issn=0022-3360|url-access=subscription }} decapods,{{Cite journal |last=Feldmann |first=Rodney M. |last2=Schweitzer |first2=Carrie E. |last3=Hu |first3=Shixue |last4=Zhang |first4=Qiyue |last5=Zhou |first5=Changyoing |last6=Xie |first6=Tao |last7=Huang |first7=Jinyuan |last8=Wen |first8=Wen |date=May 2012 |title=Macrurous Decapoda from the Luoping Biota (Middle Triassic) of China |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/macrurous-decapoda-from-the-luoping-biota-middle-triassic-of-china/D48074A8C2420C707124F2B6550D26B2 |journal=Journal of Paleontology |language=en |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=425–441 |doi=10.1666/11-113.1 |issn=0022-3360|url-access=subscription }} mysidaceans and thylacocephalans{{Cite journal |last=Feldmann |first=Rodney M. |last2=Schweitzer |first2=Carrie E. |last3=Hu |first3=Shixue |last4=Huang |first4=Jinyuan |last5=Zhou |first5=Changyong |last6=Zhang |first6=Qiyue |last7=Wen |first7=Wen |last8=Xie |first8=Tao |last9=Maguire |first9=Evin |date=November 2015 |title=Spatial distribution of Crustacea and associated organisms in the Luoping Biota (Anisian, Middle Triassic), Yunnan Province, China: evidence of periodic mass kills |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/spatial-distribution-of-crustacea-and-associated-organisms-in-the-luo**-biota-anisian-middle-triassic-yunnan-province-china-evidence-of-periodic-mass-kills/29B0014AFAB47DEB602033CA3EC68A82 |journal=Journal of Paleontology |language=en |volume=89 |issue=6 |pages=1022–1037 |doi=10.1017/jpa.2015.60 |issn=0022-3360|url-access=subscription }}) along with fossils from other invertebrates and vertebrates, which are rare but well-preserved. The slightly younger Panxian fauna has a more diverse and common assortment of marine reptiles such as sauropterygians.{{Cite journal|last1=Benton|first1=Michael J.|last2=Zhang|first2=Qiyue|last3=Hu|first3=Shixue|last4=Chen|first4=Zhong-Qiang|last5=Wen|first5=Wen|last6=Liu|first6=Jun|last7=Huang|first7=Jinyuan|last8=Zhou|first8=Changyong|last9=Xie|first9=Tao|last10=Tong|first10=Jinnan|last11=Choo|first11=Brian|date=2013-10-01|title=Exceptional vertebrate biotas from the Triassic of China, and the expansion of marine ecosystems after the Permo-Triassic mass extinction|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825213001128|journal=Earth-Science Reviews|language=en|volume=125|pages=199–243|doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.05.014|bibcode=2013ESRv..125..199B |issn=0012-8252|url-access=subscription}}

A tuff bed in the Luoping biota has been dated to 244.5 ± 2.2 Ma via U-Pb SHRIMP dating. The Luoping biota as a whole was deposited over a period of 340 ± 71 kyr. This estimate is justified by cyclostratigraphic evidence, as indicated by fluctuations of terrestrial proxy metals.{{Cite journal |last1=Ma |first1=Zhixin |last2=Wu |first2=Huaichun |last3=Hu |first3=Shixue |last4=Fang |first4=Qiang |last5=Liu |first5=Xiting |last6=Zhou |first6=Changyong |last7=Wen |first7=Wen |last8=Zhang |first8=Qiyue |last9=Huang |first9=Jinyuan |last10=Min |first10=Xiao |date=2023-09-26 |title=Temporal duration and preservation mechanism of the Middle Triassic Luoping biota from South China constrained by geochronology and cyclostratigraphy |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921818123002278 |journal=Global and Planetary Change |volume=229 |pages=104254 |doi=10.1016/j.gloplacha.2023.104254 |bibcode=2023GPC...22904254M |s2cid=263214751 |issn=0921-8181|url-access=subscription }}

Fossil content

Among others, the following fossils were reported from the formation:

