Gustavo Leigh

{{Infobox military person

| name = Gustavo Leigh

| birth_date = {{Birth date|1920|09|19|mf=y}}

| death_date = {{Death date and age|1999|09|29|1920|09|19|mf=y}}

| image = Gustavo Leigh.jpg

| caption =

| nickname =

| birth_place = Santiago, Chile

| death_place = Santiago, Chile

| allegiance = {{flag|Chile}}

| branch = {{air force|Chile}}

| serviceyears = 1938–1978 (commissioned as pilot officer in 1941)

| rank = Air General
40px

| unit = 2nd Aviation Group

| commands = 9th Aviation Group (1957–1961)
5th Aviation Group(1961–1963)
Second Air Brigade(1963–1967)
Aviation School "Captain Manuel Ávalos Prado"(1967–1970)
Personnel Command of the Air Force(1970–1973)
Commander-in-chief of the Air Force(1973–1978)

| awards = Iron Cross First Class

| relations =

| laterwork = Statesman, Politician

| signature = Firma de Gustavo Leigh.svg

}}

Air General Gustavo Leigh Guzmán (September 19, 1920 – September 29, 1999) was a Chilean general, who represented the Air Force in the 1973 Chilean coup d'état and, for a time, in the ruling junta that followed. Leigh was forced out of the military government in 1978.{{cite news |title=Gustavo Leigh |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/1999/oct/02/guardianobituaries1 |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=The Guardian |date=October 2, 1999}}

Biography

Leigh was born in Santiago, son of a Judge, Hernán Leigh Bañados and Laura Guzmán Cea. After a successful career as a pilot with a specialty in logistics and having reached the rank of General, President Salvador Allende named him commander-in-chief of the Air Force on August 17, 1973. However, Leigh was the first to sign the coup document, drafted by Vice Admiral José Toribio Merino, to depose Allende.

Leigh quickly emerged as the toughest member in the four-man military junta.{{cn|date=May 2022}} Just hours after the coup, Leigh vowed that the military would "eradicate the Marxist cancer from our fatherland, until the last consequences."{{cn|date=May 2022}} It was on his personal orders, he disclosed later, that the Air Force bombarded and heavily damaged the presidential palace to put down the resistance by Allende and a small group of his followers.{{cn|date=May 2022}} He responded to criticisms of his order to bomb the La Moneda palace saying, "It was a hard measure to take, but believe me when I say that [...] it was a measure that saved many lives, because President Allende had decided to die in La Moneda [...]."{{cn|date=May 2022}}

A fierce persecution of leftists followed, and Leigh's Air Force gained a reputation as especially implacable with dissidents.{{cn|date=May 2022}} Leigh defended the coup, arguing that a civil war between Chileans was inevitable. When American President Jimmy Carter criticized the military rule in Chile in 1977, Leigh said, "He [Carter] is a hypocrite. He condemns Chile, but at the same time he wants closer relations with a dictatorship like Castro's in Cuba, that had led an authoritarian regime for 18 years."{{cn|date=May 2022}}

He purged the Air Force of left-wing officers such as General Alberto Bachelet (the father of Michelle Bachelet, future Chilean president) and repeatedly called on Chileans to denounce left-wingers to the new authorities.{{cn|date=May 2022}} Nonetheless he clashed with Augusto Pinochet, the leader of the junta over the latter's refusal to name a date for a return to democracy.{{cn|date=May 2022}} Leigh opposed Pinochet's growing power within the junta.{{cn|date=May 2022}} In 1978, when Pinochet called a vote to request that Chileans reject the United Nation's condemnation of the regime's human rights record, Leigh called the move "typical of governments in which power is in the hands of a single dictator."{{cn|date=May 2022}} Pinochet believed Leigh wanted to challenge him to lead the country.{{cn|date=May 2022}} "Pinochet always felt that I was interested in taking over from him, something that never even entered my mind," Leigh said in one of his last television interviews.{{cn|date=May 2022}}

Exit from the Junta and latter years

General Leigh was a supporter of strong state intervention in the economy. He was heavily influenced by the Egyptian model being built by Anwar Sadat (he was a close friend of Hosni Mubarak, the Egyptian Air Force Chief, since 1971) of a mixed economy based on free market principles but a strong state presence in heavy industry and a strong state regulation over imports and the financial speculation market. He had continuous disagreements with the prevailing free market economic policy of the so-called Chicago Boys that was favoured by the US as well as Pinochet himself. He was strongly opposed to any divestment or privatisation in the State owned mining company Codelco.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} That led to his dismissal on July 24, 1978, in a decree signed by other junta members.

The junta selected General Fernando Matthei to replace him. Despite his strong differences with General Pinochet, he strongly opposed Pinochet's 1998 arrest as a violation of Chilean sovereignty.

Leigh was detained by a judge investigating his role in the disappearance of twelve communist leaders, but the Supreme Court of Chile ordered his release by virtue of the Law of Amnesty.

Assassination attempt and death

On March 21, 1990, members of the leftist guerrilla group, the Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front,{{Cite web | url=https://apnews.com/article/0f23576766b0cb65a60a88ae184395de | title=Former Air Force Chief in Critical Condition After Assassination Bid | website=Associated Press }} broke into Leigh's office and opened fire at him. Five bullets hit his body. Other than the loss of an eye, he was able to make a complete recovery.

Leigh died of cardiovascular ailments in Santiago's Air Force Hospital on September 29, 1999, aged 79. He was survived by his wife, Gabriela García, and six children from two marriages.{{cite news |title=Gustavo Leigh |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/1999/oct/02/guardianobituaries1 |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=The Guardian |date=October 2, 1999}}