Gymnodinium

{{Short description|Genus of single-celled organisms}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| image = Gymnodinium sp.jpg

| image_caption =

| taxon = Gymnodinium

| authority = Stein, 1878

}}

Gymnodinium is a genus of dinoflagellates, a type of marine and freshwater plankton. It is one of the few naked dinoflagellates, or species lacking armor known as cellulosic plates. Since 2000, the species which had been considered to be part of Gymnodinium have been divided into several genera, based on the nature of the apical groove and partial LSU rDNA sequence data.{{cite journal | last1 = Daugbjerg | first1 = N. | last2 = Hansen | first2 = G. | last3 = Larsen | first3 = J. | last4 = Moestrup | first4 = Ø. | year = 2000 | title = Phylogeny of some of the major genera of dinoflagellates based on ultrastructure and partial LSU rDNA sequence data, including the erection of three new genera of unarmoured dinoflagellates | journal = Phycologia | volume = 39 | issue = 4| pages = 302–317 | doi=10.2216/i0031-8884-39-4-302.1| s2cid = 86456565 }} Amphidinium was redefined later.{{cite journal |first1=M. Flo |last1=Jorgensen |last2=Murray |first2=S. |last3=Daugbjerg |first3=N. |title=Amphidinium revisited. I. Redefinition of Amphidinium (Dinophyceae) based on cladistic and molecular phylogenetic analysis |journal=Journal of Phycology |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=351–365 |year=2004 |doi=10.1111/j.1529-8817.2004.03131.x |s2cid=53637890 }}{{cite journal | last1 = Murray | first1 = S. | last2 = Flo Jorgensen | first2 = M. | last3 = Daugbjerg | first3 = N. | last4 = Rhodes | first4 = L. | year = 2004| title = Amphidinium revisited. II. Resolving species boundaries in the Amphidinium operculatum species complex (Dinophyceae), including the descriptions of Amphidinium trulla sp. nov. and Amphidinium gibbosum comb. nov | journal = Journal of Phycology | volume = 40 | issue = 2| pages = 366–382 | doi=10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.03132.x| s2cid = 53572161 }} Gymnodinium belong to red dinoflagellates that, in concentration, can cause red tides.{{Cite journal |title=Molecular typing of the red-tide dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polyedra in phytoplankton suspensions |journal=Aquatic Microbial Ecology |last1 = Rollo |first1 = Franco |url = https://www.int-res.com/articles/ame/9/a009p055.pdf |volume=9 |page=55 |date =1995-04-28 |access-date = 2015-04-25 |first2=Stefano |last2=Sassarolil |first3=Laurita |last3=Boni |first4=Isolina |last4=Marota |doi=10.3354/ame009055|doi-access=free }} The red tides produced by some Gymnodinium, such as Gymnodinium catenatum, are toxic and pose risks to marine and human life, including paralytic shellfish poisoning.{{cite book |last1=Heimann |first1=Kirsten |title=Gymnodinium and Related Dinoflagellates |chapter=Gymnodiniumand Related Dinoflagellates |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470015902.a0001967.pub2 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |year = 2012|doi=10.1002/9780470015902.a0001967.pub2 |isbn=978-0470016176 }}{{cite journal |last1=Mee |first1=Laurence D. |last2=Espinosa |first2=Mayola |last3=Diaz |first3=Gilberto |title=Paralytic shellfish poisoning with a gymnodinium catenatum red tide on the Pacific coast of Mexico |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-1136%2886%2990040-1 |journal=Marine Environmental Research |year=1986 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=77–92 |publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/0141-1136(86)90040-1 |bibcode=1986MarER..19...77M |url-access=subscription }}{{cite journal |last1=Ramirez |first1=Camarena |last2=Cortes |first2=Altamirano |last3=Munoz |first3=Cabrera |title=Red tide caused by the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum off Mazatlan Bay, Sinaloa, Mexico in 1997 |journal=Revista de Biología Tropical |date=1999 |volume=47 |pages=77–80}}