Gyrista

Gyrista was first described in 1998 by protistologist Thomas Cavalier-Smith in his work A revised six-kingdom system of life, originally as a superphylum containing two phyla: Ochrophyta, the heterokont algae; and Bigyra, which then contained the pseudofungi and bigyromonads together with the opalines. Later, the name Bigyra was modified to contain opalines, bicosoecids and labyrinthulomycetes, while the Ochrophyta, Pseudofungi and Bigyromonada remained as groups within Gyrista.

Gyrista was seen in 2017 as the sister group to phylum Bigyra, which contains the Sagenista and Opalozoa. Together, Gyrista and Bigyra form the superphylum Stramenopiles or Heterokonta.

{{clade|style=font-size:90%;|label1=Stramenopiles|1={{clade|label1=Bigyra|1={{clade|label1=Opalozoa|1={{clade|2=Bikosia|1=Placidozoa}}|2=Sagenista}}|label2=Gyrista|2={{clade|1=Pseudofungi|2=Bigyromonada|state2=dashed|label3=Ochrophyta|3={{clade|1=Chrysista|2=Diatomista}}}}}}}}

A phylogenetic analysis in 2022 recovered a monophyletic Bigyromonada sister to Pseudofungi. The "Bigyra" is paraphyletic:

{{clade|style=font-size:90%;|label1=Stramenopiles|1={{clade|1=Opalozoa|2={{clade|1=Sagenista|label2=Gyrista|2={{clade|2=Ochrophyta|1={{clade|2=Pseudofungi|label1=Bigyromonada|1={{clade|1=Developea|2=Pirsonea}}}}}}}}}}}}

The 2018 revised taxonomy of Gyrista is the following, with the inclusion of new ochrophyte classes described in 2020 and 2021:

