Pteronisculus
{{Short description|Extinct genus of ray-finned fishes}}
{{For|the Jurassic ray-finned fish|Pteroniscus}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|252|240|Induan–Anisian}}
| image = Pteronisculus.jpg
| image_caption = Pteronisculus fossil at the Geological Museum, Copenhagen
| taxon = Pteronisculus
| authority = White, 1933
| type_species = †Pteronisculus cicatrosus
| type_species_authority = White, 1933
| subdivision_ranks = Other species
| subdivision =
- {{extinct}}P.? laetus (Lambe, 1916)
- {{extinct}}P. gyrolepidoides (Stensiö, 1921)
- {{extinct}}P. arcticus (Stensiö, 1932)
- {{extinct}}P. macropterus White, 1933
- {{extinct}}P. stensioi (Nielsen, 1942)
- {{extinct}}P. gunnari (Nielsen, 1942)
- {{extinct}}P. magnus (Nielsen, 1942)
- {{extinct}}P. aldingeri (Nielsen, 1942)
- {{extinct}}P. arambourgi Lehman, 1952
- {{extinct}}P. broughi Lehman, 1952
- {{extinct}}P. nielseni Xu et al., 2014
- {{extinct}}P. nevadanus Romano et al., 2019
- {{extinct}}P. changae Ren & Xu, 2021
| synonyms = {{extinct}}Glaucolepis Stensiö, 1921 (non Glaucolepis Braun, 1917)
}}
Pteronisculus is an extinct genus of prehistoric ray-finned fish that lived during the Early Triassic and Middle Triassic epochs of the Triassic period worldwide.
It was first described under the name "Glaucolepis" by Erik Stensiö in 1921 and was later shown to be a synonym of Pteronisculus described by Errol White in 1933. However, because the name "Glaucolepis" is preoccupied (it had already been given to the extant lepidopteran insect Glaucolepis Braun, 1917), Pteronisculus became the valid genus name for the Triassic fish.{{cite journal |last1=White |first1=Errol I. |last2=Moy-Thomas |first2=James A. |date=1940 |title=VII.—Notes on the nomenclature of fossil fishes. Part II. Homonyms D–L |journal= Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=11 |volume=6 |issue=31 |pages=98–103 |doi=10.1080/03745481.1940.9723659}}
Appearance and distribution
Like many other early ray-finned fishes, Pteronisculus had a bullet-shaped skull with large eyes near the front end, and a large gape armed with small to large, conical teeth. Its body was covered with small rhombic scales that show peg-and-socket articulation. Pteronisculus had enlarged pectoral fins and small pelvic fins. The dorsal and anal fins were virtually opposed to each other. The caudal fin was heterocercal.
Pteronisculus had a wide geographic range during the Early Triassic.{{cite journal | last = Sepkoski | first = Jack | title = A compendium of fossil marine animal genera | journal = Bulletins of American Paleontology | volume = 364 |page=560 | year = 2002 | url = http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class | access-date = 2009-02-27 }} Fossils were collected in Greenland, Madagascar, Spitsbergen and the United States. It is possibly also present in the Early Triassic of British Columbia, Canada; a species described as Acrolepis laetus by Lawrence Lambe has been tentatively referred to Pteronisculus. From the Middle Triassic, it is only known from South China. Its occurrence in the Permian of South Africa has been questioned. About 13 species have been described to date, ranging from {{convert|11|cm|ft}} to {{convert|40|cm|ft}} in length.
Classification
Pteronisculus was originally referred to the family Palaeoniscidae, but was removed due to differences to Palaeoniscum.{{cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Guang-Hui |last2=Shen |first2=Chen-Chen |last3=Zhao |first3=Li-Jun |date=2014 |title=Pteronisculus nielseni sp. nov., a new stem-actinopteran fish from the Middle Triassic of Luoping, Yunnan Province, Chin |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |volume=52 |pages=364–380 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268485382}} Based on similarities with the Late Triassic Turseodus, it was provisionally included in Turseoidae.{{cite journal |last1=Romano |first1=Carlo |last2=López-Arbarello |first2=Adriana |last3=Ware |first3=David |last4=Jenks |first4=James F. |last5=Brinkmann |first5=Winand |date=2019 |title=Marine Early Triassic Actinopterygii from the Candelaria Hills (Esmeralda County, Nevada, USA) |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=93 |issue=5 |pages=971–1000 |doi=10.1017/jpa.2019.18|bibcode=2019JPal...93..971R |s2cid=155564297 }} A synapomorphy of Pteronisculus and Turseodus is the tooth-bearing lachrymal. However, Turseodus is incompletely known and a close relationship with Pteronisculus has not yet been tested with a cladistic analysis. In the cladistic analysis by Ren & Xu,{{cite journal |last1=Ren |first1=Yi |last2=Xu |first2=Guang-Hui |date=2021 |title=A new species of Pteronisculus from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) of Luoping, Yunnan, China, and phylogenetic relationships of early actinopterygian fishes |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |volume=59 |pages=169–199 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353373478 |doi=10.19615/j.cnki.2096-9899.210518|s2cid=238786196 }} Pteronisculus was recovered in a sister group relationship with the Carboniferous Cyranorhis, a genus that has been referred to the probably paraphyletic family Rhadinichthyidae.
See also
{{Portal|Paleontology|Fish}}
References
{{Reflist}}
{{Actinopterygian genera|A.}}
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Category:Prehistoric animals of China
Category:Prehistoric animals of Madagascar
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