=[[Ichthyopterygia]]=

class="wikitable" align="center"

|+ Ichthyosauria

GenusSpeciesMemberNotesImage
Barracudasauroides{{cite journal |last1=Jiang |first1=Da-Yong |last2=Schmitz |first2=Lars |last3=Hao |first3=Wei-Cheng |last4=Sun |first4=Yuan-Lin |title=A new mixosaurid ichthyosaur from the Middle Triassic of China |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |date=March 30, 2006 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=60–69 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[60:ANMIFT]2.0.CO;2 |jstor=4524536 |s2cid=55171917 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4524536 |ref=Barracudasauroides|url-access=subscription }}B. panxianensisUpper MemberA small mixosaurid ichthyosaur, either a member of its own genus{{cite journal |last1=Maisch |first1=Michael W. |title=Phylogeny, systematics, and origin of the Ichthyosauria - the state of the art |journal=Palaeodiversity |date=2010 |volume=3 |pages=141–214 |ref=MaischIchthyo}} or a species of Mixosaurus.
rowspan=2 | Phalarodon{{cite journal |last1=Jiang |first1=Da-Yong |last2=Lars |first2=Schmitz |last3=Motani |first3=Ryosuke |last4=Hao |first4=Wie-Cheng |last5=Sun |first5=Yuan-Lin |title=The Mixosaurid Ichthyosaur Phalarodon cf. P. fraasi from the Middle Triassic of Guizhou Province, China |journal=Journal of Paleontology |date=2007 |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=602–605 |doi=10.1666/05092.1 |jstor=4498810 |bibcode=2007JPal...81..602J |s2cid=54761545 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4498810 |ref=Phalarodonfraasi|url-access=subscription }}{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Jun |last2=Motani |first2=Ryosuke |last3=Jiang |first3=Da-Yong |last4=Hu |first4=Shi-Xue |last5=Aitchison |first5=Jonathan C. |last6=Rieppel |first6=Olivier |last7=Benton |first7=Michael J. |last8=Zhang |first8=Qi-Yue |last9=Zhou |first9=Chang-Yong |title=The first specimen of the Middle Triassic Phalarodon atavus (Ichthyosauria: Mixosauridae) from South China, showing postcranial anatomy and peri-Tethyan distribution |journal=Palaeontology |date=2013 |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=849–866 |doi=10.1111/pala.12021 |bibcode=2013Palgy..56..849L |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pala.12021 |ref=Phalarodonatavus}}

| P. cf. fraasi

Upper MemberKnown from a skull of a small mixosaurid ichthyosaur with durophagous dentition.
P. atavusUpper MemberA small mixosaurid ichthyosaur known from a complete skeleton. Might represent a member of its own genus, Contectopalatus.
Xinminosaurus{{cite journal |last1=Jiang |first1=Da-Yong |last2=Motani |first2=Ryosuke |last3=Hao |first3=Wei-Cheng |last4=Schmitz |first4=Lars |last5=Rieppel |first5=Olivier |last6=Sun |first6=Yuan-Lin |last7=Sun |first7=Zuo-Yu |title=New primitive ichthyosaurian (Reptilia, Diapsida) from the Middle Triassic of Panxian, Guizhou, southwestern China and its position in the Triassic biotic recovery |journal=Progress in Natural Science |date=2008 |volume=18 |issue=10 |pages=1315–1319 |doi=10.1016/j.pnsc.2008.01.039 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2008PNSMI..18.1315J }}X. catactesUpper MemberA medium-sized early ichthyosaur with durophagous dentition, possibly a member of Cymbospondylidae.