• Subphylum Bigyromonada {{au|Cavalier-Smith 1998}}
• Class Developea {{au|Aleoshin et al. ex Cavalier-Smith 2017}} [=Bigyromonadea {{au|Cavalier-Smith 1997}}]
• Class Pirsonea {{au|Cavalier-Smith 2017}}
• Subphylum Pseudofungi {{au|Cavalier-Smith 1986}} [=Heterokontimycotina {{au|M.W. Dick 1976}}]
• Class Hyphochytrea {{au|Cavalier-Smith 1986}} [=Hyphochytriomycota {{au|Whittaker 1969}}]
• Class Oomycetes {{au|Winter in Rabenhorst 1879}} [=Oomycota {{au|Arx 1967}}; Peronosporomycetes {{au|M.W. Dick 2001}}]
• Subphylum Ochrophytina {{au|Cavalier-Smith 1995}} [=Heterokontophyta {{au|van den Hoek et al. 1978}}; Stramenochromes {{au|Leipe et al. 1994}}]
• Infraphylum Chrysista {{au|Cavalier-Smith 1991}}
• Superclass Limnistia {{au|Cavalier-Smith 1996 emend. 2006}}
• Class Eustigmatophyceae {{small|Hibberd & Leedale (1971)}}
• Class Chrysomonadea {{au|Saville-Kent 1881 stat. nov. Pascher 1910 emend. Cavalier-Smith 2017}} [=Chrysophyceae {{au|Pascher 1914}}]
• Class Picophagea {{au|Cavalier-Smith 2006 emend. 2017}} [=Synchromophyceae {{au|Horn et al. 2007}}]
• Superclass Raphidoistia {{au|Cavalier-Smith 1986 orth. mut. 2006}}
• Class Raphidomonadea {{au|Chadefaud ex Silva 1980}}
• Subclass Raphidophycidae {{au|Cavalier-Smith 2013}}
• Subclass Raphopoda {{au|Cavalier-Smith 2013}}
• Superclass Fucistia {{au|Cavalier-Smith 1995}}
• Class Aurophyceae {{au|Cavalier-Smith 2013}}
• Subclass Aurearenophycidae {{au|Kai Yoshii Nakayama & Inouye 2008 (as Aurearenophyceae) stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 2013}}
• Subclass Phaeothamniophycidae {{au|Andersen & Bailey 1998 (as Phaeothamniophyceae) stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 2006}}
• Class Chrysomerophyceae {{au|Cavalier-Smith 1995}}
• Class Chrysoparadoxophyceae {{au|Wetherbee et al. 2019}}
• Class Phaeosacciophyceae {{au|R.A.Andersen L.Graf & H.S.Yoon 2020}}
• Class Schizocladiophyceae {{au|Henry Okuda & Kawai 2003}}
• Class Phaeophyceae {{au|Kjellman 1891}} [=Fucophyceae {{small|Warming 1884}}; Melanophyceae {{au|Rabenhorst 1863}}]
• Subclass Discosporangiophycidae
• Subclass Ishigeophycidae {{au|Silberfeld F. Rousseau & Reviers 2014}}
• Subclass Dictyotophycidae {{au|Silberfeld F. Rousseau & Reviers 2014}}
• Subclass Fucophycidae {{au|Cavalier-Smith 1986}}
• Class Xanthophyceae {{au|Allorge ex Fritsch 1935}} [=Tribophyceae {{au|Hibberd 1981}}; Heterokontae {{au|Luther 1899}}]
• Infraphylum Diatomista {{au|Derelle et al. ex Cavalier-Smith 2017}}
• Superclass Hypogyrista {{au|Cavalier-Smith 1995 stat. nov. 2006}}
• Class Dictyochophyceae {{au|Silva 1980}} [=Dictyochia {{au|Haeckel 1894}}; Alophycidae {{au|Cavalier-Smith 2006}}]
• Subclass Pedinellia {{au|Cavalier-Smith 1986 stat. nov. 2017}} [=Actinochrysophyceae {{au|Cavalier-Smith 1995}}; Axodines]
• Subclass Pelagophycidae {{au|Andersen & Saunders 1993 (as Pelagophyceae) ex Cavalier-Smith 2006}}
• ?Subclass Sulcophycidae {{au|Cavalier-Smith 2013}} – ?Sulcochrysis{{efn|Cavalier-Smith suggested that Sulcochrysis is possibly related to Olisthodiscus and grouped both genera within this subclass. However a study in 2021 reveals that Olisthodiscales is part of a new class Olisthodiscophyceae which includes only the genus Olisthodiscus. The position of the genus Sulcochrysis remains uncertain due to a lack of DNA sequences.}}
• Class Pinguiophyceae {{au|Kawachi et al. 2002}}
• Superclass Khakista {{au|Cavalier-Smith 2000 stat. nov. 2017}}
• Class Bolidophyceae
• Class Diatomeae [=Bacillariophyceae]
• Subclass Corethrophycidae {{au|Round & Crawford 1990}}
• Subclass Rhizosoleniophycidae {{au|Round & Crawford 1990}}
• Subclass Eucentricophycidae {{au|Cavalier-Smith 2000}}
• Subclass Bacillariophycidae [=Pennatia {{au|Pennatia Schütt 1896}}; =Pennatophycidae]
• Ochrophytina incertae sedis
• Class Olisthodiscophyceae {{au|Barcytė Eikrem & M. Eliáš 2021}}

{{notelist}}

{{Reflist|refs=

{{cite Q|Q57086550}}

{{cite journal|vauthors=Cho A, Tikhonenkov DV, Hehenberger E, Karnkowska A, Mylnikov AP, Keeling PJ|title=Monophyly of diverse Bigyromonadea and their impact on phylogenomic relationships within stramenopiles|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=171|date=2022|number=107468|page=107468 |issn=1055-7903|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107468|pmid=35358688 |s2cid=247815732 |url=https://oceanrep.geomar.de/id/eprint/56343/1/2021.11.17.469027v1.full.pdf }}

{{cite journal|vauthors=Derelle R, López-García P, Timpano H, Moreira D|title=A Phylogenomic Framework to Study the Diversity and Evolution of Stramenopiles (=Heterokonts)|journal=Mol Biol Evol|date=November 2016|volume=33|issue=11|pages=2890–2898|doi=10.1093/molbev/msw168|pmid=27512113|pmc=5482393|doi-access=free}}

{{cite journal|title=Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences|first1=Thomas|last1=Cavalier-Smith|date=2017|journal=Protoplasma|pages=297–357|volume=255|issue=1 |doi=10.1007/s00709-017-1147-3|pmid=28875267 |pmc=5756292 |s2cid=254085270 |doi-access=free}}

{{cite journal|vauthors=Cavalier-Smith T|title=A revised six-kingdom system of life|journal=Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc|date=August 1998|volume=73|issue=3|pages=203–266|doi=10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x|pmid=9809012}}

{{cite journal|vauthors=Kai A, Yoshii Y, Nakayama T, Inouye I|title=Aurearenophyceae classis nova, a New Class of Heterokontophyta Based on a New Marine Unicellular Alga Aurearena cruciata gen. et sp. nov. Inhabiting Sandy Beaches|journal=Protist|volume=159|issue=3|date=2008|pages=435–457|issn=1434-4610|doi=10.1016/j.protis.2007.12.003|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1434461008000035|pmid=18358776|url-access=subscription}}

{{cite journal|title=Phylogeny of Heterokonta: Incisomonas marina, a uniciliate gliding opalozoan related to Solenicola (Nanomonadea), and evidence that Actinophryida evolved from raphidophytes|first1=Thomas|last1=Cavalier-Smith|first2=Josephine Margaret|last2=Scoble|date=2012|journal=European Journal of Protistology|volume=49|issue=3 |pages=328–353|doi=10.1016/j.ejop.2012.09.002|pmid=23219323 }}

{{cite journal|vauthors=Graf L, Yang EC, Han KY, Küpper FC, Benes KM, Oyadomari JK, ((Herbert RJH)), Verbruggen H, Wetherbee R, Andersen RA, Yoon HS|title=Multigene Phylogeny, Morphological Observation and Re-examination of the Literature Lead to the Description of the Phaeosacciophyceae Classis Nova and Four New Species of the Heterokontophyta SI Clade|journal=Protist|date=December 2020|volume=171|issue=6|page=125781|doi=10.1016/j.protis.2020.125781|pmid=33278705|s2cid=227315556 |doi-access=free}}

{{cite journal|title=An Updated Classification of Brown Algae (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae)|vauthors=Silberfeld T, Rousseau F, de Reviers B|journal=Cryptogamie, Algologie|volume=35|issue=2|pages=117–156|date=2014|doi=10.7872/crya.v35.iss2.2014.117|s2cid=86227768 |url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.7872/crya.v35.iss2.2014.117|url-access=subscription}}

{{cite journal|vauthors=Hibberd DJ|title=Notes on the taxonomy and nomenclature of the algal classes Eustigmatophyceae and Tribophyceae (synonym Xanthophyceae)|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=82|issue=2|url=https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article-abstract/82/2/93/2725653?redirectedFrom=fulltext|date=February 1981|pages=93–119|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1981.tb00954.x|url-access=subscription}}

{{cite journal|title=Olisthodiscus represents a new class of Ochrophyta|author=Dovilė Barcytė |author2=Wenche Eikrem |author3=Anette Engesmo |author4=Sergio Seoane |author5=Jens Wohlmann |author6=Aleš Horák |author7=Tatiana Yurchenko |author8=Marek Eliáš |doi=10.1111/jpy.13155|doi-access=free|date=2 March 2021|volume=57|issue=4|journal=Journal of Phycology|pages=1094–1118 |pmid=33655496 |bibcode=2021JPcgy..57.1094B |hdl=10852/86515 |hdl-access=free }}

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{{Life on Earth}}

{{Eukaryota|D.}}

{{Heterokont}}

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Category:Stramenopile phyla

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