=[[Sauropterygia]]=

class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"

|+ Placodontiformes

GenusSpeciesMemberNotesImage
Atopodentatus{{cite journal |last1=Cheng |first1=Long |last2=Chen |first2=Xiao-Hong |last3=Shang |first3=Qing-Hua |last4=Wu |first4=Xiao-Chun |title=A new marine reptile from the Triassic of China, with a highly specialized feeding adaptation |journal=Naturwissenschaften |date=2014 |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=251–259 |doi=10.1007/s00114-014-1148-4 |pmid=24452285 |bibcode=2014NW....101..251C |s2cid=7770583 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00114-014-1148-4|url-access=subscription }}A. unicusUpper MemberA bizarre, likely herbivorous{{cite journal |last1=Chun |first1=Li |last2=Rieppel |first2=Olivier |last3=Long |first3=Cheng |last4=Fraser |first4=Nicholas C. |title=The earliest herbivorous marine reptile and its remarkable jaw apparatus |journal=Science Advances |date=2016 |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=e1501659 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1501659 |pmid=27386529 |pmc=4928886 |bibcode=2016SciA....2E1659C }} sauropterygian with possible placodontiform affinities,{{cite journal |last1=Wolniewicz |first1=Andrzej S. |last2=Shen |first2=Yuefeng |last3=Li |first3=Qiang |last4=Sun |first4=Yuanyuan |last5=Qiao |first5=Yu |last6=Chen |first6=Yajie |last7=Hu |first7=Yi-Wei |last8=Liu |first8=Jun |title=An armoured marine reptile from the Early Triassic of South China and its phylogenetic and evolutionary implications |journal=eLife |date=2023 |volume=12 |pages=e83163 |doi=10.7554/eLife.83163 |doi-access=free |pmid=37551884 |pmc=10499374 }} known from several well-preserved specimens.
Placodus{{cite journal |last1=Jiang |first1=Da-Yong |last2=Motani |first2=Ryosuke |last3=Hao |first3=Wei-Cheng |last4=Rieppel |first4=Olivier |last5=Sun |first5=Yuan-Lin |last6=Schmitz |first6=Lars |last7=Sun |first7=Zu-Yu |title=First Record of Placodontoidea (Reptilia, Sauropterygia, Placodontia) from the Eastern Tethys |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |date=2008 |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=904–908 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[904:FROPRS]2.0.CO;2 |jstor=20491013 |s2cid=9784064 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20491013|url-access=subscription }}P. inexpectatusUpper MemberA medium-sized placodontid placodont, known from a complete specimen.

class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"

|+ Saurosphargidae

GenusSpeciesMemberNotesImage
rowspan=2|LargocephalosaurusL. polycarpon{{cite journal |last1=Cheng |first1=Long |last2=Chen |first2=Xiahong |last3=Zeng |first3=Xiongwei |last4=Cai |first4=Yongjian |title=A new eosauropterygian (Diapsida: Sauropterygia) from the Middle Triassic of Luoping, Yunnan Province |journal=Journal of Earth Science |date=2012 |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=33–40 |doi=10.1007/s12583-012-0231-z |bibcode=2012JEaSc..23...33C |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12583-012-0231-z|url-access=subscription }}Upper Member A mid-sized basal saurosphargid sauropterygian.
L. qianensis{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Chun |last2=Jiang |first2=Da-Yong |last3=Cheng |first3=Long |last4=Wu |first4=Xiao-Chun |last5=Rieppel |first5=Olivier |title=A new species of Largocephalosaurus (Diapsida: Saurosphargidae), with implications for the morphological diversity and phylogeny of the group |journal=Geological Magazine |date=2014 |volume=151 |issue=1 |pages=100–120 |doi=10.1017/S001675681300023X |bibcode=2014GeoM..151..100L |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/geological-magazine/article/abs/new-species-of-largocephalosaurus-diapsida-saurosphargidae-with-implications-for-the-morphological-diversity-and-phylogeny-of-the-group/02DC9563ADF2E5C2E6EB11285E6D29EA|url-access=subscription }}Upper Member A mid-sized basal saurosphargid sauropterygian.
Sinosaurosphargis{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Chun |last2=Rieppel |first2=Olivier |last3=Wu |first3=Xiao-Chun |last4=Zhao |first4=Li-Jun |last5=Wang |first5=Li-Ting |title=A new Triassic marine reptile from southwestern China |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |date=2011 |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=303–312 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2011.550368 |bibcode=2011JVPal..31..303L |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2011.550368|url-access=subscription }}S. yunguinensisUpper Member A small armoured saurosphargid sauropterygian.

References